PARTS OF SENTENCES
with the corresponding Latin uses
Subject  nominative case
The subject is the main focus of the sentence. It is what usually does the action of the sentence.
Direct Object  accusative case
The direct object is the word in the sentence that receives the action of the verb. In the sentence
"the boy threw the ball," ball is the direct object.
Indirect Object  dative case
The indirect object is noun to or for whom the verb is done. They often occur with verbs of giving,
showing, or telling. In the sentence "I gave my mother a flower," my mother is the indirect object.
Other case uses:
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Possession  genitive case
Predicate  nominative case
Prepositional phrases, showing movement closer to a place  accusative place to which
Prepositional phrases, showing movement away from a place  ablative place from which
Prepositional phrases, showing where someone or something is  ablative place where
Accompaniment  ablative (“abl. of accompaniment”) uses prep. “cum” with an animate object
Direct address  vocative case (same as the nominative EXCEPT for 2nd decl. masculine singular
nouns ending in “us”, “ius” or the word “meus”)
Clause
A clause is any group of words that includes a subject and a verb.
An independent clause is a clause that can be a sentence by itself.
A subordinate, or dependent, clause is a clause that can not be a sentence by itself. It must be
joined with another clause to make a sentence.