AMERICAN ISOLATIONISM & FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 1920S &
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AMERICAN ISOLATIONISM & FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 1920S & 1930S FOREIGN POLICY IN THE 1920S & 1930S After WWI, the U.S. assumed a selective isolationist foreign policy Americans wanted to maintain the economic boom of the 1920s & desperate for an answer to the depression in the 1930s But, the U.S. did play an active role in attempts at international disarmament & economic stability In 1924, Hoover negotiated a reduction in The U.S. Foreign Debt Commission FOREIGN POLICY: ECONOMIC POLICY German debt, an extended time period to canceled a large portion of these debts, but repay debts, & U.S. loans to help Germany In the 1920s, the most divisive insisted that some of the money be repaid make payments to France & England international issue was war debts: The Dawes Plan helpedowed stabilize the German European nations the U.S. $10 economy, allowed to Germany repay the billion; Attempts reclaimtothese Allies, France & England repay debtsand ledhelped to anti-American sentiment their debts to the United States in Europe When Germany could not repay $33 billion in reparations, the U.S. negotiated the Dawes Plan The USA, England, Japan, Italy, & France FOREIGN POLICY: INTERNATIONAL PEACE But, The neither Nine-Power the NineTreaty or Four-Power reaffirmed Acts England, USA, Japan, France signed the Foursigned the Five-Power Treatythese & agreed to limit had provisions the Chinese to enforce Open-Door Policy agreements Power Treatyofagreeing to collective security construction battleships & aircraft carriers The USA never joined the League of Nations, but did play a role in attempts to avoid future wars: At the Washington Disarmament Conference in 1921, world leaders agreed to disarmament, free trade, & collective security In 1928, almost every nation, including the USA, signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as a tool of foreign policy FOREIGN POLICY: INTERNATIONAL PEACE These agreements did not last: Japan needed raw materials to continue its industrial expansion Japan began to create an Asian empire by attacking Manchuria in 1931 & China in 1937 In both occasions, the League of Nations reprimanded Japan but chose no punitive measures TOTALITARIAN REGIMES: HIDEKI TOJO & EMPEROR HIROHITO TOTALITARIAN REGIMES: BENITO MUSSOLINI TOTALITARIAN REGIMES: HITLER THE MUNICH PACT “Peace in our time” ROME-BERLIN-TOKYO AXIS FOREIGN POLICY: INTERNATIONAL PEACE In the 1930s, FDR & Congress were preoccupied with the Great Depression to adequately plan for new world conflicts involving totalitarian dictators The rising threat of war in Europe & Asia strengthened Americans’ desire to avoid involvement in another world war The NEUTRALITY Neutrality ActACTS ofAct 1935 THE The Neutrality ofbanned 1936 banned arms sales to nations at war & warned loans to any warring nation The “merchants charges were led citizens not to sail of ondeath” belligerent ships by North Dakota Senator Gerald Nye from 1934 to 1936: Reaction to the Nye Committee report led to popular support to avoid making the same mistakes that led America to enter WW1 Congress passed 3 neutrality acts to avoid future wars The Neutrality Act of 1937 made the 1935 & 1936 acts permanent & required all trade to be on a cash & carry basis THE ROAD TOWARDS AMERICAN INTERVENTION FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR But…FDR was able to get $1 billion Congress expandwar, the FDR U.S. navy As from Europe headedtotoward openly expressed his favor for intervention & took steps to ready the U.S. for war In 1937, FDR unsuccessfully tried to convince world leaders to “quarantine the aggressors” Everything changed in 1939 with the NaziSoviet Pact & the German invasion of Poland FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR “The destroyer-for-bases deal is the most important action inin1939, the reinforcement of When WW2 began Congress our national has taken imposed a cashdefense & carrythat policy to been aid the Allies: since the Louisiana Purchase” —FDR The U.S. would trade with the Allies but would not offer responded loans FDR with all-outActs aid to Based upon the Neutrality The U.S. would not deliver American products to the Alliesofbut did not call for war 1935-1937 Europe In addition, FDR traded 50 old destroyers with England for 8 naval bases in Western Europe FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR “The future of western Isolationists Interventionists civilization is being decided Groups like Were appalledupon by thebattlefield of the Europe” Committee to Defend this departure from —CDAAA chair, William America by Aiding neutrality & FDR’s Allen White the Allies called for involvement of the unlimited aid to U.S. in foreign war England Their “fortress of They argued that the America” idea events in Europe did argued that St. Louis Dispatch impact the security Germany was notheadline: a “Dictator of U.S. threat to the Roosevelt U.S. Commits Act of War” FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR By 1940, “interventionists” had the majority of American public sentiment on their side: in 1940, Congress appropriated $10 billion for preparedness FDR called for America’s first ever peacetime draft In the election of 1940, FDR was overwhelmingly elected for an unprecedented 3rd term FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR By 1940, England remained the only active opposition to Hitler but was running out of money FDR called for a Lend-Lease Act: U.S. can sell or lend war supplies to Allied nations Congress put $7 billion to allow England full access to U.S. arms U.S. Cash and Carry Program FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR England desperately needed help escorting U.S.