AP U.S. History
Study Guide
Chapters 10 to 13
Chapter 10: Launching the New Ship of State, 1789-1800
LT 10A:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Describe the characteristics of the US population and major problems it faced in the 1790s.
What were the largest US cities in 1790?
Where did 90 percent of Americans live in the 1790s?
What serious problems did the new US government face in the 1790s?
Why did many European leaders hope that the US government would fail?
LT 10B: Describe the actions taken by President Washington and Congress to begin the first federal government in
1789.
5.
Why was General George Washington such a popular choice for president?
6.
To what political party did Washington belong when he ran for president?
7.
Why did only six percent of the people vote for the electors who chose the president in 1789?
8.
Where did the inauguration take place?
9.
Where was the US capital in the 1790s?
10.
Why did Washington set a precedent of formality and dignity for his social interactions with the public?
11.
What position did Thomas Jefferson hold in the new government?
12.
What position did Alexander Hamilton hold in the new government?
13.
What position did Henry Knox hold in the new government?
14.
What position did Edmond Randolph hold in the new government?
15.
Why did Washington meet with the executive department heads in what eventually became known as the Cabinet?
16.
What was the significance of the first Congress that met in 1789?
17.
What was the significance of the Judiciary Act of 1789?
18.
Who was John Jay?
19.
Why did several states want a Bill of Rights added to the US Constitution?
20.
What were two reasons why Madison and others argued against adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution?
21.
How many amendments passed by Congress in 1789 were approved by the states as the Bill of Rights by 1791?
22.
What rights were included in the 2nd Amendment?
23.
What rights were included in the 5 th Amendment?
LT 10C: Describe the major financial issues of Washington’s first term, including Alexander Hamilton’s financial
plan, funding at par, assumption, the Residence Act, taxation policies, the Whiskey Rebellion, and the Bank
of the US.
24.
What was the purpose of the Department of the Treasury, organized by Secretary of the Treasury Hamilton?
25.
Why did Secretary Hamilton propose a plan for economic development that would favor the wealthy?
26.
What were the four key parts of Hamilton’s economic program that passed in 1790 and 1791?
27.
Why did the federal government have a $54 million national debt?
28.
To whom was the national debt owed?
29.
Why had some original bond owners sold them to speculators for very low prices?
30.
Why did James Madison argue that the bonds should be paid off at full value only to the original owners and at a
reduced rate to the speculators?
31.
Why did Hamilton argue that Congress should fund the entire national debt at par (full value)?
32.
What were two reasons why Hamilton argued that Congress should assume the $22 million debts of the states?
33.
Why did the southern states not want the US to pay back the state debts?
34.
Why did the southerners agree to the full funding of the federal debt and assumption of the state debts in 1790?
35.
Why is Hamilton sometimes referred to as the “Father of the National Debt”?
36.
What was the significance of the Residence Act of 1790?
37.
Where did Washington’s second inauguration take place?
38.
Who was Benjamin Banneker?
39.
Who was Pierre-Charles L’Enfant?
40.
Who was James Hoban?
41.
Who was the first president to live in the White House?
42.
Why did the new government need money?
43.
What were three ways that Hamilton proposed to raise the money needed by the new government?
44.
What was the significance of the tariff passed by Congress in 1789?
45.
What was the significance of the Report on Manufactures, submitted by Hamilton to Congress in 1791?
46.
Why did Hamilton propose that Congress pass “higher” protective tariffs?
47.
Why did some Americans oppose higher tariffs?
48.
Why did Congress pass only two small increases in tariffs during Washington’s presidency?
49.
What is an excise tax?
1
50.
51.
52
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
What excise taxes did Congress pass in 1791 to raise money?
Why did farmers and whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania refuse to pay the whiskey tax?
Why did Washington call on 13,000 militiamen to restore order among the 600 whiskey tax rebels in 1794?
Why did some people oppose Washington’s use of force in the Whiskey Rebellion?
Why did some people support Washington’s use of force?
What was the purpose of the national bank that was proposed by Hamilton and created by Congress in 1791?
Why did Jefferson, Madison, and others oppose the national bank?
Why did Jefferson argue that the national bank was unconstitutional?
What is meant by a strict construction of the Constitution?
Why did Hamilton argue that the national bank was constitutional?
How did Hamilton use the elastic clause to argue that the national bank was constitutional?
What is meant by a loose construction of the Constitution?
How long was the first Bank of the US chartered for?
Why did Congress sell four-fifths of the stock in the new national bank to private citizens?
LT 10D: Explain how the conflict between Hamilton and Jefferson led to the emergence led to the emergence of the
first political parties.
64.
What is the purpose of a political party?
65.
Why did the founding fathers fear the development of political parties?
66.
Why weren’t the Federalists and Anti-federalists considered political parties?
67.
Why did many Americans oppose the Washington administration’s policies?
68.
Why did Jefferson and Madison meet in New York City in 1791?
69.
Why did Jefferson begin a national newspaper called The National Gazette?
70.
Why did Jefferson resign from Washington’s Cabinet in 1793?
71.
Why did Hamilton resign from Washington’s Cabinet in 1795?
72.
What political party descended from the early Democratic (or Jeffersonian) Republican Party?
73.
What political party generally supported the economic ideas of Hamilton?
74.
Explain the view of the Democratic Republicans (DRs) on state vs. national governments.
75.
Explain the view of the DRs on who should be elected as political leaders
76.
Explain the view of the DRs on whether the government should favor France or Britain in foreign affairs.
77.
Explain the view of the DRs on whether the government should favor agriculture or industry.
78.
Explain the view of the DRs on the interpretation of the Constitution.
79.
Explain the view of the DRs on tariffs.
80.
Explain the view of the DRs on the national bank
81.
Explain the view of the DRs on a permanent army and navy.
82.
Which social classes generally supported the Democratic Republicans?
83.
Explain the view of the Federalists on state vs. national governments.
84.
Explain the view of the Federalists on who should be elected as political leaders
85.
Explain the view of the Federalists on whether the government should favor France or Britain in foreign affairs.
86.
Explain the view of the Federalists on whether the government should favor agriculture or industry.
87.
Explain the view of the Federalists on the interpretation of the Constitution.
88.
Explain the view of the Federalists on tariffs.
89.
Explain the view of the Federalists on the national bank
90.
Explain the view of the Federalists on a permanent army and navy.
91.
Which social classes generally supported the Democratic Republicans?
92.
Which social classes generally supported the Federalists?
93.
Why did Washington warn against competing political parties in his Farewell Address?
LT 10E: Describe the impact of the French Revolution on American foreign policy and politics, including
Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation.
94.
What caused the French Revolution in 1789?
95.
What democratic changes occurred in the French government by 1792?
96.
What was the Reign of Terror that began in 1793?
97.
Why did Hamilton urge Washington not to help the French in their war against Britain?
98.
Why did Jefferson argue that the US should help France in their fight against Britain?
99.
Why did Washington finally agree not to take sides in the war between Britain and France?
100.
What was the significance of the Neutrality Proclamation of 1793?
101.
In what ways did French Ambassador Edmond Genet violate the US Neutrality Proclamation?
2
LT 10F: Explain the provisions and impact of the Jay Treaty of 1795, the Pinckney Treaty of 1795, and Washington’s
Farewell Address.
102.
What reason did the British give for refusing to leave US forts along the US-Canadian border?
103.
In what ways did the British cause problems between the Americans and the Miami Indians led by Little Turtle?
104.
What was the significance of the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794?
105.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Greenville in 1795?
106.
What trade restrictions did the British place on the US in the 1780s and early 1790s?
107.
Why did the British ignore America’s rights as a neutral nation and seize US ships sailing to French territories?
108.
What is meant by impressment?
109.
Why did the British impress American sailors into the British Navy?
110.
What view did some DR Congressmen take because of violations of neutral rights and impressment?
111.
Why did Washington send Chief Justice John Jay to London in 1794?
112.
Why did Jay win few concessions in his bargaining with the British over the issues?
113.
What were the five main provisions of the Jay Treaty of 1795?
114.
Why were Jefferson and other Democratic Republicans outraged with the Jay Treaty?
115.
Why did Washington support the Jay Treaty and recommend that the Senate ratify it?
116.
What were the three main provisions of the Pinckney Treaty of 1795?
117.
What is meant by a port of deposit?
118.
Why did Washington warn against permanent alliances with foreign countries in his Farewell Address?
LT 10G Describe the significance of the Election of 1796 and the difficulties facing John Adams as president.
119.
What was the significance of Washington’s decision not to run for a third term as president?
120.
What two ideas did Washington warn against in his Farewell Address?
121.
Who were the candidates and what were their political parties in the first two-party election in 1796?
122.
What problem resulted from the method used to select the vice-president in 1796?
123.
What difficulties did Adams face as president because of his personality?
124.
Why did Hamilton try to get Adams defeated in the election of 1796?
125.
What was the significance of the High (or Ultra) Federalists?
126.
Why did Adams’ decision to keep Washington’s Cabinet as his own lead to problems?
LT 10H:
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
Describe the causes and results of the undeclared war with France.
Why was France angry that the US had signed the Jay Treaty with Britain?
In what ways did the French retaliate for the Jay Treaty?
Why did the French seize over 300 US merchant ships in 1796 and 1797?
Why did Adams send diplomats John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles Pinckney to Paris in May 1797?
Explain the XYZ Affair that caused outrage among many Americans in 1798.
Explain the significance of the saying “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.”
What war preparations did the High Federalists urge Adams to take?
Why did Adams resist demands for raising an army and instead propose the creation of a navy?
What war preparations did Congress authorize in 1798?
Describe the undeclared (“quasi”) naval war with France from 1798 to 1800.
What was the purpose of the House Tax passed by Congress in 1798?
Why did John Fries and others in eastern Pennsylvania strongly oppose the property tax and refuse to pay it?
What impact did the Fries Uprising have on the tax collections?
Why did Adams send in federal troops to capture the rebels?
What was the outcome of the trial for John Fries?
LT 10I:
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
Describe the purpose, provisions, and impact of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798.
What was the stated purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts passed by Congress in 1798?
What were two main provisions of the Alien Act?
Why did the Alien Acts especially anger the Democratic Republicans?
In what way did the Sedition Act limit freedom of speech and press?
How was the Sedition Act used to stop criticism of Federalist policies toward France in the press?
Why didn’t the US Supreme Court rule that the Sedition Act violated the US Constitution?
How did the “expiration” date of the Sedition Act show the law was intended to limit DR criticism of the Federalists?
Why did many Federalists support the Alien and Sedition Acts?
3
LT 10J:
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
157.
158.
Describe the purpose, provisions, and impact of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
What was the purpose of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions written in 1798 and 1799?
Why did Jefferson and Madison ask Virginia and Kentucky to urge the repeal of the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Why did Jefferson and Madison write the resolutions anonymously?
Explain the compact theory that was included in the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.
What did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions urge states to do to end the Alien and Sedition Acts?
Explain the concept of nullification that was included in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
Why did the Federalists criticize the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
What impact did the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions have on other states?
What was the main significance of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions?
LT 10K: Explain President Adams’ decision to seek peace and explain the terms of the Convention of 1800.
159.
Why did both the US and France seek an end to the “quasi-war” they had been fighting for two years?
160.
Why did Adams decide to send a new ambassador to France, despite criticism by the High Federalists?
161.
How did Adams convince the High Federalists to support his decision to send a minister to France?
162.
What were the main provisions of the Convention of 1800 which ended the naval warfare with France?
Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Democracy
and the Second War for Independence, 1800-1815
LT 11A:
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
Describe the issues and results of the Election of 1800 and why it is referred to as the “Revolution of 1800”.
