Bellringer: 11/13
• Pick up the papers by the door.
• Prepare for your notebook quiz today.
Make sure you have your table of
contents in order and you have all
pages in your notebook in order.
• Please use my copy of the class
notebook at the front to check if
necessary.
Table of Contents Update:
11/13
• 56: Scientific Rev: They Said What? WS
• 57: Enlightenment Notes, Part 1
• 58: Primary Sources: Enlightenment
Thinkers
• 59: Notebook Quiz 2
HOMEWORK
• Review for your Scientific Revolution
and Enlightenment Vocab Quiz NEXT
CLASS (Tuesday 11/17).
• Your mini-test on this unit is Thursday,
11/19.
Philosophy in the Age of
Reason
The Enlightenment
The Scientific Revolution
Sparks the Enlightenment
1500s and 1600s: Reason (rather than
religion) began to guide thinking.
Natural Law: rules discoverable by reason
(such as gravity and magnetism)
If it works for science why can’t it work for
Politics, Society and the Economy?
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes is known for
a book called Leviathan.
According to Hobbes, people
were naturally cruel, greedy,
and selfish.
Thus, they needed a strong
(absolute) government to
control themselves.
Hobbes, cont’d.
Without laws, life “in the state of nature”
would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and
short.”
People entered into a social contract,
where they voluntarily gave up their freedom
to the government in exchange for an
organized and safe society. This would be an
absolute monarchy.
People are:
Thomas
Hobbes
1588-1679
Solution:
naturally
Social
cruel, greedy, Contract
and selfish
and will fight,
rob, and
oppress one
another
Government: Influenced:
Absolute
Monarchy
could best
impose order
and compel
obedience
Rousseau
John Locke
More optimistic view of
human nature
Locke is known for
writing Two Treatises of
Government.
People are basically
reasonable and moral.
(opposite to Hobbes)
Locke, cont’d.
People have natural rights, which are rights they are
born with.
These include life, liberty and property. (Dec of Ind?)
The best type of government had limited power and
was accepted by all citizens.
Locke supported the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in
England.
John Locke
1632-1704
People are:
Solution:
Government: Influenced:
basically
reasonable
and moral
and have
natural rights
people form a
government
to protect
their natural
rights
has limited
power and is
accepted by
all citizens, if a
government
fails its people
they have the
right to
overthrow
that
government
leaders of
the
American
Revolution
like
Benjamin
Franklin,
Thomas
Jefferson,
James
Madison
The Philosophes
philosophers or people who applied the
methods of science to understand and improve
society
Baron de Montesquieu
Voltaire
Diderot
Rousseau
Montesquieu
Wrote The Spirit of Laws
Introduced the separation of government
powers into three branches, executive,
legislative, and judicial
Introduced checks and balances, where each
branch had equal power and could check over
each of the other two branches.
Thoughts:
Influenced:
Montesquieu 1. best way to protect liberty is The foundation of
1632-1704
to divide the functions of powers American Government
of government among three
branches (legislative, executive,
judicial)
2. Each branch should be able to
check the other two called
Checks and Balances
Voltaire
“I disagree with what you say
but I will defend to death your
right to say it.”
His penned attacks offended
the French government and
the Catholic church.
By exposing corruption, he
targeted the wealthy, the
slave trade and religious
Voltaire
16321704
Thoughts:
1. “I disagree with what you say
but I will defend to death your
right to say it.”
2. Detested corrupt officials, the
slave trade, and religious prejudice
Influenced:
American 1st
Amendment
Diderot
Published the Encyclopedia
28 volumes of philosophy,
government, and religion
More than 4,000 copies were
printed immediately and it helped
to spread ideas across the globe.
The articles denounced slavery, praised freedom of
expression, and education for all
Diderot
16321704
Thoughts:
1. edited a 28-volume set of books
about government, philosophy and
religion called Encyclopedia
2. compiled articles in which
philosophes denounced slavery,
praised freedom of expression,
urged education for all
Influenced:
spread Enlightenment
ideas across the
Atlantic Ocean to the
Americas
Rousseau
Wrote The Social Contract
Perhaps the most controversial
of all the Enlightenment
philosophers, he puts faith in
the “general will” or the people.
He suggests that government
control be minimal, and only
freely elected governments
should impose any control.
He would support a republic or
democracy.
Rousseau
People were naturally good but
were corrupted by the evils of
society and the unequal
distribution of property
the good of the community
should be placed above
individual interests
Thoughts:
Rousseau 1. People were naturally good but
1632-1704 were corrupted by the evils of
society and the unequal
distribution of property
2. some control of the people are
necessary but should be limited
3. governments should only be
freely elected in order to impose
such limits
4. the good of the community
should be placed above individual
interests
Influenced:
Thomas Paine and
Marquis de Lafayette
(American and French
Revolutionaries)
Mary Wollstonecraft
Women were being left out
of the social contract
equal education for boys and
girls
Thoughts:
Influenced:
Mary
1. Women were being left out
Wollstonecraft of the social contract
1759-1797
2. equal education for boys
and girls
Primary Source Reading
Read the paragraph above the
document excerpt plus the excerpt
itself.
Answer the questions pertaining to each
document.
This is due at the end of the block.
Graded on ACCURACY.
Work on front of Page 56 if you finish
early.