Virginia Department of Education Module Four Using a Space Management System While Interacting with Traffic 1 Virginia Department of Education Module Four Using a Space Management System While Interacting with Traffic Topic 1 Assessing and Managing Risk Topic 2 Components of a Space Management System Topic 3 Using the SEEiT Space Management System Topic 4 Moving the Vehicle Topic 5 Turnabouts and Parking 2 What is Risk? Driving Risk is the potential that a chosen action (e.g., speeding, texting, etc.,) may lead to an undesirable outcome Choices have Consequences An average of SEVEN teenagers are killed in crashes every day 3 Minimizing Risk Remain alert to your constantly changing surroundings Identify potential hazards and factors that may jeopardize safety Assess your options to evade, avoid, or minimize risk Employ compensatory strategies 4 Assessing and Managing Risk To properly assess a specific risk, one needs to have some idea of potential outcomes For example, if you are a distracted driver, your risk for being involved in a crash increases 4 to 9 times. (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 2008) 5 Factors that Increase Risk Driver Behaviors •Speeding •Aggressive Driving •Inattention •Incorrect Seat Position •Failure to maintain vehicle properly •Not using seatbelt correctly Driver’s State of Mind Driving Conditions •Intoxication •Drowsiness/Fatigue •Anger/Road Rage •Impatience •Distraction •Carelessness •Inattention •Weather Conditions •Sharp/Blind Curves •Left Turns •Weave Lanes •Heavy Traffic •Pedestrians •Bicyclists •Wildlife Crossings 6 What is Risk Assessment? Drivers must have the ability to: • Identify a potentially dangerous situation • Prepare to take action to avoid a conflict • Consider options and the potential consequences of your actions 7 Your Actions have Consequences Taking unnecessary risks may result in property damage, injury or death and other losses •Injury to you or others - permanent or life-threatening •Damage to personal property, and •Loss - such as financial loss, loss of license, loss of convenience, loss of time, and other losses 8 Teen Crash Statistics in the USA • Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death for teens, accounting for more than one in three deaths in this age group • Approximately nine teenagers, (ages 16 to 19) died every day from motor vehicle injuries • Per mile driven, teen drivers ages 16 to 19 are four times more likely than older drivers to crash What will YOU DO to change these statistics? 9 Consequences of Risk-Taking Behaviors Young drivers take more risks than other drivers Virginia data for 2013 •1 crash every 4.36 minutes •2.09 lives lost per day because of traffic crashes •174 persons injured per day because of traffic crashes •1 out of 25.39 licensed drivers are involved in a crash and •Some drivers NEVER have a crash! 10 Risk-Taking Behaviors Cause Crashes Very often drivers actually create the high-risk situations they become involved in! • Speeding is the number one cause of crashes in Virginia Speeding is defined as driving above the posted speed or driving too fast for conditions How do speed limits improve public safety? 11 Risk-Taking Behaviors Cause Crashes 12 Assessing and Managing Risk • Failure to Yield Right of Way is the second leading cause of crashes in Virginia • Right of way is when a driver or pedestrian is allowed to proceed first at an intersection, merging roadway, private driveway, etc. A driver cannot “take” right of way - it must be given by another driver 13 Assessing and Managing Risk • Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) is the third leading cause of crashes in Virginia • In Virginia, 245 persons were killed in alcohol-related crashes in 2013 Why are young drivers who consume alcohol at much greater risk of being involved in a crash? 14 Assessing and Managing Risk Disregarding a traffic sign or signal is the fourth leading cause of crashes in Virginia 15 Assessing and Managing Risk Factors Contributing to Risk Following too closely is the fifth leading cause of crashes in Virginia. You will not crash if you have space -- space gives you time to steer or brake to avoid a hazard Why do young drivers tend to leave shorter following distances than older drivers? 