Reporting Category 5
GEOGRAPHY
HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES
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Homo sapiens emerged in
East Africa between
100,000 & 400,000
years ago.
Homo sapiens migrated
from Africa to Eurasia,
Australia, and the
Americas
Early humans were
hunter-gatherers whose
survival depended on wild
plants and animals
EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
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Mesopotamia:
Euphrates & Tigris River
Valley (Southwest Asia)
Egypt: Nile River Valley
and Nile Delta (Africa)
India: Indus River Valley
(South Asia – Indian
Subcontinent)
China: Huang He
(Yellow) River
These river valleys offered
Rich soil and irrigation
water for agriculture, and
they tended to be in
locations easily protected
from invasion by nomadic
people.
EARLY RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS
OTHER EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
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Hebrews settled between the
Mediterranean Sea and the
Jordan River Valley
Phoenicians settled along
the Mediterranean coast
Nubia was located on the
Nile River, South of Egypt.
NUBIA’S LOCATION
MAP OF THE GREEK WORLD
Black Sea
Macedonia
Dardanelles
Asia
Minor
ECONOMIC & SOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
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Agriculture (limited arable
land suitable for farming)
Commerce and the spread of
Hellenistic Culture
Shift from barter (trading) to
money economy (use of
coins)
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Mountainous terrain both
helped and hindered the
development of city-states
Greek cities were designed to
promote civic & commercial
life
Colonization was prompted by
overpopulation and the
search for arable land
GREECE’S DEVELOPMENT
ROME’S LOCATION
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Centrally located in the
Italian peninsula
Alps: provided physical
barrier and protection to
the North
Mediterranean Sea:
Provided protection as a
natural barrier and
provided seaborne
commerce & trade
CONSTANTINOPLE BECOMES THE NEW ROME
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Protection of the
Eastern Frontier
Far away from the
Germanic Tribes
attacking the Western
Empire
Crossroads of Trade
Easily fortified site on a
peninsula border by
natural harbors
GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCE ON SPREAD OF ISLAM
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Diffusion along trade
routes from Mecca to
Medina
Expansion despite great
distances, desert
environments, &
mountain barriers
Spread into Fertile
Crescent, Iran, & Central
Asia was helped along by
a weak Persian &
Byzantine Empires
SPREAD OF ISLAM
ISLAMIC DEVELOPMENT
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Political Unity of the first
Muslim Empire was
short lived
Arabic Language spread
with Islam and
facilitated trade across
Islamic lands
Slavery was not based
on race
EUROPEAN INVASIONS & MIGRATIONS
EUROPEAN MIGRATION & SETTLEMENTS
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Angles & Saxons
migrated from
continental Europe to
Great England
Magyars migrated from
Central Asia to Hungary
Vikings migrated from
Scandinavia to Russia
INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS
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Manors and Castles
provided protection from
invasions, reinforcing
the feudal system
Invasions disrupted
trade, led to the decline
of trade, and caused
the influence of the
church to decline.
TRADE ROUTES 1000-1500 C.E.
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Silk Road: China
to Mediterranean
Basin
Maritime Routes in
Indian Ocean
Trans-Saharan
trade routes in N.
Africa
Northern Europe
and the Black Sea
Western Europe
trade by sea and
river
MAYAN CIVILIZATION
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Located in Mexican & Central
American Rain Forests
Represented by the city of
Chichen Itza
City States ruled by Kings
Economy based on
Agriculture & Trade
Polytheistic Religion:
Pyramids
AZTEC CIVILIZATION
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Located in Central Mexico:
Arid Valley
Represented by city of
Tenochtitlan
Ruled by Emperor
Economy based on
Agriculture and tributes from
conquered peoples
Polytheistic: Pyramids,
Rituals (sacrifices)
MESO-AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS
INCAN CIVILIZATION
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Located in the Andes
mountains of South America
Represented by the city of
Machu Picchu
Ruled by an Emperor
Economy based on high
altitude farming (terrace
farming)
Polytheistic
System of Roads
MESO-AMERICAN
ACHIEVEMENTS
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Calendars
Mathematics
Writing and other Record
Keeping systems
MESO-AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS