AP Psych Review
Prologue – Chapter 8
Topics
Experiments
Parts of brain
Nervous system
Split brain
Neurotransmitters
Perception
Sleep stages
Classical conditioning
Experiments
Hypothesis
IV
DV
Control group
Experimental group
Design flaws
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Population/generalization/
sampling
Random assignment
Bias
Confounding variables
Parts of the Brain
Brainstem
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Medulla
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Pons
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Cerebellum
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RAS
Autonomic functions like circulation,
breathing & digestion
Relay b/w hindbrain & cerebral cortex
Motor movement for balance & accuracy
Arousal level (awake or sleepy)
Parts of the Brain
Limbic system
Essential survival structures
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Hypothalamus Controls autonomic NS; basic needs &
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Thalamus
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Hippocampus
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Amygdala
Associations b/w emotions & memories
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Basal ganglia
Planning & producing movement
emotions, pituitary, cycles of consciousness
Relay station b/w body & senses (except smell)
Formation & storage of new memories
Parts of the Brain
Pinky & the Brain
Cerebral cortex
 Occipital lobes
 Primary visual cortex
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Vision; back of head
Temporal lobes
 Primary auditory cortex
 Wernicke’s area
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Hearing; above ears on sides
L side; understanding language & sentences
Parietal lobes
 Primary somatosensory cortex
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Touch info; top back
Frontal lobes
 Primary motor cortex
 Prefrontal cortex
 Broca’s area
Voluntary movement
Core of personality; interpret emotions
L side; production of speech; muscles
Pinky & the Brain
Nervous system
CNS
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Brain
Spinal cord
PNS
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Somatic
Autonomic
 Sympathetic
 Parasympathetic
Split brain
Left hemisphere (R-handed)
 Verbal
 Word recognition
 Math calculation
 Logic
Right hemisphere (L-handed)
 Nonverbal
 Drawing
 Picture/face recognition
 Inferences re: language
L
R
Neurotransmitters
Muscle function; memory
Movement
Inhibits pain
Lowers activity levels
Memory; fight or flight
Mood & sleep regulation
Transmits pain info
ACETYLCHOLINE
DOPAMINE
ENDORPHINS
GABA
NOREPINEPHRINE
SEROTONIN
SUBSTANCE P
Perception
Gestalt theory
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Closure
Continuation
Figure-ground
Proximity
Similarity
Perception
Depth perception
Monocular cues
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Linear perspective
Overlap
Relative size
Texture gradient
Motion parallax
Perception
Depth perception
Binocular cues
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Convergence
Retinal disparity
Sleep Stages
REM
Non REM
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 Vivid dreaming
 Paralysis
 Nightmares
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Sleep cycle
 Awake
 Non REM 1,2,3,4,3,2
 REM
 Non REM
 2,3,4,3,2
 REM
** as REM gets longer,
stages 3 & 4 get shorter
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Stage 1
 5 minutes
 Hypnotic sensations
Stage 2
 Approximately 20 minutes
 Clearly asleep
 Sleep spindles
 Sleep talking
Stage 3
 Transitional lasting a few minutes
 Begin to see delta waves
Stage 4
 Approximately 30 minutes
 Mostly delta waves
 Hard to wake up
 Bedwetting
 Sleep walking
 Night terrors
Classical conditioning
UCS
UCR
CS
CR
Unlearned
Learned
*Pinky & Pavlov’s Mice
Pavlov's Dog
Pinky & Pavlov’s Mice