Who were the two Federalists candidates for president in the Election of 1800?
What social classes generally supported the Federalists?
In which section of the country did the Federalists receive the most support?
What were the main ideas that were supported by the Federalist leaders?
What were the main accomplishments of the Federalists in the 1790s?
What were the three main problems for the Federalist Party in the late 1790s?
Who were the two Democratic Republican candidates for president in the Election of 1800?
What social classes generally supported the Federalists?
In which section of the country did the Democratic Republicans receive the most support?
What were the main ideas that were supported by the Democratic Republicans leaders?
In what ways was “mudslinging” used by both parties in the campaign during the Election of 1800?
What was the main criticism of Adams by his opponents?
Why did some critics accuse Jefferson of being a hypocrite when it came to the issue of liberty and slavery?
Why did critics accuse Jefferson of being a “howling atheist”?
Why did the House of Representatives have to choose the president in the Election of 1800?
Why did some Federalist members of the House favor Burr?
Why did some Federalist members of the House favor Jefferson?
What was the final result of the 36th ballot in the House?
What was the significance of the 12th Amendment which was ratified in 1804?
Why was the Election of 1800 a remarkable occurrence for the 1800s?
How did the election contribute to the continuation of the two-party system in American politics?
Why did Jefferson later refer to the election of 1800 as the “Revolution of 1800”?
LT 11B:
185.
186.
187.
188.
Explain the controversy concerning Adams’ judicial appointments at the end of his term.
What was the significance of Adams’ appointment of Federalist John Marshall as Chief Justice in 1801?
Who did Adams appoint to the new judgeships created by the Judiciary Act of 1801?
Who were the “midnight judges”?
Why were the Democratic Republican leaders angry with Adams’ last-minute appointments?
LT 11C: Describe the policy of “conciliation” of President Jefferson, as well as the new Democratic-Republican
policies he implemented.
189.
How did Jefferson demonstrate his informal style of leadership?
190.
In what ways did Jefferson follow a policy of “conciliation” to unite the country?
191.
What did Jefferson mean when he said “we are all Republicans, we are all Federalists”?
192.
What is meant by a laissez faire philosophy of government that was supported by Jefferson?
193.
In what four ways did Jefferson attempt to reduce the influence of the national government in people’s lives?
194.
How did Jefferson demonstrate his faith in local militias and distrust of permanent peacetime armies and navies?
195.
What actions did Jefferson take against the Alien and Seditions Acts?
196.
What role did James Madison play in Jefferson’s cabinet?
197.
What role did Albert Gallatin play in Jefferson’s cabinet?
198.
What happened to the national debt during the Jefferson administration?
4
LT 11D: Describe the causes and impact of the Supreme Court decision of Marbury v. Madison in 1803.
199.
Why did Jefferson tell Secretary of State Madison not to deliver the appointment letters to the new “midnight judges”
appointed by Adams at the end of his term?
200.
Why did William Marbury sue Madison?
201.
What was the decision of the Supreme Court in the case of Marbury v. Madison?
202.
What was the significance of the Marbury v. Madison decision?
203.
Explain the concept of judicial review established by the Marbury decision.
204.
How did the Marbury decision impact the power of the Supreme Court?
205.
Why were the Democratic Republicans upset with the Marbury decision?
LT 11E: Describe the causes and results of the impeachment of Samuel Chase and other Federalist judges in the
early 1800s.
206.
What is meant by impeachment as it relates to elected federal officials?
207.
Why did Jefferson and some of the DR Congressmen attempt to impeach and remove several judges from office?
208.
Why did the House impeach, convict, and remove Judge John Pickering from office?
209.
Why did Congress impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase?
210.
Why did the Senate refuse to convict Justice Chase in their trial?
211.
What was the significance of the Senate’s refusal to remove Samuel Chase from office?
LT 11F:
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
Describe the causes and results of the conflict with the Barbary nations during Jefferson’s terms in office.
What are the Barbary Coast states?
Why were they able to demand annual payments from Americans in the 1790s?
How did Tripoli react in 1801 when Jefferson refused their demand for increased “protection money”?
What role did Stephen Decatur play in the US war with Tripoli?
How was the US able to finally defeat Tripoli in 1805?
When were the disagreements with the other Barbary States settled?
Why did the US gain respect as a nation as a result of the conflict?
What were the benefits of Jefferson’s decision to use of the “mosquito fleet” during the conflict?
What were the negative aspects of this decision?
LT 11G: Describe causes and results of the Louisiana Purchase.
221.
How did French leader Napoleon secretly obtain the area of Louisiana in 1800?
222.
Why was Jefferson worried about the French control of Louisiana?
223.
Why did Jefferson send Ambassador Livingston to France to try to purchase West Florida?
224.
Why did Napoleon at first refuse to sell West Florida to the US, i.e. what plans did he have for Louisiana?
225.
Who was Toussaint Louverture?
226.
Why did Napoleon send a 20,000 man army to Haiti in 1802?
227.
What did Jefferson mean when he said the US should “marry ourselves to the British”?
228.
How did the Spaniards violate the Pinckney Treaty in 1802?
229.
Why were western farmers so upset about the violations of the Pinckney Treaty?
230.
Why did Jefferson send James Monroe to Paris to join Ambassador Livingston in early 1803?
231.
In what two ways did Jefferson violate his Democratic Republican principles in his attempts to obtain New Orleans?
232.
What were two reasons why the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand offered to sell New Orleans and Louisiana?
233.
What were the terms of the Louisiana Purchase Agreement signed by Livingston and Monroe in late April of 1803?
234.
How did the purchase of the Louisiana Territory violate Jefferson’s belief in a strict interpretation of the Constitution?
235.
Why didn’t Jefferson attempt to change the Constitution to authorize the purchase of Louisiana?
236.
Why did Jefferson urge the Senate to ratify the treaties that purchased Louisiana?
237.
Why did many Federalists in the Senate oppose the purchase of the Louisiana Territory?
238.
Why did Jefferson plan for the exploration of the Louisiana, even before the French turned it over to the US?
239.
Why did Jefferson choose Meriwether Lewis to command the expedition to explore Louisiana?
240.
Why did Lewis choose William Clark as his companion?
241.
Why did the Lewis & Clark expedition hire fur trapper Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea in the winter of 1804?
242.
Who did Sacagawea discover on their westward journey?
243.
What was the significance of the Louis and Clark expedition?
244.
What was the significance of the explorations of Zebulon Pike in 1805 and 1806?
LT 11H:
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
Explain the causes and results of the conspiracies involving Vice-President Aaron Burr.
What political event in 1791 began the feud between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr?
What action did Hamilton take during the Election of 1800 that intensified the feud even more?
What political event in the Election of 1804 contributed to Burr’s anger at Hamilton?
What is meant by the Essex Junto?
Why did Vice President Burr agree to support the Essex Junto?
Why did Burr challenge Hamilton to a duel in July 1804?
What was the outcome of the duel?
5
252.
253.
254.
255.
256.
257.
Why was Burr able to return to Washington D.C. to finish out his term as Vice President?
How did Burr disappoint Jefferson as presiding judge over the Senate trial of Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase?
What did Burr hope to do after his Vice-Presidential term ended in 1805?
How was James Wilkinson, governor of Louisiana Territory, able to stop Burr’s plan for a “Southwestern Republic”?
Why was Burr found not guilty in his trial for treason?
What happened to Burr after his trial ended?
LT 11I: Describe how the US was drawn into the international crisis of the Napoleonic Wars and the impact of the
Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act, and Macon’s Bill Number 2 designed to solve the problems.
258.
What was the significance of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe from 1803 to 1814 to US foreign affairs?
259.
What was the purpose Continental System that was instituted by France in 1806 and 1807?
260.
What was the purpose of the Orders in Council, instituted by the British in 1806?
261.
What was the significance of the Continental System and the Orders in Council to US shipping?
262.
What was the purpose of the British practice of impressment?
263.
Why did the British search American ships looking for British sailors, eventually impressing over 6000 sailors?
264.
Describe the events that occurred during the Chesapeake Affair of 1807?
265.
Why did Jefferson think it unwise for the US to use force to stop the violations of US rights by Britain and France?
266.
What was the purpose of the Embargo Act of 1807?
267.
In what way did Jefferson’s support of the Embargo Act violate his view of the strict interpretation of the Constitution?
268.
What impact did the Embargo Act have on New England merchants and shippers and farmers of the South & West?
269.
Why did Jefferson say that the embargo was more costly than war?
270.
What impact did the Embargo Act have on Britain and France?
271.
What impact did the Embargo Act have on US manufacturing industry?
272.
Why did Congress repeal the Embargo Act in 1809?
273.
What was the purpose of the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809?
274.
What was the purpose of Macon’s Bill No. 2, passed in 1810?
275.
How did Napoleon “trick” the US into cutting off trade with Britain?
LT 11J:
276.
277.
278.
279.
280.
281.
282.
Describe the significance of the Battle of Tippecanoe in the prelude to the War of 1812.
How did American settlers sometimes fraudulently acquire Indian land in the 1700s and 1800s?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809?
What role did Tecumseh and the Prophet play in the Indian resistance of the early 1800s?
Why did the brothers establish Prophetstown in 1808?
Why did Tecumseh organize a confederation of Indians?
What were the results of the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811?
Why did the Battle of Tippecanoe increase the demands of some Americans for a US attack on British Canada?
LT 11K: Explain the reasons for US involvement in the War of 1812.
283.
What was the significance of the election of the “war hawks” to the 12th Congress in 1810?
284.
Who were two of the leaders of the “war hawks”?
285.
What were four reasons why the New England and Mid-Atlantic coastal states generally opposed war with Britain?
286.
What were five reasons why the Southern and Western states generally supported war with Britain?
287.
Why did Britain decide to end their trade restrictions in June 1812?
288.
Why was the British decision “too late” to avoid war with the US?
289.
In what five ways was the US unprepared for war with Britain?
290.
Why were there few full-scale battles in the War of 1812?
LT 11L:
291.
292.
293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.
303.
304.
305.
306.
Describe the significant battles that took place during the War of 1812.
Why was the US attack on Canada in 1812 and 1813 unsuccessful?
Why did Congress annex West Florida in 1812?
What was the significance of the Battle of the Thames?
Why did the US win most of the naval battles fought on the lakes?
What was the significance of the Battle of Put-in-Bay, led by Commandant Oliver Perry, in 1813?
What was the significance of the naval battle involving the USS Constitution?
What was the significance of the battle involving the USS Chesapeake, led by Captain James Lawrence, in 1813?
What was the significance of the privateers during the War of 1812?
What was the significance of the British blockade of the US coast?
What was the significance of Andrew Jackson’s victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend?
What was the significance of the Treaty of Fort Jackson?
What was the significance of the US victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh in 1814?
Why was President Madison and his wife forced to flee from the White House in August 1814?
Why did Francis Scott Key write the Star Spangled Banner?
Why was the Battle of New Orleans an unnecessary battle?
What was the significance of Andrew Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815?
6
LT 11M: Explain the causes and impact of the Hartford Convention.
307.
In what ways did some New Englanders help the British?
308.
Who were the “blue light Federalists”?
309.
What were three reasons why many New England Federalists opposed the War of 1812?
310.
What was the Hartford Convention?
311.
What amendments to the Constitution were proposed by the delegates to the Hartford Convention?
312.
Why were the Hartford Convention proposals ridiculed by the public?
LT 11N: Explain the terms of the Treaty of Ghent which ended the War of 1812.
313.
Why were the British willing to negotiate peace by the fall of 1814?
314.
What were the major provisions of the Treaty of Ghent at the end of the War of 1812?
LT 11O: Describe the results of the War of 1812.
315.
Explain the impact of the War of 1812 on national pride, the Federalist Party, Indians, and US industry.
316.
Why is the War of 1812 referred to as the “second War for US independence”?
Chapter 12: The Upsurge of Nationalism, 1815-1824
LT 12A:
317.
318.
319.
320.
321.
Describe the characteristics of US population growth in the early 1800s.
What was the most significant reason why the US was the fastest growing countries in the world?
What is meant by the statement, “the US had a median age of 17 in 1820?
What was the significance of the Wilderness Road, built in 1775?
What was the significance of the Cumberland Road, begun in 1811?
Why did a large number of Americans move west of the Appalachian Mountains during the early 1800s?
LT 12B: Describe and explain the causes of the Era of Good Feelings and the growth of nationalism that followed
the War of 1812.
322.
What is meant by the “Virginia Dynasty”?
323.
What is meant by the Era of Good Feelings?
324.
What is meant by nationalism?
325.
What were three reasons for increasing US nationalism in the early 1800s?
326.
Who were the nationalistic leaders in the Democratic Republican Party?
327.
Who were the nationalistic leaders in the Federalist Party?
328.
What was the significance of the authors Washington Irving and James Fennimore Cooper?
329.
What was the significance of the North American Review?
330.
How did American textbooks and artists reflect the new national culture?
331.
How did the US armed forces gain increased national respect?
332.
Why did most boys attend private seminaries or academies in the early 1800s?
333.
What was meant by republican virtues, promoted by schools in the early 1800s?
334.
Why did some schools begin to add “female departments” by the early 1800s?
335.
In what two ways did Noah Webster promote America's "national character"?
LT 12C: Describe the purpose and provisions of the American System proposed by Henry Clay and how it was
implemented during Monroe’s presidency.
336.
What was the purpose of the American System supported by Henry Clay and others?
337.
What were the three main provisions of the American System?
338.
What parts of the American System were passed into law?
339.
Why did the federal government generally refuse to support funding for internal improvements?
340.
Why did Clay propose raising tariffs at the end of the War of 1812?
341.
Why did Congressmen from the Mid-Atlantic and Western States generally favor higher tariffs?
342.
What was the significance of the Tariff of 1816?
343.
What were four major problems with state banks of the early 1800s?
344.
How did Clay convince Congress to support the creation of the Second US Bank in 1816?
LT 12D: Explain how Supreme Court decisions during the term of Chief Justice John Marshall strengthened the
powers of the federal government and promoted the spirit of nationalism.
345.
How did Chief Justice Marshall increase the power and prestige of the Supreme Court in the early 1800s?
346.
How did the Marbury v. Madison decision in 1803 increase the powers of the Supreme Court?
347.
How did the decision of the Supreme Court in Fletcher v. Peck in 1810 increase the power of the Supreme Court?
348.
Why was the Dartmouth College v. Woodward Supreme Court decision in 1819 significant to the economy?
349.
How did the decision Maryland v. McCullough (1819) support a “loose interpretation” of the Constitution?
350.
Why did Supreme Court argue that the “power to tax was the power to destroy” in the McCullough decision?
351.
How did the Cohens v. Virginia Supreme Court decision in 1821 increase the power of the Supreme Court?
352.
In what ways did the Gibbons v. Ogden decision in 1824 strengthen the economy and the national government?
7
LT 12E: Explain how each of the following foreign policies promoted nationalism: Rush-Bagot Agreement,
Conventions of 1800, Adams-Onis Treaty, Monroe Doctrine, and Russo-American Treaties.
353.
What was the major provision of the Rush-Bagot Agreement with the British in 1817?
354.
What were three major provisions of the Anglo-American Convention of 1818 with the British?
355.
How did the US acquire the area of West Florida?
356.
Why was Spain unable to prevent the raids from East Florida into American settlements to the north?
357.
Why did President Monroe send General Andrew Jackson to Florida in 1817?
358.
What was the result of the First Seminole War?
359.
In what ways did Jackson violate his order to respect Spanish rights in Florida during the Seminole War?
360.
How was Secretary of State JQ Adams able to convince Congress not to punish Jackson for his actions?
361.
What were the main terms of the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819?
362.
Why did the US want the countries of Latin American to remain independent?
363.
Why was the US worried about Russian expansion along the Pacific coast?
364.
Explain the two basic principles of the Monroe Doctrine.
365.
Why were some people critical of the Monroe Doctrine?
366.
What was the main provision of the Russo-American Treaties of 1824 of 1825?
LT 12F: Explain how disagreements over internal improvements, the Panic of 1819, and sectionalism in the West
limited the growth of nationalism.
367.
Why did the West and the South generally support federal funding of improved transportation?
368.
Why did New England generally oppose federal funding of improved transportation?
369.
Explain the provision of John Calhoun’s Bonus Bill in 1817?
370.
Why did President Madison veto the Bonus Bill and other similar bills?
371.
How were most of the transportation projects paid for in the early 1800s?
372.
What is meant by the Panic of 1819?
373.
Why did the Bank of the US demand that state banks begin to pay back money they owed to the Bank of US?
374.
Why did this cause the state banks to begin to limit the amount of loans they made?
375.
Why did western land prices fall?
376.
Why did many state banks fail?
377.
What caused prices for farm goods and textiles to fall?
378.
What impact did falling land prices and failed banks have on the economy?
379.
How did the Panic of 1819 impact the Bank of the US and laws against imprisonment for debt?
380.
What was the main provision of the Land Act of 1820?
381.
Why were the basic economic interests that dominated the concerns of Congressmen from the West?
LT12G: Describe the conflict over slavery that arose in 1819 and explain how the Missouri Compromise temporarily
resolved the issue.
382.
What decision did Congress have to make concerning slavery in the new territories?
383.
Why did the North have the most votes in the House of Representatives in the early 1800s?
