History SOL Review (Geography – Moving West)
Name:
GEOGRAPHY
How did people’s perceptions and use of the Great Plains change after the Civil War?

People saw the Great Plains not as a “_treeless wasteland_” but as a vast area to be settled_.
Physical features/climates

Flatlands

Low rainfall

Erosion

Dustorms
Identify the City
A: San Francisco
B: Los Angeles
C: St. Louis
D: New Orleans
16
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
E: New York
What State?
Maine
Oregon
Kansas
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Nebraska
Colorado
New Mexico
Montana
Massachusetts
North Carolina
Wisconsin
Arkansas
Pennsylvania
Alaska
What Region?
Northeast
Pacific
Midwest
Southeast
Midwest
Midwest
Midwest
Rocky Mountain
Southwest
Rocky Mountains
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southeast
Northeast
Non-Contiguous
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
Match the significant city to the correct state:
1. __F___ New Mexico
2. __E___ Washington
3. __J___ Hawaii
4. __N___ Georgia
5. __O___ Louisiana
6. __D___ Colorado
7. __L___ Alaska
8. __A___ Illinois
9. __H___ Michigan
10. __G___ Utah
11. __B___ Missouri
12. __I___ California
13. __M___ Texas
14. ___K__ Massachusetts
15. ___C__ Pennsylvania
a. Chicago
b. St. Louis
c. Pittsburgh
d. Denver
e. Seattle
f. Santa Fe
g. Salt Lake City
h. Detroit
i. San Francisco
j. Honolulu
k. Boston
l. Juneau
m. San Antonio
n. Atlanta
o. New Orleans
RECONSTRUCTION- Ended in ___1877___ (year)
Racial segregation:
 Based upon race
 Directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also segregated
o “Jim Crow laws” were passed to discriminate against African Americans
o These laws made discrimination practices legal in many communities and states by the
1896 Supreme Court Case called Plessy v. Ferguson.
o Characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, government
Explain the following amendments:
 13th – Banned Slavery
 14th - Grants citizenship to all persons born in the United States; Equal protection under the law
 15th – Ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude
African Americans could now hold public office. Which group was banned from this?
 Southern Military leaders and Political Officials
Explain the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
 An act to ensure equal protection under for all (Act was vetoed by President
Johnson)
What was the Freedman’s Bureau?
 Established by Congress to assist former slaves by providing food, medical care,
and education
Who were the carpetbaggers?
 Northerners who moved to the South to take advantage of the South during
reconstruction
What were the black codes?
 Laws to limit the economic and physical rights of former slaves
Who left the south when Reconstruction ended?
 U.S. troops (Federal Troops)
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
How did African Americans respond to discrimination and “Jim Crow laws?”
Booker T. Washington
W.E.B. DuBois
Believed equality could be achieved through vocational
education; accepted social segregation
Believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African
Americans
Who said preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South?
Abraham Lincoln
This man urged Southerns to reconcile and later became president of Washington College?
Robert E. Lee
Explain Frederick Douglass’ contribution to reconstruction
Fought for the adoptions of constitutional amendments that guaranteed human rights and civil liberties
to all people
WESTWARD EXPANSION
Interaction and conflict occurred between different cultural groups (mainly Native
Americans)
 Reservations—the United States forced Native Americans to give up traditional lands and move to
reservations.
 Battle of Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo are all examples of opposition by Native
Americans to westward expansion
 Chief Joseph—“…I will fight no more forever.”
 Battle of Wounded Knee- A misunderstanding of Native American Culture leads to the massacre
of more than 150 Native Americans. This is the last major conflict between the U.S. Army and the
Native Americans.
Tell me why…
Westward expansion happened?
o
o
o
o
o
Land - opportunities for land ownership
Adventure
Railroads – transcontinental railroad
Gold (and silver)
Escape from discrimination – a new start for former slaves
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
New technologies allowed people to see the Great
Plains as something other than a “treeless
wasteland.”
 Barbed wire
 Steel plows
 Dry farming
 Sod houses
 Beef cattle raising (farming)
 Wheat farming
 Windmills
 Railroads
Practice Questions:
B
J
F
D
D
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
IMMIGRATION
Certain groups of immigrants were discriminated against (helped build the Transcontinental RR):
 Chinese (prevented from immigrating by the Exclusion act of 1882)
 Irish
What are three challenges that immigrants faced upon their arrival to the cities of America?
-Overcrowding due to massive industrialization
-Forced to live in tenements / ghettos
-Political corruption / Political machines
Efforts to solve these problems were :
 Settlement Houses – define:
Place that provides community services especially to large city populations
Example: Hull House founded by Jane Addams POSITIVE)
 Groups that gained power by helping new immigrants (promised to get them jobs and
housing) were called Political Machines. Were they positive or negative? Negative
Tell me why…
There was increased immigration?
o Hope for better opportunities
o Escape from oppressive governments
o Adventure
o Religious Freedom
Where were immigrants coming from during the third wave of immigration (1880-1920)?
Southern and Eastern Europe
INDUSTRIALIZATION
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
How did advances in transportation link resources, products, and markets?
Transportation of resources
 What was moved to Eastern
factories? Resources
 Moving iron ore deposits to sites of
Steel production (Pittsburgh)
 Transporting finished products to
national markets
Manufacturing areas were located near centers of
population:




