Unit VIIC
AP U.S. History

 How did American society change in relation to America’s superpower status?
 To what extent did civil rights expand from
1950 to 1980?

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Causes
 G.I. Bill
 Postwar recovery
 Economic expansion
Effects
 79 million
Americans born
 Marriage rates increase
 “M.R.S.
Degree”
 Family size increase
 3.77 (1957)

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Causes
 Postwar economic expansion
 Great Migration
Levittown
Details
 Single-family homes
 Subdivisions and zoning
 Shopping malls
Effects
 Higher concentrations of upper-to-middle class whites
 Urban decay

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Cold War Fears
 Bomb shelters construction
 “He May Be a Communist”
McCarthyism
 Demographics:
 Republican
 Conservative Protestants and Catholics
 Blue-collar workers
 Tactics
 Media and Television
 Blacklisting
 Reaction
 Army-McCarthy Hearing (1954)
 “Decency”
 Edward R. Murrow of CBS
 Public Outcry

 American Dream
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Corporate America
 White-collar jobs
 Business dress codes
Consumerism
 Credit cards
 Shopping malls and strip malls
Advertising
 Brand name proliferation
 Franchises

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Nifty Fifties - Homogenous Culture
Entertainment
Television

Replaced the radio as new broadcasting medium
 77% of households owned a TV
 Helped spread the American homogenous culture
 Ozzie and Harriet
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Leave it to Beaver
Father Knows Best
Movies

Cold War-themed films
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The Day the Earth Stood Still
Invasion of the Body Snatchers
Music
 LP records
 Crooners to Rock and Roll
Literature
 Paperbacks
 Short stories

Realistic Modernists
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
The Catcher in the Rye (1951)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
 The Crucible (1953)

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Increased religion
 Less doctrine, more faith
 Fear of Communism
 Evangelism
 Billy Graham
Rebellion
 Against conformity, consumerism, Corporate
America
 Juvenile delinquency
Beat Generation
 Rejection of conformity and materialism
 Experimentation
 Beatniks

 Suburban and middle-class growth reinforced cult of domesticity
 “Know your role”
 The Common Sense Book of
Baby and Child Care by Dr.
Spock
 Increased employment opportunities
 Growing dissatisfaction concerning unequal wages

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Postwar Reconstruction
 13th Amendment
 end slavery

15th Amendment
 black suffrage
 Freedmen’s Bureau
 Ku Klux Klan and White League

Disenfranchisement
 Plessy v. Ferguson


Separate, but equal
Jim Crow Laws in the South
Progressive Era Gains
 Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.
DuBois
 NAACP and National Urban League
 Great Migration
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1920s Setbacks and Hope
 Race riots after WWI
 Lynchings
 KKK returns

Marcus Garvey
 Harlem Renaissance
1930s Developments

New Deal Coalition
 New Deal provided some relief programs

Limited civil rights legislation

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World War II opportunities
 Northern factory and service jobs
 Executive Order 8802 (1941)
 Military
 Tuskegee Airmen
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
(1942)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
 Prohibit all white primaries
March on Washington Movement
 A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin
Jackie Robinson and Baseball (1947)
Executive Order 9981 (1948)
 Desegregation of government and military

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Brown v. Board of Education
(1954)
 Desegregation of schools
 Overrules “separate but equal”
 “all deliberate speed”
White Southern Reaction
 Southern Manifesto (1956)
 Little Rock Nine (1957)
 Eisenhower orders National Guard to escort black students to Arkansas high school
 Stand at Schoolhouse Door (1963)
 University of Alabama
 Governor George Wallace
 “ Segregation Now…”

Civil Rights Movement
Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott
 Rosa Parks (Dec. 1,
1955)
 Segregation on
Montgomery, AL buses
 Refused to give up her seat and arrested
 Montgomery Bus
Boycott (1955-1956)
 Supreme Court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

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Civil Rights Movement
Martin Luther King Jr. and Passive Resistance
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(SCLC) (1957)
 Church network founded by MLK to promote civil rights
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC) (1960)
Sit-Ins
 Lunch counters at Woolworth’s
Freedom Riders
 Racially mixed bus trips through South
 Encountered violent Southern reaction
Birmingham Campaign (1963)
 MLK’s Letter from Birmingham Jail
March on Washington (Aug 28, 1963)
 I Have a Dream
Selma March (1965)
 March from Selma to Montgomery to end
Southern disenfranchisement laws
 Bloody Sunday (March 7)

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Civil Rights Movement
Federal Government Intervenes
Civil Rights Act of 1957
 Civil Rights Commission
 Strom Thurmond filibuster
Civil Rights Act of 1960
24th Amendment (1964)
 Prohibited poll taxes
Civil Rights Act of 1964
 Ended racial segregation in employment and public accommodations
 Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United
States (1964)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
 Outlawed racial disenfranchisement
Thurgood Marshall on
Supreme Court (1967)