384.
What is meant by sectional balance?
385.
Why was it important to both the North and the South to maintain an even number of states?
386.
Why did the admission of Missouri as a slave state in 1818 cause such opposition among the northern states?
387.
Why were southern states so concerned about Missouri being refused admission as a slave state?
388.
Explain the Tallmadge Bill passed by the House in 1819 concerning the admission of Missouri to the Union.
389.
Why did the southern states oppose the Tallmadge Bill?
390.
Why was the Tallmadge Bill defeated in the Senate?
391.
What were three basic proposals of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 developed by Henry Clay?
392.
Why did Jefferson write that the Missouri issue was like “firebell in the night that filled him with terror?
Chapter 13: The Rise of Jacksonian Democracy, 1824 to 1840
LT 13A:
393.
394.
395.
396.
397.
398.
399.
Explain the issues and results, including the Corrupt Bargain, of the Election of 1824.
What disagreements caused the end of the “Era of Good Feelings in the mid-1820s?
Who were the four candidates for president from the Democratic Republican Party in the Election of 1824?
Who won the popular vote in the Election of 1824?
Why did the House of Representatives have to choose the president?
What role did the Speaker of the House Henry Clay play in getting John Quincy Adams elected by the House?
To what Cabinet position did Adams appoint Clay?
Why did some people protest this election as the “corrupt bargain”?
LT 13B:
400.
401.
402.
403.
404.
Describe factors that made the JQ Adams administration unpopular with his party and Congress.
Why did many people feel that JQ Adams was not well-suited to the presidency?
Why is Adams considered the first minority president?
How did Adams’ appointments as president hurt his popularity within his own party?
What nationalistic programs did Adams urge that would increase the role of the federal government?
What were three reasons why Adams nationalistic proposals were not well-received by the public?
8
LT 13C: Explain the political conflict that resulted from the Tariff of Abominations and the provisions and impact of
the South Carolina Exposition and Protest against it.
405.
What was the significance of the Tariff of 1828?
406.
Why did northern manufacturers favor the tariff?
407.
What were four reasons why most southerners strongly opposed this “tariff of abominations”?
408.
What criticism was outlined by John Calhoun in the essay called The South Carolina Exposition and Protest?
409.
What two concepts were used by John Calhoun to argue against the high tariffs?
410.
What was the basic purpose of the South Carolina Exposition and Protest?
411.
What impact did the essay have?
LT 13D:
412.
413.
414.
415.
416.
417.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
Describe the issues and results of the Election of 1828, including why it is called the “Revolution of 1828”.
What were the basic programs supported by JQ Adams and the National Republican Party in the Election of 1828?
What were the basic programs supported by Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party in the Election of 1828?
What is the purpose of a party platform?
In what way were the party platforms unclear in the Election of 1828?
What did the campaign focus on instead of the issues?
What criticisms were leveled at Adams during the campaign?
What criticisms were leveled at Jackson during the campaign?
Why did critics accuse Jackson of adultery?
How did Adams serve his country after he left the presidency?
Why were more people able to vote in this election?
Explain why this election is referred to as the “Revolution of 1828”?
LT 13E: Describe the similarities and differences between Jeffersonian and Jacksonian democracy and the political
innovations of the 1830s that led to rise of mass democracy.
423.
What was Jackson’s nickname?
424.
Why was Jackson considered a hero for the “common man”?
425.
In what ways did Jackson support a limited role for the federal government?
426.
In what way did Jackson also support a strong federal union?
427.
What happened at the “inaugural brawl” that led some to call it the beginning of the “reign of King Mob”?
428.
In what ways did politicians attempt to appeal to the “common man” in their campaigns?
429.
Why was Davy Crockett elected to Congress three times, even though he could barely read and write?
430.
What were four aspects of Jeffersonian democracy of the early 1800s?
431.
In what basic way was Jacksonian democracy of the 1830s and 1840s different from Jeffersonian democracy?
432.
What were six aspects of Jacksonian democracy of the 1830s and 1840s?
433.
What was the first political party to hold a nominating convention to choose their presidential candidate?
434.
What limitations were there on the right to vote and hold office during this time?
435.
What were three reasons why there was an increase in political democracy?
436.
Why did followers of Andrew Jackson urge banking reforms?
437.
What banking reforms did they support?
438.
Why did the admission of Missouri as a state cause intense interest in politics?
439.
What economic issues caused people to become more interested in politics?
440.
Why did voter turnout increase dramatically from 1824 to 1840, when almost 80 percent of the eligible voters voted?
441.
What were the main characteristics of the First Party System?
442.
What were the main characteristics of the Second Party System?
443.
Explain the main ideas presented in Alexis de Tocqueville’s books Democracy in America (1835 and 1850).
LT 13F:
444.
445.
446.
447.
448.
Explain the spoils system and the benefits and problems with its increasing use during the Jackson era.
What is meant by the spoils system (political patronage)?
In what way did Jackson expand upon the use of the spoils system when he became president?
What were four reasons why Jackson used the spoils system?
Why did Jackson support the idea of “rotation in office”?
What were the three problems with the spoils system?
LT 13G: Explain the significant domestic issues during Jackson’s presidency: internal improvements, the Webster
Hayne debate, states’ rights, the choice of the vice president in 1832, and the Peggy Eaton scandal.
449.
Why did Jackson veto a bill to provide federal money to build the Maysville Road?
450.
Why did some people argue that Jackson’s veto of the Maysville Road was a political issue?
451.
What was the purpose of the “Foote Resolution” introduced in the Senate in 1829?
452.
Why did western and southern Senators defend the federal government’s sale of western lands?
453.
Why did New England Senators oppose the federal government’s sale of western lands?
454.
Explain the basic views presented by Robert Hayne in the nine-day Webster Hayne Debate in 1830.
455.
Explain the basic views presented by Daniel Webster in the Webster Hayne Debate.
456.
