Nombre____________________
Spanish 2, Advanced Grammar Recap!
Señora DeFazio-Shook
PRESENT TENSE:

Regular Verb Endings:
AR
o
as
a

amos
an
ER
o
es
e
IR
o
es
e
emos
en
imos
en
Present-tense Irregulars to know:
 Stem Changers (BOOT)
*some example verbs, but not a complete list!
 e-ie
querer, preferir, empezar, comenzar, perder, divertir(se), entender, sentar(se)
 e-i
seguir, pedir, freír, server, vestir(se), repetir, decir
 o-ue poder, dormir(se), volver, devolver, almorzar, costar, acostar

Some (not all) other present-tense irregulars include:
Ser, Ir, Dar, Estar, Tener, Ver, Gustar, Interesar, Aburrir

Some (not all) “GO VERBS” to know include:
(*yo form)
Tengo, Vengo, Salgo, Traigo, Oigo, Hago, Pongo, Digo

Ser vs. Estar

Both verbs mean to be and translate to “am, are, or is” in the present tense.
The forms are:
SER
Soy
Eres
Es

Somos
Son
Estoy
Estás
Está
ESTAR
Estamos
Están
When to use each verb: *know these acronyms
SER=TOPIC
ESTAR=PLACE
T (Time)
P (Placement)
O (Origin)
L (Location)
P (Profession)
A (Action..Present Progressive)
I (Identification)
C (Condition)
C (Personality)
E (Emotion)
**Examples of each:
T (Time)
Es la una y media.
P (Placement)
O (Origin)
La cuenta está en la mesa.
Ella es de Madrid.
L (Location)
P (Profession)
Ella está en Madrid.
Ella es médica.
A (Action..Present Progressive)
I (Identification)
Ella está aprendiendo español.
Ella es muy baja.
C (Condition)
C (Personality)
Ella está enferma.
Ella es muy simpática.
E (Emotion)
Ella está triste.
Nombre____________________

Spanish 2, Advanced Grammar Recap!
Señora DeFazio-Shook
Saber vs. Conocer
 Both verbs mean to know and translate to “know/knows” in the present
tense. The forms are:
Sé
Sabes
Sabe
SABER
Sabemos
CONOCER
Conozco
Conoces
Conoce
Saben
Conocemos
Conocen
 When to use each verb:
Saber:
Conocer:
-to know something (a simple fact)
-to know someone
-to know how to do something
-to know about something/someplace

The Present Progressive:
 Use the present progress to emphasize an action currently in progress. It’s similar
to the –ing in English: is laughing, are singing, am cooking, etc.
 How to form it: use the correct form of ESTAR (see on reverse side) according to the
subject. Add –ando for AR verbs and –iendo to er/ir verbs.
 EXAMPLES:
-Estoy hablando. =I’m talking.
-Estás nadando. = You’re swimming.
-Ella está esquiando. = She’s skiing.
-Estamos escribiendo. = We’re writing.
-¡Ustedes están aprendiendo mucho español!=
You all are learing so much Spanish!
PAST TENSE:

Regular Verb Endings:
AR
é
aste
ó

amos
aron
ER & IR (identical endings in past tense)
í
iste
ió
imos

ieron
Past Tense Irregulars to know:
 -CAR, -GAR, -ZAR: if an AR verb ends in –car, -gar or –zar, a small spelling
change takes place **in the YO form only**. This is because the é has specific
pronunciations when paired with certain letter (i.e. “c” “g” and “z”)
 CAR qué (for example, busqué, toqué, marqué, expliqué, practiqué)
 GAR gué (for example, jugué, llegué, pagué, investigué)
 ZAR cé (for example, almorcé, comencé, empecé, utilicé, tropecé)
 Stem-Changers (SOLE)
*some example verbs, but not a complete list!
 e-i seguir, pedir, freír, server, vestir(se), repetir, preferir, divertir(se)
 o-u dormir(se)
 Irregular Stems
 List includes:
decir (dij)
andar (anduv)
tener (tuv)
estar (estuv)
hacer (hic)
poder (pud)
Nombre____________________
poner (pus)
venir (vin)

Spanish 2, Advanced Grammar Recap!
Señora DeFazio-Shook
saber (sup)
querer (quis)
Some (not all) other past-tense irregulars include:
 ver (only irregular because there are no accents)
 dar (only irregular because it uses er/ir verb endings with no accents)
 ser, ir (identical conjugations)
DOP (Direct Object Pronouns)


Replaces the “who” or “what” of a sentence
In English they are:
Me
Us
You
Him/Her/It Them
Ex: Where did you buy your pants?
Oh, I bought them at Macy’s.

In Spanish they are:
Me
Nos
Te
Lo/La
Los/Las
¿Dónde compraste los pantalones?
Ah, los compré en Macy’s.
IOP (Indirect Object Pronouns)


Replaces the “to whom” or “for whom” of a sentence
In English they are:

To/For Me To/For Us
To/For You
To/For
To/For
Him/Her/It Them
Ex: I sent an invitation to him
but he didn’t respond to me.
RP (Reflexive Pronouns)

In English they are:
Myself
Ourselves
Yourself
Himself/Herself/ Themselves
Yourself
Ex: I am enjoying myself.
You are enjoying yourself.
In Spanish they are:
Me
Nos
Te
Le
Les
Le mandé una invitación,
pero no me respondió.

In Spanish they are:
Me
Nos
Te
Se
Se
Me divierto.
Te diviertes.