-made supplies through the u-boat infested Atlantic FDR allowed for U.S. patrols in the western half of the Atlantic German attacks on U.S. ships in 1941 led to an undeclared naval war between USA & Germany U.S. Cash and Carry Program FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR In 1941, FDR & Churchill met to secretly draft the Atlantic Charter: The U.S. & Britain discussed a military strategy if the USA were to enter the war They discussed post-war goals of free trade & disarmament In 1941, Germany broke the Nazi-Soviet Pact & invaded Russia FROM NEUTRALITY TO UNDECLARED WAR FDR brought U.S. to the brink of war & opened himself to criticism: In Sept 1941, polls showed 80% of Americans supported remaining neutral in WW2 FDR had to wait for the Axis to make a decisive move…which Japan delivered on Dec 7, 1941 PEARL HARBOR SHOWDOWN IN THE PACIFIC The U.S. now faced a possibleof2-ocean war… Japan took full advantage the European war to expand in Asia: …but Germany was still Attacked coastalseen Chinaas the primary danger Seized French & Dutch colonies in East Indies & Indochina Signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany & Italy in 1940 FDR retaliated against Japan with fuel, iron, & oil sanctions SHOWDOWN IN THE PACIFIC In 1941, the U.S. & Japan were unable to This was really a stall tactic intended diplomatically resolve their differences, so the to hide Japanese military preparations USA: for an the attack on Pearl Harbor U.S. wanted Japan wanted an end Froze all removed Japanese assets USA Japanese toinsanctions & a free from China Banned all oil sales to Japanhand to China Hideki Tojo sent an envoy to negotiate for a resolution…but secretly ordered an attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor On Dec 7, 1941, the U.S. naval fleet in the Pacific was crippled by the attack; 8 battleships were sunk & 2,400 Americans were killed SHOWDOWN IN THE PACIFIC After Pearl Harbor: Congress declared war against Japan on Dec 8, 1941 Italy & Germany declared war on the U.S. on Dec 11, 1941 American public opinion was now fully behind the war effort to defeat the fascist threat in Europe & to seek revenge against Japan MOBILIZING AN “ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY” THE HOME FRONT WW2 impacted all aspects of American life: FDR hoped the U.S. would be the great “arsenal of democracy” The boost of wartime industry ended the Great Depression The war altered the lives of women, AfricanAmericans, Japanese-Americans, & MexicanAmericans The TheOffice poweroftoWar create ThetoOffice censorofthe press MOBILIZATION War Information new gov’t agenciesMobilization coordinated to limit civil liberties & directed press, the draft, consumer prices, seize personal property ■ To win wars in Asia & Europe & meet civilian print, radio, & film & the labor force propaganda demands, the U.S. gov’t grew to its largest size ever: The Office of Strategic Services gathered – The War Powers Act gave the president enemy intelligence & conducted espionage – unprecedented power New bureaucracies were formed to direct the The U.S. spent $250 economy, creategov’t propaganda, sell warmillion bonds, & daysubversion from 1941 to 1945 preventper enemy This is 2x as much as all previous gov’t spending combined MOBILIZATION: THE DEMAND FOR WAR EQUIPMENT & SOLDIERS Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond: It Will Lead to VICTORY! War bonds helped raise $187 billion to support the war effort WAR RATIONS VICTORY GARDENS: GROW YOUR OWN PROPAGANDA: FIGHTING THE ENEMY ON THE BATTLEFIELD & ON THE HOME FRONT FEAR PROPAGANDA THE WARTIME ECONOMY ■ The most decisive factor for Allied victory was America’s ability to outproduce both Germany & Japan – – Heavy industry was converted to war & was directed by the War Production Board (WPB) 15 million U.S. soldiers fought but 60 million workers & farmers supplied them with supplies U.S. made 2x more goods than Germany & 5x more than Japan Ford made one B-24 bomber every hour FORD’S WILLOW RUN FACTORY WW2 CHANGED AMERICAN SOCIETY WOMEN The war presented new economic opportunities for women: Dramatic rise in employment (14 million to 19 million by 1945) Most new female workers were married, many middle-aged Entered “exclusively male” fields Temporarily redefined “woman’s sphere” from “just at home” “Rosie, the Riveter” S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food! Women AcceptedWomen’s for Volunteer Army Air Join the Women’s Emergency Service Corps (WAVES) Pilots Army Corps (WACs) AFRICAN-AMERICANS ■ ■ ■ Banned discrimination in defense industries & gov’tbut 1 million blacks served in U.S. military few saw combat Discrimination in the workforce led A. Philip Randolph to pressure FDR to create a Fair Employment Practices Committee Continued black migration into the North & West made race relations a national issue Segregated units…again Tuskegee Airmen DOUBLE V: VICTORY AT HOME & ABROAD A. Philip Randolph threatened a “March on Washington” to protest war time discrimination Other groups, like the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), staged sit-ins in restaurants in major cities to protest discrimination MEXICAN-AMERICANS ■ Mexican-Americans: – – – Served in quasi-segregated military units, often in the most hazardous branches Mexican-American workers found jobs in SW agriculture & west coast industry Faced discrimination, especially during the Zoot Suit Riots “ZOOT SUIT” RIOT IN LOS ANGELES JAPANESE-AMERICANS Due to Pearl Harbor, many in the U.S. feared Japanese-Americans were were helping Japanese who notprepare American for a Japanese invasion the West citizens in living in the U.S. Civil liberties were restricted: Issei had their assets frozen Used racial stereotypes (“Japs”) In 1942, FDR ordered 112,000 JapaneseAmericans moved to internment camps Families were given one week to close their businesses & homes JAPANESE AMERICA N INTERNM ENT CAMPS WIN-THE-WAR POLITICS In 1944, FDR used the war to strengthen his leadership: “Mr. New Deal” had shifted to “Mr. Win the War” Opponent Thomas Dewey made communism & FDR’s health the focus of the election FDR switched VPs from liberal Henry Wallace to moderate Harry Truman to gain appeal