What was the significance of Jackson’s toast “Out Union: It must be preserved” at the Jefferson Day Banquet?
457.
What was the significance of Calhoun’s toast: “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear”?
458.
Why did Jackson favor Van Buren as the next president when Jackson’s term ended in 1836?
459.
What problems or issues did Jackson have with Vice-President Calhoun?
9
460.
461.
462.
463.
464.
465.
466.
467.
468.
469.
470.
471.
Who was Margaret (Peggy) O”Neale?
Why did Peggy’s marriage to Jackson’s friend, John Eaton, cause such a scandal?
Why did the wives of Jackson’s cabinet members look down on Peggy?
Why did Jackson’s advisers encourage him not to appoint John Eaton to his Cabinet?
Why did Jackson refuse to take their advice and instead appoint Eaton as his Secretary of War in 1829?
How was the new Mrs. Eaton treated at social events?
How did Jackson attempt to solve this problem?
How did the social attack on Peggy Eaton eventually evolve into a political conflict between Calhoun and Jackson?
What is meant by Jackson’s kitchen cabinet?
Why did Jackson’s entire Cabinet resign in 1831?
Who did Jackson support as his vice-presidential candidate in 1832?
Why did Calhoun resign as Vice-President in 1832?
LT 13H: Explain the causes and results of the nullification crisis in South Carolina in 1832.
472.
What was the goal of the Nullies in the South Carolina legislature?
473.
What was the goal of the “submission men” in the South Carolina legislature?
474.
Why was South Carolina still upset with the lower Tariff of 1832?
475.
What was the significance of the Ordinance of Nullification that passed the South Carolina legislature in 1832?
476.
Why was Jackson furious at South Carolina for passing the Ordinance of Nullification?
477.
Why did Jackson warn in the Proclamation to the People of South Carolina that he would use federal armed
forces to collect the tariff if necessary?
478.
What was the significance of the Force Act passed by Congress in 1833?
479.
What was the Compromise Tariff of 1833 that was proposed by Henry Clay?
480.
Why did South Carolina support the Compromise Tariff?
481.
How did South Carolina show their continued support for their right to nullify federal laws, even though they agreed
to obey the tariff law?
482.
Why did Jackson claim victory in the dispute over the tariff?
483.
Why did South Carolina claim victory?
LT 13I:
484.
485.
486.
487.
488.
489.
490.
491.
492.
493.
494.
495.
496.
Explain Jackson’s motives for opposing the Bank of the US re-charter bill in 1832.
What were state banks?
What is meant by the term specie?
What were “wildcat banks”?
What was the purpose of the Second Bank of the US that had been founded in 1816?
Why did people criticize the lending power of the BUS?
How did the BUS limit the lending power of state banks?
Why did many people blame the BUS for the Panic of 1819?
Why did many people criticize the BUS president, Nicholas Biddle?
Why did Jackson believe that the Bank of the US was unconstitutional?
Why did Henry Clay propose a bill to re-charter the BUS in 1832, four years before it expired?
Why did Jackson veto the re-charter bill for the Bank of the US?
What group generally opposed the veto of the re-charter of the BUS?
What group generally supported the veto of the re-charter of the BUS?
LT 13J:
497.
498.
499.
500.
501.
502.
503.
Describe the significance of the Anti-Masonic Party formed in 1828.
Why was the Masons originally founded?
What role did the Masons play in American society during the late 1700s and early 1800s?
Why did many people begin to oppose the Masons during the 1820s and 1830s?
What scandal in 1826 increased the opposition to the Masons in New York?
Why were the Masons criticized during the investigation of the murder of William Morgan in 1827?
What was the purpose of the Anti-Masonic Party, the first third party in the US, formed in 1828?
Why was the Anti-Masonic Party considered to be “anti-Jackson”?
LT 13K: Describe the issues and results of the Election of 1832.
504.
Who was the Anti-Masonic Party candidate for president in 1832?
505.
Who was the Democratic Party candidate for president in1832?
506.
Who was the National Republican candidate for president in 1832?
507.
What groups supported the National Republicans?
508.
Which party was the first of the three to use a national nominating convention to choose their candidate?
509.
Which party was the first to use a written party platform to state their position on the issues in the campaign?
510.
What happened to the National Republican Party after their defeat in the election?
511.
What happened to the Anti-Masonic Party after their defeat in the election?
10
LT 13L: Explain the significant domestic issues during Jackson’s second term, including the end of the Second
BUS, the rise of the “pet” banks, speculation, and the Species Circular.
512.
In what way did Jackson view his re-election as a mandate from the voters?
513.
How did Jackson begin to destroy the Second BUS before its charter expired in 1836?
514.
Why was Jackson’s appointment of Roger Taney as Secretary of the Treasury an expansion of presidential power?
515.
What was the significance of Jackson’s “pet banks”?
516.
Why were there only state banks between 1836 and 1863?
517.
Why did Henry Clay obtain a censure against Jackson in the Senate?
518.
To what position did Jackson appoint Taney in 1835?
519.
What two factors encouraged speculation in the western lands, canals, roads, railroads, and slaves in the 1830s?
520.
What was the purpose of the Species Circular issued by Jackson in 1836?
521.
What did the Species Circular require?
522.
How did the Species Circular lead to lower prices for land, canals, etc.?
523.
Explain what is meant by a budget surplus. (This occurred from 1835 to 1837.)
LT 13M: Describe Jackson’s Indian removal policy for the southeastern Indian nations, including the Cherokee “Trail
of Tears”, the war with the Blackhawk nation, and the Second Seminole War.
524.
Why were Indian tribes treated as sovereign nations during the colonial period?
525.
Describe the official US government policy for dealing with Indians in the late 1700s and early 1800s.
526.
Why did many tribes lose land during the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812?
527.
What were four unsuccessful attempts by Indians to fight against the US armed forces?
528.
In what ways did white Americans attempt to assimilate Indians into white society?