16 Assessing and Managing Risk Other Driver Actions that Contribute to Crashes: • Improper Turns — Examples of improper turns would be turning wide and going into the adjacent lane in a right turn or crossing the yellow line on left turns • Unsafe Passing — This involves illegal passing or passing without sufficient clearance, and • Lack of driving experience and risk-taking behaviors 17 Condition of the Vehicle Factors such as worn or bald tires, poorly adjusted and/or worn brakes, broken headlights, worn windshield wiper blades, dirty windshield, etc., are all risk factors increasing the possibility of a crash 18 Roads and the Environment Roadway design and maintenance • Road designs that restrict vision, such as intersections, hills and sharp curves • Weather conditions, such as sun glare and shadows, wet slippery roads • Road surface that affects traction, such as water, ice, snow, gravel, dirt, etc. 19 Assessing and Managing Risk Risk is always present, but remember • Never risk more than you can afford to lose • Do not risk a lot for a little • Consider the odds and your situation 20 How Can You Reduce Driving Risks? 1. Communicate 2. Change Speed and/or 3. Change Position 21 Communicate Signal – use lights or hand signals to communicate turning, backing, hazards, warning, etc. • Flash brake light (slowing, stopping) • Adjust lane position (indicates intent to change lanes or turn, hazard in lane ahead, etc.) • Tap horn (warn, get someone’s attention) • Use head lights (to see and be seen, flash to warn others) 22 Change Speed Your options are to maintain, increase or decrease speed if: •path of travel is open •path of travel is changing •path of travel is closing •path of travel is closed 23 Change Position or Direction • It is quicker to change position than to stop • You must know what space is available to: • move into a different lane position to gain more space around your vehicle • change lanes • turn onto another street • brake 24 Assessing and Managing Risk How Much Risk is Acceptable? • Drivers need visibility, space, and time to avoid conflicts and perform safe driving maneuvers • Good seeing habits and the ability to manage space on the roadway are essential ingredients for low-risk driving • Developing space management HABITS will reduce driving risks 25 Process for Managing the Driving Environment SEEiT Space Management System • Search for problems • Evaluate options • Execute decisions in • Time 26 Safe Driving on the “Habit Level” Practicing safe driving procedures until little thought is required to perform with skill and precision Is it true that practice makes perfect? No, perfect practice makes perfect! 27 How do you become good? 28 Good Habits! • Plan ahead and leave early • Prepare yourself and the vehicle • Perform smooth gradual starts and stops • Consistently use reference points to determine vehicle placement • Establish visual targets in your path of travel • When you apply your foot to the brake or accelerator, you check the rearview mirror 29 More Good Habits! • Prior to moving to the left or right, you check side view mirror and mirror blind spot • You always strive to maintain a four-second following interval from the vehicle in front of you and create space to protect yourself on the sides and rear from unsafe actions of other drivers • When stopped behind a vehicle, you leave space to move around a stopped vehicle in the event of an emergency or rear-end crash 30 Do YOU Have These Good Habits? • You visually target to the end of the path of travel • When approaching a light, you adjust speed to time your arrival to the green light or stop • Prior to entering an intersection, you check front, left, and right zones, and back to the front and left again • You reduce stress and enhance safety by being courteous rather than competitive while driving • You minimize distractions 31 What is a Space Management System? Assess, Action Step, Evaluate • A space management system helps drivers organize information into meaningful categories so decisions can be made easily and quickly • Drivers must evaluate potential risk using the principles of probability (will it happen?) and consequence (what will be gained or lost?) 32 Managing the Space Around Your Vehicle Drivers must manage all six zones around the vehicle, and adjust position to maintain a safe margin of space that provides room to steer in an emergency 3 Right-Front Zone Front Zone 1 2 Left-Front Zone Right-Rear Zone 5 Rear Zone Left-Rear Zone 6 4 33 Open, Closed and Changing Zones • A Zone can be OPEN, CLOSED or CHANGING • OPEN — An open zone is a space where you can drive without restriction • CLOSED — The space or area is not available in the vehicle’s path of travel • CHANGING — An open zone changes to a closed