Failure or Success



Lack of voting rights by middle class, urban
workers, rural farmers/peasants
Nationalism (especially in German states,
Austrian Empire, and Italian states)
Liberalism – desire to bring about political and
social reform




France – Revolution begins here and spreads to
other European nations, desire for
constitutional government
Hungary – Desire for independence from
Austria
Prussia – Desire for constitutional reform and a
unified German nation
Sardinia/Rome – Desire for constitutional
reform and a unified Italian nation

Based on the previous map, what
areas were not effected by
Revolutions in the early 1800s? Why
do you think these areas did not
have the same problems with
uprisings and revolutions? Explain.


Great Britain – Political reform came through
legislative means in 1832 (voting rights
extended to middle and working classes),
ability of Parliament to respond to demands of
the people
Russia – Serfdom kept peasants under tight
control, Czar’s secret police intimidated liberals
and prevented them from organizing





Liberal groups could not agree on
goals/demands
Liberal groups were not united in opposition to
conservative forces
Conservatives much more organized and able
to respond quickly to uprisings
Conservatives controlled the armies in the
nations under revolt
No liberal governments were able to hold onto
power
In Italy and Germany
ITALIAN STATES - 1850
Count di Cavour
Prime Minister of
Sardinia
Decides to unify Italy
with France’s help
and create a
constitutional
monarchy modeled
on Great Britain
Makes alliances with
both France and
Great Britain
I think I’ll
make friends
with France
and Britain!
I am Count
Cavour!

Why did Cavour of Sardinia
want/need alliances with Great
Britain and France? (Hint: Think
about Sardinia’s goals and what
would be needed to achieve
them.)
I am Napoleon III! I
look like my famous
uncle, non?
Cavour meets with
France’s leader,
Napoleon III
Gets Napoleon to agree
to support Sardinia if
Austria attacks
Sardinia
1859 - Cavour provokes
Austria to attack
France goes to war with
Go
Austria
France!!
Cavour supports Guiseppe
Garibaldi and his Red
Shirts
Garibaldi was a mercenary
who fought in Latin
American Revolutions
and learned guerilla
warfare tactics
1860 - Garibaldi invades
southern Italy
People of S. Italy support
him
Garibaldi unites southern
Italy with northern Italy
Cavour invades some of
the Papal States
 Why
was Garibaldi willing to
unite Italy and give up his
control over Southern Italy to
Cavour and Victor Emmanuel
II?
Cavour not satisfied with
France’s help (does not
give Italy all they
wanted after defeat of
Austria)
Makes friends with Prussia
1866 - Prussia attacks
Austria, so Cavour sides
with Prussia
Unification almost
complete!!!
Franco-Prussian
War begins in
1870
Cavour sides with
Prussia
Uses this war to
invade
remaining Papal
States and Rome
Italians Unite!
Rome
Otto von Bismarck
Prime Minister of
Prussia
I don’t like
democracy!
Things only get
done with BLOOD
and IRON, not
debates and votes!
Decides that Prussia
must lead the
unification of the
German states
Austria though stands in
the way due to
leadership in the
German
Confederation
 What
do you think Bismarck
meant when he said,
“achieving goals through
blood and iron?” Why is this
not surprising coming from a
Prussian leader?
Bismarck follows three guiding
principles
1)
Realpolitik

Do everything/anything
necessary to gain power. No
room for idealism (e.g.
democracy)
Nationalism
Militarism
2)
3)

Use of war to achieve national
goals
War with Denmark
+ War with Austria
+ War with France
= Unification of
Germany
War with Denmark
- 1864
Prussia allies
with Austria to
regain German
territory
Also to show
Prussian army’s
strength
War with Austria 1866
Allies with Italy
against Austria
Austria forced
out of German
Confederation
Vive la France!
My country is ze
best!
War with France (FrancoPrussian War) – 1870
Bismarck uses EMS
TELEGRAM to provoke
France into declaring war
on Prussia
Appeals to the nationalism
of southern German states
to unite with Prussia to
defeat France
Unification is
complete!!!!
Schweinhund!
Germany will
win, mein Gott!
I will march
into Paris in
6 weeks.
And I will
poke out
your eyes
with my hat!