Scientific Method
Observe & state a Problem
Question and Predict
Create a Hypothesis
Test the Hypothesis
(Experiment)
Analyze & Conclude
Ecology
Classification
Energy through an ecosystem =
Producer  consumer
Hierarchy (largest to smallest)
Kingdom-phylum-class-order-familygenus-species
Scientific Name (Binomial Nomenclature)
Genus species
Uppercase
lowercase
plant  herbivore /omnivore  carnivore
Food Pyramid shows amount of available
energy
carnivore
herbivore/omnivore
producer
more general
very specific
Evolution
Darwin – On the Origin of the
Species….
Creationism = God created all
species
Natural Selection = nature
selects traits better suited to
the environment; survives
better and reproduces = passes
on advantageous trait to
offspring causing evolutionary
change over millions of years
DNA
DNA – double helix, Nucleotide = deoxyribose sugar-phosphate-Nitrogen
base (A, T, G, C) Replication: A=T, C=G
RNA – single helix, Nucleotide = ribose sugar-phosphate- N base (A, U, C, G)
Transcription: A=U, C=G
Protein = macromolecule/polymer made up of amino acids
DNA ------------------ RNA --------------------- PROTEIN
Transcription
Translation
mRNA – copy of genetic code= 3 letter code (codon) used to translate amino
acids for building proteins
Genetics
Cells
Microscope – helped form Cell Theory
1 – all living things are made up of one or more cells
2 – cells are the basic unit of life
3 – cells come from pre-existing cells
Hierarchy of specialization of organisms
Chemicals  organelles  cells  tissues 
Organs  organ systems  organism
Size (smallest to largest)
Virus  Prokaryote organelles Eukaryote
Cell Parts and Function
Nucleus – control center
Mitochondria – energy producer
Golgi body – packages and delivers
Endoplasmic Reticulum – transports
Vacuole – stores water & waste
Cell membrane – controls movement in and out of cell
Cytoplasm – contains the organelles, jelly like, mostly
water
Centriole – cell division
Mitosis – cell division
Interphase (replication) – prophase(double
chromosomes)-metaphase(line up at equater)anaphase(pull apart)-telephase(cytoplasm pinches in)cytokinesis (daughter cells)
Properties of
Water
Mendel – father of genetics, pea plants
Polar – positive
and negative ends
-Cohesion
-Adhesion
-Capillary Action
-High Heat of
Vaporization
-Resists
temperature
change
-Surface tension
-Expands when
freezes
Punnett Square – shows probability of traits being
passed on from parent to offspring
Probability = chance of passing on a trait
A
Male gametes A
a
female gametes
Aa =offspring genes
A
Dominant gene = always shows when present (A)
Recessive gene= only shows when both are present (a)
Genotype = genes (AA, Aa, or aa)
Phenotype = physical description (A= almond eyes)
Homozygous = both genes are the same (AA, aa)
Heterozygous = two different genes (Aa)
Allele = contrasting form of a gene (A or a)
Meiosis = formation of the sex cells (gametes = eggs + sperm)
Occurs in testes (male) or ovaries (female)
Diploid = full set of chromosomes (in pairs)
Haploid = half set of chromosomes (single, ex. gametes)
sunlight
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O ------------ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------- 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
(Plant Cells-Chloroplast – Chlorophyll pigment)
(Plant & Animal Cells – Mitochondria)