zone or a closed zone becomes an open zone 34 Using a Space Management System Closed ZONE Right-Rear Zone Changing ZONE Check Rear Open ZONE Check Side Evaluate your options and then take action OPEN — this zone that has no restrictions to the line of sight or path of travel CLOSED — this zone not available CHANGING — it was an open zone that is changing to a closed zone 35 Controlling Space Drivers have the most control over the space directly in front of the vehicle 2-Second - Following Distance is effective at speeds under 35 mph 3-Second - Following Distance may provide enough time for evasive steering maneuver on dry surfaces or to brake at speeds up to 45 mph 4-Second - Following Distance provides time to steer out of a problem on dry surfaces and brake out of a problem at speeds up to 70 mph 36 Measuring Your Following Distance Begin counting when rear of the vehicle ahead passes a fixed object such as this tree one-thousand-one onethousand-two onethousand-three, and… 37 Measuring Your Following Distance When you reach the fixed object you have calculated your following distance one-thousand-four 38 Increase Following Distance When • Visibility is limited • Traction is limited • Number of visual and mental tasks increases • Being tailgated • Line of sight restriction • Path of travel restriction • Carrying a heavy load or pulling a trailer • Learning to drive 39 Stopping Behind Another Vehicle Why should you stop in a position that you can see the rear tires of the vehicle in front? See tires 40 Space Management for Intersections When the light turns green, does that mean you immediately move into the intersection? 41 Managing the Space to the Rear Check rearview mirrors: • Regularly • Before and while braking • While stopped in traffic • Before and after making turns • Before and after a lane change How can you control the space behind you? 42 Managing the Space to the Sides • Strive to keep one of the side zones open • Respond to an oncoming vehicle by slightly adjusting lane position to increase space between your vehicle and the oncoming vehicle • Adjust lane position to increase space between your vehicle and parked cars, bicyclists, pedestrians, etc. 43 Judging Gaps in Traffic In order to judge a gap you need to be able to judge speed, time and distance while moving. This is a very difficult skill for novice drivers. •Why is a vehicle approaching from the left most hazardous? •Why is a larger gap needed for a right turn than to cross an intersection? •Why is a left turn more dangerous than a right turn? 44 Judging Gaps from a Stopped Position Traffic is moving at 30 mph • 5-6 seconds to cross a two-lane roadway (vehicles need to be at least a block away) • 7-8 seconds to cross a four-lane intersection • 7-8 seconds to turn left (vehicles need to be more than a block away or length of a football field) • 6-7 seconds to turn right (vehicles need to be at least a block away) • 4-6 second gap to change lanes into traffic from parked position 45 Component of a Space Management Systems Perception/Reaction/Response Time Perception Time Time it takes to identify a risk Average perception time varies with the circumstances Reaction Time Time it takes to respond with accelerator, brake, or steering Response Time Total time it takes to complete the action Average reaction time is ¾ second 46 Factors Affecting Response Time • Distractions • Inattention • Poor Visibility • Line of Sight Restrictions • Fatigue • Medications • Alcohol • Illness • Age • Talking on Cell Phone • Others? 47 Calculating Speed & Distance Traveled Formula to calculate feet per second for each MPH of speed A vehicle will travel 1.467 (rounded up to 1.5) feet per second for each mph of speed 40 mph x 1.5 = 60 feet per second 60 mph x 1.5 = 90 feet per second 80 mph x 1.5 = 120 feet per second 48 Calculating Feet Per Second for Every MPH Simplified Formula to calculate feet per second for each MPH of speed Take the speed, divide by two, add the answer to the speed. Examples: 40 mph ÷ 2 = 20 + 40 = 60 feet per second 60 mph ÷ 2 = 30 + 60 = 90 feet per second 80 mph ÷ 2 = 40 + 80 = 120 feet per second A football field is 300 feet in length Calculate how long it will take a vehicle traveling 40 mph, 50 mph, and 60 mph to cover the length of the football field 49 Virginia’s Space Management System SEE iT! • Search • Evaluate • Execute in Time 50 Using a Space Management System Space Management Steps: •Search – Search the entire scene for anything that might cross or interfere with your