E D I C T
=========
Copyright (C) 1994 James William Breen
Public Domain Japanese/English Dictionary file, coordinated by Jim Breen.
CURRENT VERSION
--------------The version date and sequence number is included in the dictionary
itself
under the entry "EDICT". (Actually it is under the JIS-ASCII code
"????".
This keeps it as the first entry when it is sorted.)
The master copy
of
EDICT
is
in
the
pub/nihongo
directory
of
monu6.cc.monash.edu.au. There are other copies around, but they may
not be
as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the
latest is
from the size/date.
INTRODUCTION
-----------EDICT is the outcome of a voluntary project to produce
domain
Japanese/English Dictionary in machine-readable form.
intended
initially for use with MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) and
software
such as JDIC and JREADER, however it has come to be used in
number of
packages.
a
It
public
was
related
a large
The EDICT file, which has been placed in the Public Domain, is copyright,
and
is distributed in accordance with the EDICT Licence Statement included
at
Appendix A.
FORMAT
-----EDICT's format is that of the original "EDICT" format used by MOKE. It
uses
EUC coding for kana and kanji, however this can be converted to JIS or
SJIS
by any of the several conversion programs around. It is a text file with
one
entry per line. The format of entries is:
KANJI [KANA] /english_1/english_2/.../
or
KANA /english_1/.../
The English translations are deliberately brief, as the application
the
dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc.
of
CONTENTS
-------EDICT consists of:
(a) the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0. This was compiled by
MOKE's
author, Mark Edwards, with assistance from Spencer Green. Mark has
very
kindly released this material to the public domain. A number of
corrections
were
made
to
the
MOKE original,
e.g.
spelling mistakes,
minor
mistranslations, etc. It also had a lot of duplications, which have
been
removed. It contained about 1900 unique entries. Mark Edwards has
also
kindly given permission for the vocabulary files developed for KG
(Kanji
Guess) to be added to EDICT.
(b) additions by Jim Breen. I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry
dictionary
used in my first year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of
Technology
years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this). I then
worked
through other vocabulary lists trying to make sure major entries were
not
omitted. The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also.
This
task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run
out
of energy eventually. Apart from that, I have made a large number
of
additions during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using
JREADER
and XJDIC.
(c) additions by others.
Many people have contributed
entries
and
corrections to EDICT. I am forever on the lookout for sources of
material,
provided it is genuinely available for use in the Public Domain. I
am
grateful to Theresa Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful
material,
plus very perceptive corrections. Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great
help
with tidying up a lot of awry entries, and helping me identify obscure
kanji
compounds. Kurt Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful
entries.
A large group of contributions came from Sony, where Rik Smoody had
put
together
a
large
online
dictionary.
Another batch came from
the
Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut Goldenstein
keyed
(with permission) from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky. Harold
Rowe
was great help with much of the translation. A full list of contributors
is
at the back of this file.
At this stage EDICT is of a comparable size to a good commercial
dictionary,
which typically has 20,000+ non-name entries with examples, etc. It
is
certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when
used
in conjunction with a search-and-display program like JDIC or
XJDIC it
provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service.
COPYRIGHT
--------Dictionary copyright is a difficult point, because clearly the
first
lexicographer who published "inu means dog" could not claim a
copyright
violation over all subsequent Japanese dictionaries. While it is
usual to
consult other dictionaries for "accurate lexicographic information",
as
Nelson put it, wholesale copying is, of course, not permissable. What
makes
each dictionary unique (and copyrightable) is the particular selection
of
words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a
very
important point in the case of EDICT), and the means of publication.
Of
course, the fact that for the most part the kanji and kana of each entry
are
coming from public sources, and the structure and layout of the
entries
themselves are quite unlike those in any published dictionary, adds a
degree
of protection to EDICT.
The advice I have received from people who know about these things is
that
EDICT is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market.
Readers
may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha! That comes from the
XYZ
Jiten!". They may be right, and they may be wrong. After all there
aren't
too many translations of neko. Let me make one thing quite clear.
NONE of
this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries. I
have a
case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it.
Please do not contribute entries to EDICT
from
copyrightable sources.
It is hard to
be
jeopardizing EDICT's PD status.
which
have
come
check
these,
and
directly
you
may
LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
----------------------EDICT is actually a Japanese->English dictionary, although the words
within
it can be selected in either language using appropriate software. (JDIC
uses
it to provide both E->J and J->E functionality.)
The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage (MOKE
scans
it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in
RAM.)
This meant that examples of usage could not be included, and
inclusion of
phrases was very limited.
JDIC/JDXGEN can now handle a much
larger
dictionary, but the compact format has continued.
