NEW KINGDOMS RUSSIA Capital: Moscow Religion: Orthodox Christianity Ruler: Ivan the Great Strengths the monarchy – centralizes power & taxes Kicks out the Mongols Becomes the tsar ENGLAND Settled by the Vikings & Anglo-Saxons Later conquered by William the Conqueror who creates the feudal system Becomes a country after the Hundred Years’ War Government will develop the Parliament where new laws are created Magna Carta FRANCE Later led by the Capetian dynasty Becomes a country after the Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc led the French in battle SPAIN Famous rulers: King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella Funded Columbus’ voyage across the Atlantic Ocean Led the Spanish Inquisition Charles V Holy Roman Emperor – Spain & Netherlands… reunited Empire (for a moment) Fought the France, Ottomans, & Reformation in Germany