path of travel •Evaluate -- Give meaning to what you have observed • Determine an alternate path of travel or change in vehicle position. • Determine proper speed •Execute -- Carry out any alternative action needed to minimize risk •In Time! 51 T – 4.11 Processing the Space Management System SEEiT • Search the entire scene in your line of sight/path of travel for potential risks, and if during your search you identify a risk you • Evaluate it by determining if and where possible points of conflict may occur, and then • Execute your decision as how to best manage the risk by adjusting speed and/or position • in Time to avoid the conflict 52 Search in the SEEiT System • Know when, where and what to look for • Search far ahead, to the sides, to the rear • Search for clues: intersections, brake lights, warning signs, traffic lights, other vehicles, pedestrians, animals, parked cars, etc., • Search for changes in front wheels of other vehicles, movement to the rear, from the side, etc. 53 Search in SEEiT • Search intersections, crosswalks, shopping centers, parking lots, construction areas and playgrounds • When driving in rural areas search for hidden intersections and driveways, curves, hills and varying road conditions • Search for trucks and other oversized vehicles, as well as slow moving farm vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, etc. 54 Search Search at least 20-30 seconds ahead to your target area which allows • time to identify and evaluate potential problems • time to execute your plan (adjust position, speed) 55 Searching and Time What are potential conflicts in the example below? You are the driver of the red car traveling at 55mph. •The motorcyclist is traveling at 50mph. •The blue car is traveling at 60mph. •The search process consists of these three ranges: - 4 to 8-second range—Immediate Action Required! - 12 to 15-second range— look for Escape Routes - 20 to 30 second range—Search for open path of travel 20 to 30 seconds 12 to 15 seconds 4 to 8 seconds 56 Evaluate • Gives meaning to your search • Identifies where the possible points of conflict may occur • Determines how the conflict may affect you if it does happen 57 Evaluating Risk in the Driving Environment • • • • • • • Is the traffic light a stale green light? Will the zone I’m entering be open or closed? What lane position is the safest? What is the other driver going to do? Is the driver texting? Is there more than one way to manage this risk? Where will the point of conflict occur? 58 Evaluating Risk in the Driving Environment • Where is the escape route? • Will someone run the light? • Will a pedestrian enter the roadway? • Is there sufficient traction available? • Is the driver in the vehicle behind me paying attention? • Will a door of one of these parked cars open? • Will a squirrel or deer run onto the road? 59 Execute in Time • You identified a possible conflict developing between you and the blue car • This conflict will happen because the blue car is traveling at 60 mph and is going faster than the motorcycle which is traveling at 50 mph • The blue car may cross into your path of travel to overtake the motorcycle How would you handle this situation? 60 Using a Space Management System Execute In Time! As the lane change occurred you had two options: • slow down and allow the blue car to proceed into zone 1 • or change your position and move into the open zone 2 61 Execute in Time Without proper searching, evaluating (decision making skills) you may execute the wrong decision… 62 Topic 4 – Moving the Vehicle • • • • • • Making Proper Adjustments Moving Straight Forward Moving Straight Backward Backing and Turning Entering the Roadway Pulling to the Curb 63 Before You Move the Vehicle Make Proper Adjustments: • Seat • Steering Wheel • Head Restraints • Mirrors • Safety Belts 64 Before You Move the Vehicle • Start the engine with right foot on brake • Check instrument panel • Adjust accessories (HVAC/sound system, etc.) • Select proper gear • Release parking brake • Signal • Check traffic 65 Moving Straight Forward • With right foot on brake and hands at 8 o’clock and 4 o’clock • Place transmission in Drive • Select a target • Recheck traffic • Take foot off brake (do not accelerate) • Straighten wheels if necessary • Move straight towards target • Accelerate slowly • Brake as you approach the target 66 Backing Opps! Many new driver’s first “fender bender” is a backing collision! 