No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in
idiomatic
expressions. Similarly particles are handled as separate entries.
Adverbs
formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included. Verbs
are, of
course, are in the plain or "dictionary" form.
In working on EDICT, bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with
JDIC,
I have had to come up with a solution to the problem of adjectival
nouns
[keiyoudoushi] (e.g. kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used
adjectivally
with the particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g.
benkyousuru).
If I put entries in edict with the "na" and "suru" included, MOKE will
not
find a match when they are omitted or, the case of suru, inflected.
What I
have decided to do is to put the basic noun into the dictionary and
add
"(vs)" where it can be used to form a verb with suru, "(a-no)" for
common
"no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun. Entries appear as:
KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/
KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/
Where necessary, verbs are marked with "(vi)" or "(vt)" according to
whether
they are intransitive or transitive. (Work on this aspect is
continuing.) I
have also used (id) to mark idiomatic expressions, (col) for
colloquialisms,
(pol) for teineigo, etc.
The (current) full list of such entry markers is:
an
a-no
vs
vt
vi
id
col
vul
pn
pl
giv
fam
pol
hum
hon
pref
suf
uk
uK
oK
adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
transitive verb
intransitive verb
idiomatic expression
colloquialism
vulgar expression or word
person name (family or given)
place name
given name
familiar language
polite (teineigo) language
humble (kenjougo) language
honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
prefix
suffix
word usually written using kana alone
word usually written using kanji alone
word containing out-dated kanji
I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English
translation
and spelling. Where appropriate different translations are included
for
national variants (e.g. autumn/fall). I use Oxford (British)
standard
spelling (-our, -ize) for the entries I make, but I leave other entries
in
the national spelling of the submitter.
Users intending
following
simple rules:
to
make
submissions
to EDICT should follow the
o all verbs in plain form. The English must begin with "to ....".
(vi)
or (vt) to the first translation if the nature of the verb is not
implicit
in the translation(s);
Add
o add (an) or (a-no) or (vs) as appropriate to nouns. Do not put the
"na" or
"no" particles on the Japanese, or the "suru" auxilary verb. For
entries
which have (vs), do not enter them as verb infinitives (e.g. "to
cook"),
instead enter them as gerunds/participles/whatever (e.g. cooking (vs)).
o indicate prefixes and suffixes by "(pref)" and "(suf)" in the first
English
entry, not by using "-" in the kanji or kana.
o do not add definite or indefinite articles (e.g. "a", "an", "the",
etc) to
English nouns unless they are necessary to distinguish the word
from
another usage type or homonym.
o do not guess the kanji.
o do not use the "/", "[" or "]" characters except in their separating
roles.
o if you are using a reference in romaji form, make sure you have the
correct
kana for "too/tou" and "zu", where the Hepburn romaji is often
ambiguous.
o do not use kana or kanji in the "English" fields.
necessary to
use a Japanese word, e.g. kanto, use romaji.
USAGE
-----
Where it is
EDICT can be used, with acknowledgement, for any purpose whatever, EXCEPT
for
inclusion in new commercial products. It cannot be sold, except at a
nominal
charge for the distribution medium. Consult the EDICT Licence
Statement at
Appendix A.
It is, of course, the main dictionary used by PD software such as
JDIC,
JREADER, XJDIC, MacJDic, etc. It can be used as the dictionary within
MOKE
(it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with version 2.1 of MOKE),
and it
is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word Processor packages.
With regard to commercial products, if the developer of such a product
wishes
to make use of EDICT, an acceptable approach is to provide for users
to
obtain a copy of the EDICT file themselves and access it via the
product,
either with or without a provided utility program. It must not be "locked
up"
through a formatting or indexing system. These simple precautions
avoid
violation of the provisions of EDICT's Licence Statement.
CONTRIBUTIONS
------------I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions, and
ESPECIALLY
additions. Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you
have the
latest version, as others may have already made the same comments.
The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file
(uuencoded
for safety) containing replacement/new entries. Separate the amendments
from
the new material: e.g.
**Amendments to EDICT yyyymmmdd Vyy-nnn**
old entry1
new entry1
old entry2
........
**New Entries**
New entry1
New entry2
.........
I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file as the master EDICT is
under
continuous revision, and may have had quite a few changes since you
got your
copy.
If you wish to suggest the deletion of an entry in edict, or the
replacement of
an entry with another, please provide a succinct explanation for the
action.
TOO BIG?
-------With the incorporation of over 15,000 jinmei entries from "gerodic",
EDICT is
now very large, and has a very high proportion of its entries as place
or
person names. The compiler's own software (JDIC, XJDIC, etc.) can deal
with
this in a variety of ways, however other users may wish to operate
on a
reduced version which exludes such entries.