Textile industry located in New England
Automobile industry - Detroit
Steel industry located in Pittsburgh
Meatpacking industry located in
Chicago
Tell me why…
Cities developed?
o
Specialized industries including Steel (Pittsburgh), meat packing (Chicago), automobiles (Detroit), and textiles
(New England)
o
Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe (SEE).
o
o
Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities.
Define rural: Area with a low population (farmland)
o
Define urban: Area with a high population (City)
What 2 inventions contributed to great change and industrial growth?
 Electric Lighting (light bulb) (Thomas Edison)
 Allowed machines to be built to do jobs that were previously done by hand. This is called
Mass Production – assembly line
 Allowed factories and other businesses to be open later when it was dark
 Telephone service (invented by Alexander Graham Bell)
 Could quickly reach someone over a long distance
Big Business
Reasons for the rise in big business
o
National markets created by transportation advances
o
Captains of Industry




Factors causing the growth of industry
o
Access to raw materials and energy
o
Availability of large workforce
(immigrants)
Rockefeller—oil
Carnegie—steel
Ford--automobile
Vanderbilt - railroads
o
Advertising
o
Inventions
o
Lower-cost production
o
Financial resources
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
PROGRESSIVE ERA
How did the reforms of the Progressive Movement change the United States?
Negative effects of
industrialization
 Child labor
 Low wages, long hours
 Unsafe working
conditions
Progressive Movement
workplace reforms
 Improved safety
conditions
 Reduced work hours
 Placed restrictions on
child labor
How did workers respond to these
negative effects?
 Rise of organized labor
o Formation of unions (growth of
AFL)
American
Federation of
Labor
o Strikes (aftermath of the
Homestead strike)
Women’s suffrage
 Increased education opportunities
 Attained voting rights
o Women gained the right to vote
with the passage of the 19th
Amendment
o These three worked for women’s
suffrage:
o Susan B. Anthony
o Elizabeth Cady Stanton
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
IMPERIALISM
Spanish-American War (USII 4a)
Reasons for the war




Protection of American business
interests in Cuba (sugar)
American support of Cuban rebels to
gain independence from Spain
Rising tensions as a result of the sinking
of the USS Maine in Havana Harbor
Exaggerated news reports of events
(yellow journalism)
Results of the war



The United States emerged as a world
power.
Cuba gained independence from Spain.
The United States gained possession of
the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico.
Explain the three points of Roosevelt Corollary:
∙ Asserted the United States right to interfere in economic matters of nations in the Americas
∙ Claimed the United States right to exercise international police power
∙ Advocated big stick diplomacy
WORLD WAR I
Why did the United States
become involved in the war?


Inability to remain neutral
German submarine warfare
(sinking of Lusitania)
 US economic and political
ties to Great Britain
 Zimmerman Telegram
Allies
Great
Britain
France
Russia
Serbia
Central
Powers
Germany
AustriaHungary
Bulgaria
Ottoman
Empire
Belgium
United
States
At the end of the war—President Wilson prepared a 14 point peace plan that called for the formation of
the League of Nations, a peace-keeping organization. The US decided not to join the League of Nations
because the United States congress failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
ROARING 20’S
Temperance Movement—composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol;
supported the 18th Amendment prohibiting the manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol
Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional amendment (18th) that made it illegal to manufacture,
transport, and sell alcoholic beverages.
 Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages in secret.
 Bootleggers smuggled illegal alcohol; promoted organized crime.
Why did African Americans migrate to northern cities?
Great Migration North
Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying.
African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South
African Americans moved to northern cities in search of better employment opportunities
African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North, but not as much
Who were the leaders in art, literature, and music? What were their contributions? (USII 5c)
Cultural Icons
Art—Georgia O’Keeffe was known for her urban
scenes, and later paintings of the Southwest
Literature—F. Scott Fitzgerald was a novelist who
wrote about the Jazz Age. John Steinbeck portrayed
the strength of the migrant workers during the
1930s.
Music—Aaron Copland and George Gershwin
composed uniquely American music.
Harlem Renaissance
Art—Jacob Lawrence painter who chronicled the
experiences of the Great Migration North.
Literature—Langston Hughes, a poet who combined
the experiences of African and American cultural
roots.
Music—Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were
jazz composers. Bessie Smith was a blues singer.
Their popularity spread to the rest of society.
How was social and economic life in the early twentieth century different from that of the
late nineteenth century? (USII 5a)
Improved transportation due to
affordable automobiles