67 Reducing Risk When Backing The rear “Foot Print” is the area behind the vehicle that the driver cannot see from the driver’s seat The foot print for each of the vehicles below is illustrated by the “pink” areas Why are the foot prints different for different vehicles? 68 Reduced Risk Backing Strategies Do you believe that this driver cannot see all of these children from the driver’s seat? 69 Moving Straight Backwards • Make proper adjustments • Start the vehicle with foot on the brake • Shift to Reverse • Assume the “straight backing” position with Backing • Left hand at 12 o’clock • Looking over right shoulder 70 Backing in a Straight Line • Check traffic to front, sides and rear • Select a target • Gradually release brake pressure Backing • Move slowly/Cover the brake • Accelerate (if needed) 71 Backing & Turning • Signal direction the rear of vehicle will turn • Readjust seating position according to the direction that you will turn wheel • Establish visual target (right/left side) • Use reference points to determine when to start turning steering wheel • Turn the wheel in the direction you want the back of the vehicle to go • Monitor front of vehicle “swing” 72 Steps for Entering Roadway • Review pre-drive tasks Check Left Check Ahead • Start the vehicle • Shift to Drive • Release parking brake • Check traffic and signal intention • Move to first available lane by • Targeting center lane Position 1 • Cancel Signal • Accelerate gradually to the flow of traffic Check Over Shoulder Check Mirror 73 Moving to Curb/Side of Road Check Ahead • Check traffic • Signal intentions • Begin reducing speed • Visually target destination • Use reference points to position vehicle 6 – 12 inches from curb • Secure the vehicle Check Over Shoulder Check Behind Check Mirror 74 Types of Turnabouts If you drive by your destination and do not have the option of driving around the block, execute a • Two-point turn: • Pull into driveway on right side • Pull into driveway on left side • Three-point turn • U-turn • Midblock • At an intersection 75 Turnabouts Minimize risk by: •being sure local laws permit a turnabout — look for any signs prohibiting the maneuver •making sure you have at least 500 feet of visibility in each direction •being sure you have enough space and time to complete the turn safely •never making a turnabout near or on hills and curves •checking continually for other traffic and pedestrians — check and monitor all zones around your vehicle NO U Turns NO LEFT Turns 76 Two-Point Turnabouts Backing into driveway on the right side Steps: 1. Check traffic flow Signal, and position yourself 2-3 feet from curb 1 2. Drive beyond the driveway and stop; shift to reverse and monitor intended path 3. Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the right as you enter driveway 2 4. Straighten wheels, centering car in driveway, and stop with the wheels are straight 5. Signal left and exit driveway when the way is clear 3 77 Two-Point Turnabouts Pulling into driveway on the left side 1. Check traffic flow • Signal and position your vehicle to 3-6 inches from center yellow line • When traffic is clear, drive into the driveway and stop • Shift to reverse, monitor intended path 2. Back slowly, turning steering wheel rapidly to the right as you exit driveway • Straighten wheels, centering car in roadway 3. Shift into Drive - Check traffic and accelerate to normal speed 1 2 3 78 Three-Point Turnabouts 2 4 1 3 5 • Three-point turns are also called Y-turns and are an option when no driveway is available, traffic is light, you cannot drive around the block, or the available space prevents a Uturn – never attempt near hill or curve Remember, this is the most dangerous turnabout! 79 Steps to Make Three-Point Turnabouts 2 1 3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 Stop close to the right edge or curb • Search for a 20- to 30-second gap, signal a left turn Move slowly forward while turning the steering wheel rapidly to the left • when the front wheels are almost to the curb, stop — Check traffic left and right Shift the vehicle into Reverse and, while slowly backing up, turn the wheel to the right Shift into Drive — Check traffic — Signal your intent and accelerate to normal speed 80 U-Turn Turnabouts Mid-Block U-Turn 2 4 1 3 5 • Make sure local and state law permits this type of turnabout • A midblock U-turn requires a wide space • Use caution - this is a high-risk turnabout 81 U-Turn Turnabouts U-Turn at an Intersection • When making a U-turn at an intersection, begin the U-turn in the left lane closest the center line or median 1 5 • Complete the turn in the lane farthest to the right in the opposite flow of traffic, and accelerate to the appropriate speed 82 2 1 3 Check following traffic Signal 6 Search for place to park 5 4 Steer gently towards curb Release accelerator, tap brake pedal Apply steady pressure for smooth stop 83 Parking Strategies • Look for a parking space with enough room for entering and exiting easily • Observe and follow all signs, laws, pavement markings • Look for vehicles exiting parking spaces • Avoid spaces at the end of parking lanes where being hit is more likely • Avoid spaces near a large vehicle that block your vision when existing and other people’s ability to see you • Avoid spaces with a poorly parked vehicle on either side 84 No Parking! Parking is NOT allowed • Beside another parked vehicle (double parking) • On crosswalks or sidewalks • In front of driveways • Next to painted yellow curbs or no parking signs • In a parking space reserved for disabled persons • On the hard surface of a road when no curb is present 85 No Parking! • Within 20 feet of an intersection • Within 15 feet of the entrance to a fire, ambulance or Rescue squad station • Within 500 feet of where fire trucks or equipment are stopped answering an alarm • Within 50 feet of a railroad crossing • Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant 86 Angle Parking Parking diagonally to the curb 1. Signal intention, position vehicle three to four feet away from the space (as far as possible) 2. Move forward until side view mirror appears to align with the first pavement line 3. Visually target the middle of the space and move slowly turning the wheel sharply 4. Once front enters space, gradually begin unwinding the steering wheel while monitoring the vehicles parked on either side 87 Exiting Angle Parking Space Place foot on brake, signal direction you are going to back, shift to Reverse, search path of travel •Back until your vehicle’s front seat is even with the back of the space, and begin turning the steering wheel in the direction you want the rear to go •Remember to monitor the front bumper on the opposite side of the direction you are turning Back into the closest lane; shift to Drive and move forward 88 Don’t Develop These Bad Habits • Failure to continuously monitor traffic to the rear • Forgetting to signal • Parking too close to the stall lines • Speed too fast for precise maneuvering • Steering insufficient or moving steering wheel too slowly • Failure to target center of the parking space • Not using forward reference point and hitting curb • Forgetting to straighten wheels at the end • Parking too close to other vehicles • Forgetting to set the parking brake 89 Perpendicular Parking - Entering 1. Signal intention and position the vehicle five to six feet away from the space 2. Move forward until the side mirror appears to align with the first line of the space 4. Steer towards a target in center of the space and straighten the wheels 5. Position the front bumper three to six inches from the curb or end of the space target 3. Turn the wheel rapidly in the direction of the center of the space controlling speed 90 Perpendicular Parking - Exiting • Place foot on brake, signal direction of turn, shift to Reverse, search area to the rear/sides • Back until your side mirror is even with the bumper of the vehicle located to the side, begin turning the steering wheel in the direction you want to go • Monitor the rear and your front bumper on the opposite side of the direction you are turning • When the front bumper clears the back of the vehicle, stop, and shift to Drive 91 Parallel Parking on a Two-Way Street STEP 1 •Select a space that is at least five feet longer than your vehicle Flash your brake lights , put on your turn signal as you approach the space, and monitor rear traffic •Place your vehicle approximately three feet from the vehicle you want to park behind, aligning your rear bumper with the other vehicle's bumper •Put the vehicle into Reverse and turn the wheels all the way to the right 92 Parallel Parking on a Two-Way Street STEP 2 • Slowly back up until you are at a 45-degree angle using your side view mirror, back until you can see the headlight closest to the curb of the vehicle behind to establish the 45-degree angle • Stop 93 Parallel Parking on a Two-Way Street Step 3 • Turn the wheels all the way to the left • Slowly back up while monitoring the right front fender until you are parallel with and within 12 inches of the curb. 94 Parallel Parking – Exiting