The Scientific Revolution Before 1500, few questioned the Bible and Greek philosophers Aristotle & Ptolemy… What was true and false about the universe came from these sources (write this next to box labeled geocentric theory) The Philosophical Medieval View Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Geocentric theory: Earth was an unmoving object located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth (sun rising and setting seemed to support this view) Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe. Geocentric Theory Aristotle (384BC – 322BC) An influential Greek philosopher who made important contributions on physical subjects. Developed the geocentric model. His philosophies have long-lasting effects on philosophical theories. Claudius Ptolemy (85 - 165) One of the most influential Greek astronomers, mathematician & geographers of his time. He expanded Aristotle’s geocentric theory. He introduced trigonometrical (trigonometry) methods. Heliocentric Theory Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrU Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory Earth is no different than any other planet On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Pushes use of experiments and observations Planetary movement is a mathematical formula Planets move around the Sun in elliptical orbits NOT circles Confirms Copernicus ideas Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Brainpop GALILEO – designs 1st telescope w/lens & sees movement of the stars & moons (similar to the movement of the planets) Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving and the earth of central they are furious w/Galileo! Galileo is accused of heresy (crimes against Church) 1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Brainpop Universal law of motionevery object in the universe attracts every other object Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687) Explained gravity (what goes up must come down) Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but God set clock in motion. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) First to dissect human bodies (even though this was a disapproved practice). Wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543) His published observations included detailed drawings of human organs, bones and muscle. William Harvey (1578-1657) Harvey Published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals (1628) Showed that heart acted as a pump to circulate blood throughout body Francis Bacon (1561-1626) An English politician & writer with an interest in science. Criticized ancient philosophers on how they arrived at their conclusions. Urged scientists to experiment in order to arrive at conclusions Developed the Scientific Method Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Take out your Brainiac: Science Abuse Worksheet Brainiac Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French scientist & mathematician. Developed analytical geometry (links both algebra & geometry). His developments provided new tools for scientific research. The Enlightenment --Age of Reason What was it? Emerged out of the Scientific Revolution and ended in the French Revolution Spokesmen = Rising Middle Class Paris = Center of Enlightenment Search for new laws/ways to govern humans Key Ideas Distrust of Tradition and Religion Scientific method could be applied to society as well Man is naturally good The World of the Old Regime Built on tradition World of hierarchy, privilege and inequality Allied with the Church Challenged by supporters of the Enlightenment Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle Class Size and increasing power of the Middle Class New notion of wealth w/mercantilism Tension and discord created by the Middle Class The Philosophes (Philosophers) 18th century French intellectuals Truth through reason Natural laws – natural is good and reasonable Happiness – belief in natural laws leads to happiness Progress – for society (can be perfected) Liberties – people should be free The Problem of Censorship The attempt of the Old Regime to control new thinking Publishers and writers hounded by censors Over 1000 booksellers and authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the early 1700’s Famous Enlightenment Thinkers Thomas Hobbes (1588 –1679) Wrote Leviathan (1651) Convinced that all humans are wicked and evil Humans exist in a primitive state and give consent to the government for selfprotection Absolute monarchies John Locke (1632-1704) People learn from experience Favored self-gov’t, people rule Natural rights: life, liberty, property gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow gov’t Wrote Two Treaties on Government (1690) Inspired American Revolution Francois Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778) Admired English gov’t Mocked laws of France and religion There should be separation of church and state “Ecrasez l’infame” – “Crush the evil thing” Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) The Spirit of the Laws (1748) “Power should be a check to power” – this is beginnings of separation of powers Influence in the US – legislative, executive, judicial Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Individual freedom “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.” Direct democracy 1762- Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and rulers The Role of the Salon – Spreading Ideas Wealthy women of Paris hosted social gatherings known as salons Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists gathered to share ideas Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon hostess Diderot’s Encyclopedia Encyclopedia (28 volumes) Collected articles regarding all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc. Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics who read it! Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across Europe Art and Literature Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and architecture Baroque – grand and ornate TO Neoclassical – simple and elegant, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven Development of novels Enlightened Despotism The manner of political reform – monarchs who embraced new ideas& reforms Frederick the Great of Prussia Catherine the Great of Russia Joseph II of Austria Impact of Enlightenment Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800s