Available with EDICT is a utility program ESPLIT (ESPLIT.C and
ESPLIT.EXE)
which will split the full file into two separate files, one of which
only
contains the proper-names. Entries such as "shimizu", which are both a
name
and a regular entry, are split into a reduced entry on each file.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
---------------Mark Edwards, Spencer Green, Alina Skoutarides, Takako Machida,
Theresa
Martin, Satoshi Tadokoro, Stephen Chung, Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford
Olling,
David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani, Truett Smith,
Mike
Rosenlof, Harold Rowe, Al Harkom, Per Hammarlund, Atsushi Fukumoto,
John
Crossley, Bob Kerns, Frank O'Carroll, Rik Smoody, Scott Trent,
Curtis
Eubanks, Jamie Packer, Hitoshi Doi, Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato
Shimojima,
Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeff Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga,
Kurt
Stueber, Rafael Santos, Bruce Casner, Masato Toho, Carolyn Norton,
Simon
Clippingdale, Shiino Masayoshi,
Susumu Miki,
Yushi Kaneda,
Masahiko
Tachibana, Naoki Shibata, Yuzuru Hiraga, Yasuaki Nakano, Atsu
Yagasaki,
Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar, Jonathan Hanna, Yoshimasa
Tsuji,
Masatsugu Mamimura, Keiichi Nakata, Masako Nomura, Hiroshi Kamabe,
Shi-Wen
Peng, Norihiro Okada, Jun-ichi Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Mizuno, Minoru
Terada,
Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke,
Iain
Sinclair, Warwick Hockley, Jamii Corley, Howard Landman, Tom Bryce,
Jim
Thomas, Paul Burchard, Kenji Saito, Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki
Ozaki,
Kouichi Suzuki, Sakaguchi Takeyuki, Haruo Furuhashi,
Takashi
Hattori,
Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru
Sato,
Takayuki Ito, Masayuki Tokoshima, Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed
Hall,
Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben
Bullock,
Scott Draves.
Jim Breen
(jwb@capek.rdt.monash.edu.au)
Department of Robotics & Digital Technology
Monash University
Clayton 3168
AUSTRALIA
APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT
===================================
Copyright (C) 1994 James William Breen
This licence statement and copyright notice
applies
to
the
EDICT
Japanese/English
Dictionary
file,
the
associated documentation
file
EDICT.DOC, and any data files which are derived from them.
COPYING AND DISTRIBUTION
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of these
files
provided this copyright notice and permission notice is distributed with
all
copies. Any distribution of the files must take place without a
financial
return, except a charge to cover the cost of the distribution medium.
Permission is granted to make and distribute extracts or subsets of the
EDICT
file under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.
Permission is granted to translate the English elements of the EDICT
file
into other languages, and to make and distribute copies of those
translations
under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.
USAGE
These files may be freely used by individuals, and may
by
software belonging to, or operated by, such individuals.
be
accessed
The files, extracts from the files, and translations of the files must
not be
sold as part of any commercial software package,
nor must they
be
incorporated in any published dictionary or other printed document
without
the specific permission of the copyright holder.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright over
James
William BREEN.
the
documents
covered
by
this statement is held by
APPENDIX B: WNN PROJECT COPYRIGHT NOTICE
---------------------------------------As some of the material in edict has been derived from entries in the
dictionaries of the "Wnn" project, it is appropriate to draw attention
to the copyright statement of that project.
/*
* Copyright Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical
Sciences
*
1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
* Copyright OMRON Corporation. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
* Copyright ASTEC, Inc. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
*
* Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software
* and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
* provided that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
*
* 1) The above copyright notices appear in all copies
* 2) Both those copyright notices and this permission notice appear
*
in supporting documentation
* 3) The name of "Wnn" isn't changed unless substantial modifications
*
are made, or
* 3') Following words followed by the above copyright notices appear
*
in all supporting documentation of software based on "Wnn":
*
*
"This software is based on the original version of Wnn developed by
*
Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences
(KURIMS),
*
OMRON Corporation and ASTEC Inc."
*
* 4) The names KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC not be used in advertising or
*
publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
*
specific, written prior permission
*
* KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC make no representations about the suitability
* of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without
* express or implied warranty.
*
* Wnn consortium is one of distributors of the official Wnn source code
* release. Wnn consortium also makes no representations about the
* suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is"
* without express or implied warranty.
*
* KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC AND WNN CONSORTIUM DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
* REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC OR
* WNN CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
* DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
* PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
* TORTUOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
* PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
*
*/