the Space • Back-up as far as you can go without touching the vehicle behind and signal • Turn your wheels all the way to the left and shift to Drive • Check traffic and make sure your right front fender will clear the rear of the vehicle in front of you • Turn wheels slowly to the right when your side view mirror aligns with the bumper of the vehicle ahead • Select target in your path of travel and gently accelerate 95 Parking on a Hill - Facing Downhill Downhill Parking Parking with or without a curb •Position your vehicle 6” from the curb •Let the car move slowly forward while turning the steering wheel sharply to the right until the right front tire rests against the curb (if there is one) •Shift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission or into REVERSE gear for a manual transmission •Engage the parking brake 96 Parking on a Hill – Uphill with No Curb Parking Uphill 1. Drive as far off the roadway onto the shoulder as possible and stop with NO Curb 2. Turn wheels away from traffic 3. Shift into “P” (Park) automatic transmission, or into FIRST gear for a manual transmission 4. Engage the parking brake 97 Parking Uphill – With a Curb 1. Position your vehicle 6” from the curb and stop 2. Turn your steering wheel away from curb and let the vehicle move slowly back until the back of the front tire touches the curb 3. Shift into “P” (Park) if your vehicle is equipped with an automatic transmission or FIRST with a manual transmission 4. Engage the parking brake Uphill Parking with a Curb 98 Parking Lot Strategies • Obey speed limits • Obey the signs and pavement markings • Do not drive diagonally across parking lot lane markings • Be alert for pedestrians, bicyclists, roller-bladders and skateboarders • Avoid tight parking spaces • Avoid competing for a parking space 99 Parking Lot Strategies • Park so the front and rear of vehicle is not in the flow of traffic • Position the vehicle properly in the space • Secure parking brake • Secure the vehicle, locking valuables in the trunk • Search all directions before exiting the parking space • Watch for drivers backing who may not see vehicles to the rear 100 Parking Garage Strategies • Watch for backup lights • Observe and follow all signs • Stay to the right • Use headlights • Be aware of people in and around the garage 101 Parking Garage Strategies • When entering the parking garage, be aware of your surroundings, approach the vehicle with key in hand, look around and in the vehicle for unwanted passengers • Drive slowly and watch for pedestrians 102 Handicapped Parking • Vehicles displaying this symbol on their license plate or in the car on a special card may park in handicapped spaces • Non-handicapped drivers are prohibited from parking in handicapped parking areas and may be fined ($100 +) for violations 103 The international handicapped sign is a white sign with a blue wheelchair. 104 105 A disabled person will be fined $50 if he/she lets a person who is not disabled use his/her parking placard? 106 The fine for a disabled person who lets a nondisabled person use his parking permit can be $500, and he/she can have his/her parking privileges revoked! 107 Fraudulently obtaining a handicapped placard is a Class 2 Misdemeanor punishable up to 6 months in jail, and a fine of $1,000 108 If you fraudulently create or obtain a handicapped placard, you can be charged with a Class 2 Misdemeanor which is punishable up to 6 months in jail, and receive a fine of $1,000! 109 The holder of a disabled parking placard must be a passenger or driver of the vehicle and must carry a Disabled Parking Placard ID card. 110 The person who was issued the disabled parking placard must be a passenger or driver in the vehicle; and, if a police officer asks, he/she must show the police officer a Disabled Parking Placard ID card that matches the placard. 111 If you park in a disabled parking space, you can receive a $100 to $500 fine? 112 Parking in a disabled parking space is illegal and expensive - it will cost you up to $500! 113 The only way to obtain a handicapped parking placard or license plate is to have a doctor complete a DMV application form. 114 A doctor must be willing to certify that you are unable to walk more than 200 yards without assistance. 115 Virginia state law empowers civilian volunteers to write citations (tickets) for handicapped parking violations. 116 Virginia state law empowers people who are not law enforcement officers to write citations (tickets) for handicapped parking violations! 117