Greater mobility
Creation of jobs
Growth of transportationrelated industries (road
construction, oil, steel)
Movement to suburban
areas
Communication changes:



Increased availability of
telephones
Development of the radio
and broadcast industry
Development of the
movies
Other inventions:


Airplane
(Wright brothers)
Assembly line
(Henry Ford)
Electricity changed
American life:




Labor saving products
(washing machines, electric
stoves)
Electric lighting
Entertainment (radio)
Improved communications
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
GREAT DEPRESSION
Great Depression (USII 5d)
Causes



Effects
People over speculated on stock,
using borrowed money that they
could not repay when the stock prices
crashed
The Federal Reserve failed to prevent
the collapse of the banking system.
High tariffs strangled international
trade.




A large number of banks and
businesses failed.
¼ of workers were unemployed.
Large numbers of people were
hungry and homeless.
Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels.
The New Deal
This was President Franklin Roosevelt’s plan to end the Great Depression in the United States. He
created programs such as:
 Social Security (still exists today)
 Federal work programs
 Environmental improvement programs
 Farm assistance programs
 Increased rights for labor
How did the U.S. get out of the Great Depression?
The U.S. got out of the Great Depression by entering World War II.
What is a Hooverville? Why is it called that?
Shanty towns (built out of boxes, tents, etc.) during the Great Depression named for President
Hoover because he didn't help to fix the Great Depression
Define the following terms:
 Margin/Credit
A form of a loan; borrowing money that will be paid back later with interest

Pension

Relief

Federal Reserve
Money paid to a person on a regular basis, usually after they retire
Programs that gave unemployed people jobs
A federal agency responsible for regulating the banking industry. The failure of the Federal
Reserve is one cause of the Great Depression
WORLD WAR II
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
How did post-World War I Europe set the stage for World War II? (USII 6a)




What were the causes of World War II?
Worldwide depression
High war debt owed by Germany
High inflation
Massive unemployment
How did the rise of fascism affect world events following World War I?

Fascism—political philosophy in which total power is given to a dictator and
individual freedoms are denied
 Fascist dictators included Adolf Hitler (Germany), Benito Mussolini (Italy), and Hideki
Tojo (Japan).
 Led the countries known as the AXIS POWERS.
THE ALLIES



Democratic nations
United States, Great Britain, Canada
Soviet Union joined after being invaded by Germany
 Allied leaders included Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry Truman (U.S.), Winston
Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
How did American policy toward events in Europe and Asia change over time?
Gradual change in American policy from NEUTRALITY to INVOLVEMENT
 Isolationism (Great Depression, legacy of World War I)
 Economic aid to Allies
 Direct involvement in the war




War in the Pacific
Rising tension developed between the U.S. and Japan because of Japanese
aggression in East Asia.
On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the U.S. at Pearl Harbor without
warning.
The United States declared war on Japan.
Germany declared war on the United States.
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
What were the major events and turning points of World War II? (USII 6b)
1. Germany invaded Poland, setting off war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the
Baltic nations.
2. Germany invaded France, capturing Paris.
3. Germany bombed London and the Battle of Britain began.
4. The United States gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in return for military bases in
Bermuda and the Caribbean. This is called Lend-Lease.
5. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.
6. After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, Germany declared war on the United States.
7. The United States declared war on Japan and Germany.
8. The United States was victorious over Japan in the Battle of Midway. This victory was the turning point
of the war in the Pacific.
9. Germany invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, marking the
turning point of the war in Eastern Europe.
10. American and Allied troops landed in Normandy, France, on D-Day to begin the liberation of Western
Europe.
11. The United States dropped 2 atomic bombs on Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) in 1945, forcing
Japan to surrender and ending WWII.
What was the Holocaust?




Anti-Semitism
Aryan supremacy (white non-Jews are superior to all others)
Systematic attempt to rid Europe of all Jews
Tactics
o Boycott of Jewish stores
o Threats
o Segregation
o Imprisonment and killing of Jews and others in concentration camps (liberation by Allied
forces)
How did Americans at home support the war effort? (USII 6c)

American involvement in World War II brought an end to the Great Depression

Factories and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war.

Thousands of American women took jobs in defense plants during the war (Rosie the
Riveter)

Americans at home supported the war by conserving and rationing resources.
What effect did the war have on race relations in America?
 The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers (example: hiring in defense
plants) although discrimination against African Americans continued.
 While many Japanese Americans served in the armed forces, other were treated with distrust
and prejudice, and many were forced into internment camps.
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet

POST WWII
What contributed to the prosperity of Americans following World War II? (UII 7b)
Reasons for rapid growth of American economy following World War II

With rationing of consumer goods over, businesses converted from production of ___war materials___ to
_____consumer goods__________.