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Nation of Islam
 Elijah Muhammad
 Malcolm X
 Originally, taught Black supremacy and separatism
 Later, favored integration and Black selfdetermination
Black Power
 Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture)
 Black Panthers
 Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
 “Kill or Get Whitey!” “Burn, baby, burn!”
Public Reaction
 Race riots
 Backlash on Black Panthers and Nation of Islam

 Students for a Democratic
Society (SDS) (1962)
 Tom Hayden
 Condemned corporatism, racism, poverty, Vietnam War
(“The Establishment”)
 Demanded participatory democracy
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Berkeley Free Speech
Movement (1964-1965)
Weathermen
 Violent group branched off from SDS

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Children Hippies/Flower
 Non-violent anarchism
 Rejection of materialism
 Concern for the environment
Youth International Party
(Yippies)
 Abbie Hoffman
 Radical hippies known for theatrical protests and tactics
Sexual Revolution (1960s-1980s)
 Kinsey studies, novels, magazines
 Contraception and premarital sex
 Abortion and Roe v. Wade (1973)
Drug Use
 Marijuana
 LSD (acid)

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Themes
 Anti-Establishment
 Anti-war
 Promotion of counterculture
 War - Edwin Starr
Artists
 Bob Dylan
 Jim Morrison
 Rolling Stones
 The Beatles
 Joan Baez
 Jimi Hendrix
Woodstock (1969)
 500,000 attend 3-day rock concert

Vietnam Protests
Self-immolation was an extreme form of protest.
Here, Buddhist monk, Thich Quang
Duc, before the
U.S. escalation. A few Americans engaged in this extreme act of protest during
Vietnam.

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Tet Offensive (Jan. 30)
Nguyen Van Lem
Assassinated (Feb. 1)
My Lai Massacre (Mar. 16)
LBJ Withdraws (Mar. 31)
MLK Assassination (Apr. 4)
Columbia University Protests
(Apr. 23-30)
Robert Kennedy
Assassination (June 5)
Democratic National
Convention Riots (Aug. 22-30)
Nixon wins election (Nov. 5)

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Student protests of
Cambodia invasion
Ohio National Guard opened fire, killing 4 students and wounding 9 students
Nixon responded with indifference
Majority of Americans blamed students
Emphasized turmoil in
America over Vietnam and the youth-based counterculture
Mary Ann Vecchio in anguish over Jeffrey Miller
* Pulitzer Prize winning photo

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Inspired by civil rights movement, counterculture, and sexual revolution
The Feminine Mystique by
Betty Friedan
 Inspiration for women to seek higher opportunities beyond housewives
National Organization of
Women (NOW)
 Activist group for equality and opportunity for women
Gloria Steinem
Equal Rights Amendment
(ERA)
 Congress passed equality in all aspects of society based on gender
 Phyllis Schlafly inspires its defeat

Civil Rights Movement Fuels Other Minorities
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Hispanics

United Farm Workers Organization

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
Cesar Chavez
Exploited for cheap labor, especially in agricultural sector
Boycotts in retaliation to exploitation of immigrants
 Si Se Puede!

Will become second largest demographic fueled by immigration
 Neo-nativism development
Natives

American Indian Movement (AIM)
 Indian Self-Determination Act (1975)
Homosexuals

Gay Liberation Movement
 Harvey Milk in San Francisco (1978)
 Setbacks
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
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986)
Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell (1993)
 Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) (1996)
 Achievements
 Lawrence v. Texas (2003)

 Taft-Hartley Act
 AFL-CIO (1955)
 United Farm Workers
(UFW)
 Labor weakens
 PATCO Strike (1981)
 NAFTA (1994)
 Private-sector union membership decreased
 Public-sector union organizations and membership expanded

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The Sunbelt and Rustbelt
Why the Sunbelt?
 Low taxes, warmer climates, defense industries
Rustbelt
 Smokestack industries closing down due to globalization

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Pushes
 Escape communist regimes or developing nations
Pulls
 Seek American Dream
Immigration Demographics by
1980s
 47% from Latin America
 37% from Asia
 12% from Europe and Canada
Immigration Policies
 Immigration Act of 1965
 Eliminated 1920s quota laws
 Immigration Reform and
Control Act (1986)
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Penalties for illegal immigration employment
Illegal immigrants before 1982 granted residency
Multicultural Society

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Health and Science Developments and Issues
Technology
 Automation
 Internet
Health
 Polio vaccine
 Jonas Salk (1955)
 Graying of America
 HIV/AIDS
Education
 Research and
Development
Environment
 Silent Spring by Rachel
Carson (1962)
 Go Green