529.
What was the basic purpose of the Indian Removal Act of 1830?
530.
Why did many tribes agree to be relocated?
531.
In what ways were the tribes mistreated in their removal to Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma?
532.
Why was the removal of the “Five Civilized Tribes” of the Southeast more difficult than those of the Old Northwest?
533.
Describe four ways the Cherokee adopted the white man’s culture in an attempt to keep their remaining land?
534.
Who was Sequoyah?
535.
Why did the state of Georgia violate several treaties with the Cherokees and begin to seize about nine million acres
of their land in 1828?
536.
What was the decision of the Supreme Court in Worcester v. Georgia in1832?
537.
How did Georgia ignore the Supreme Court decision?
538.
How did President Jackson ignore the Supreme Court decision?
539.
Who was John Ross?
540.
What was the significance of the Treaty of New Echota in 1835?
541.
Why were the Cherokees who signed this treaty willing to give up most of their land and relocate to Indian Territory,
even though a majority of the Cherokees rejected the treaty and refused to move?
542.
What role did General Winfield Scott play in the forced removal of the Cherokees in 1837?
543.
What happened to the Cherokees once they were forced out of their homes by the army?
544.
Where did the 13,000 Cherokees stay until their removal to the west was organized?
545.
Describe why the forced removal of the Cherokees to Indian Territory is referred to as the “Trail of Tears”?
546.
Why did the Sauk and Fox tribes, led by Chief Blackhawk, return from Iowa Territory to Illinois in 1832?
547.
What was the significance of the Battle of Bad Axe River?
548.
What was the significance of the Treaty of Payne’s Landing, signed by a small group of Seminoles in 1832?
549.
What was the cause of the Second Seminole War which began in 1835?
550.
Who was Osceola?
551.
What was the outcome of the Second Seminole War which ended in 1842?
552.
Why did Indians lose much of the Indian Territory in Oklahoma that had been promised to them by 1889?
LT 13N: Describe the causes and results of the Texas War for Independence from Mexico in 1836 and Jackson’s
relations with the new Republic of Texas.
553.
Why did Mexico encourage Americans to settle in Texas after Mexico won their independence from Spain in 1821?
554.
To what terms did American settlers led by Stephen Austin agree to when they moved to Mexican state of Texas?
555.
How did the Mexican government encourage Americans to settle in Texas?
556.
How many Americans lived in Mexico by 1830?
557.
Name three famous Americans who lived in Texas in the 1830s.
558.
What five problems developed between the Americans and the Mexicans living in Texas?
559.
Why did Mexico send military forces to Texas in the early 1830s?
560.
Why did Stephen Austin go to Mexico City in 1833?
561.
How did Santa Anna respond to Stephen Austin’s requests?
562.
What actions did Santa Anna take in 1834 that led Texans to want to fight for independence from Mexico in 1835?
563.
What was the significance of the Declaration of Causes approved by the Texans in November 1835?
564.
What role did Mexican residents known as tejanos play in the Texas War for independence?
565.
What role did Samuel Houston play in the Texan War for Independence?
566.
What was the significance of the Battle of the Alamo in December 1835?
567.
What was the significance of the Battle of Goliad in March 1836?
11
568.
569.
570.
571.
572.
In what ways did American citizens help the Texans in their fight for independence?
What was the significance of the Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836?
What two treaties did Santa Anna sign after being captured in battle?
Why did Santa Anna later refuse to honor these two agreements?
What were two reasons why President Jackson refused to allow Texas to be annexed to the US?
LT 13O: Describe the issues and results of the Election of 1836, including the birth of the Whig Party.
573.
In what positive ways did Jackson impact the presidency?
574.
In what negative ways did Jackson impact the presidency?
575.
Why did Jackson choose not to run for President for a third term?
576.
Why did the Democrats nominate Martin Van Buren for president in 1836?
577.
Why did several National Republicans, such as Henry Clay, join with southern Democrats, such as John Calhoun
and John Tyler, to form the Whig Party?
578.
What criticisms did the Whigs have of “King Andrew I”?
579.
Why did Calhoun and Clay introduce a motion to censure Jackson in 1834?
580.
Although the Whigs were a diverse group, what common idea united them?
581.
What was the significance of the election of Van Buren as president?
582.
What four problems did Van Buren face when he began his presidency?
583.
Why did Charles River Bridge Company sue Warren Bridge in 1828?
584.
What was the US Supreme Court decision in the case Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge?
585.
Why was this decision important to future economic development?
LT 13P:
586.
587.
588.
589.
590.
591.
592.
Describe the causes and results of the Panic of 1837, including the creation of the Independent Treasury.
What were seven problems that contributed to the Panic of 1837?
What was the impact of the Panic of 1837 on the US economy?
What reforms did the Whigs call for in order to end the economic problems?
Why did Van Buren reject these ideas?
Explain why Van Buren wanted Congress to pass the “divorce bill” and create an Independent Treasury.
What was the significance of an Independent Treasury?
Why did the Whigs oppose the Independent Treasury?
LT 13Q: Describe the issues and results of the Election of 1840.
593.
Explain the basic philosophy and policy of the Democratic Party by 1840.
594.
Explain the basic philosophy and policy of the Whig Party by 1840.
595.
Why was the Democratic Party and the Whig Party each considered a national party?
596.
Why was race between Van Buren and William Henry Harrison in 1840 considered a “log cabin campaign”?
597.
What was the significance of Harrison’s campaign slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”?
598.
Why was this campaign a “hoopla” campaign?
599.
Why did Harrison win the Election of 1840?
600.
What percent of the eligible voters cast ballots in this election?
601.
What was the significance of William Henry Harrison’s inaugural address?
602.
Why was Harrison in office for only 31 days?
603.
Why was the new president, John Tyler, considered more a Democrat than a Whig?
604.
How did the Election of 1840 demonstrate two major changes in American politics since the Era of Good Feelings?
13