Americans purchased goods on __credit____.

The workforce shifted back to men, and most women returned to ____home responsibilities______.

Labor unions merged and became more powerful; workers gained ___new benefits_____ and higher
____salaries___.

As economic prosperity continued and technology boomed, the next generation of women reentered the
labor force in large numbers. Nurses, secretaries, teachers, etc.
How did the United States help rebuild postwar Europe and Japan?
Much of Europe was in ___ruin__ following World War II. _The Soviet Union_ occupied most of Eastern and
Central Europe and the eastern portion of Germany. The US felt it was in its best interest to rebuild _________
and prevent political and economic __collapse_____.
Rebuilding efforts

The US instituted the ___Marshall_____ Plan to rebuild Europe, which provided massive financial aid to
rebuild European economies and prevent the spread of ___communism___.

Germany was portioned into East and West Germany. West Germany became ___democratic____ and
resumed self-government after a few years of American, British, and French occupation. East Germany
remained under the domination of the Soviet Union promoted ___communism___.

Following its defeat, __Japan__ was occupied by American forces. It soon adopted a democratic form of
government, resumed self-government, and became a strong ally of the United States.
Establishment of the United Nations
The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II to create a body for the nations of
the world to try and prevent _____future wars________________. This replaced the
League of Nations.
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
COLD WAR
How and why did the Cold War begin? (USII 7c)
Define the term “Cold War”
The political and economic
struggle between the United
States and Soviet Union
(USSR)
democracy/capitalism vs. communism
Origins of the Cold War
o
o
o
o
Differences in goals and ideologies between the ___USSR__ and the
___United States___ (the 2 superpowers)—The US was democratic
and __capitalistic___; the Soviet Union was dictatorial and
__communistic______
The Soviet Union’s domination over Eastern European countries
American policy of __containment_____ (to stop the spread of
communism)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) vs the Warsaw Pact
How did Cold War tensions cause divisiveness at home?
Major conflicts in the post-World War II era



South Korea and the United States resisted China and North Korean aggression. The conflict ended in a
stalemate.
The __Cuban Missile Crisis____ occurred when the Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba. The Soviets removed
the missiles in response to a _Naval blockade__. Soviet Union=Khrushchev United States=Kennedy
The US intervened to stop the spread of communism into South Vietnam (Domino Theory). Americans were
divided over whether the US should be involved militarily in Vietnam. The conflict ended in a cease-fire
agreement in which US troops withdrew.
How did communism collapse in Europe?


November 9, 1989
Collapse of the Berlin Wall
December 25, 1991
Soviet Union collapses, Russia was created as a democratic
country
What factors led to changing patterns of society in the post-World War II era? (USII 7d)
Factors leading to changing patterns in US society

Strong economy (healthy job market, increased productivity, increased demand for American products)

Greater investment in __Science, Math, and Technology______ (to compete with Russia in the space race)

“The Baby __Boom__” which lead to changing demographics

Interstate highway system- credit given to President __Eisenhower____

Evolving role of __Women____ (expected to play supporting role in the family, but increasingly working
outside the home)

Role of ____Elenore Roosevelt______ (former first lady) in expanding women’s rights during the 40s and 50s

African Americans’ aspirations for equal opportunities

Changes in make-up of immigrants after 1965- The majority of immigrants are coming from Asia and
Hispanic countries
U.S. History 1865 to the present
2015 Review Packet
CIVIL RIGHTS
What policies and programs expanded educational and employment opportunities for the military, women,
and minorities?

G.I. Bill of Rights gave educational, banking, and employment benefits to former veterans

Truman desegregated the armed forces

Civil Rights legislation led to increased educational, economic, and political opportunities for women and
minorities.
What were some effects of
segregation on American society?
o
How were women disadvantaged in the workplace and what actions
were taken to improve conditions for them?
Workplace disadvantages
Separate schools for white and
African American students
o
Separate facilities (restaurants,
restrooms)
o
Social isolation of races


Discrimination in hiring practices
against women
Lower wages for women than men
doing the same work
Improved conditions



National Organization of Women (NOW)
Federal legislation to force colleges to give women equal opportunities
(Title XI)
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), despite its failure, and a focus on
equal opportunity employment created a wider range of options and
advancement for women in business and public service.
How did the African American struggle for equality become a mass movement?
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
o
Opposition to Plessy v. Ferguson (separate but equal)
o
Brown v. The Board of Education (desegregation of schools)
o
Martin Luther King, Jr. (passive resistance against segregated facilities; “I have a dream…”
speech)
o
Rosa Parks led to (Montgomery bus boycott)
o
Organized protests, Freedom Riders, sit-ins, marches
o
Expansion of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
o
Equal Rights Act of 1964
o
Voting Rights Act of 1965