TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Nationalism in Africa and
the Middle East
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
• Describe how Africans resisted colonial rule.
• Analyze how nationalism grew in Africa.
• Explain how Turkey and Persia modernized.
• Summarize how European mandates contributed
to the growth of Arab nationalism.
• Understand the roots of conflict between Jews
and Arabs in the Palestinian mandate.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People
•
apartheid – a policy of rigid segregation in
South Africa
•
Pan-Africanism – a movement that emphasized
the unity of Africans and people of African
descent worldwide
•
négritude movement – a group of writers who
expressed pride in their African roots and
protested colonial rule
•
Asia Minor – the Turkish peninsula between the
Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and People (continued)
•
Pan-Arabism – a nationalist movement built on
the shared heritage of Arabs who lived in lands
from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa
•
Balfour Declaration – a 1917 British declaration
that advocated setting up a national home for
Jews in Palestine
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did nationalism contribute to
changes in Africa and the Middle East
following World War I?
During World War I, many soldiers came from the
colonies. They expected that at the end of the war,
their work would be acknowledged and rewarded.
When the Treaty of Versailles was signed, the
people of the European colonies were ignored. As
nationalist sympathies grew, the people of Africa
and the Middle East fought to obtain their
independence.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the early 1900s, almost all of Africa was
ruled by European imperialist powers.
Under
imperialism,
Europeans
forced Africans
to:
•
Work on plantations or
in mines
•
Pay taxes to colonial
governments
•
Carry identification cards
•
Live and travel only where
allowed by Europeans
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
During World War I,
more than one million
Africans fought on
the side of the Allies
for their colonial
rulers.
They hoped to be
rewarded with
independence after
the war.
At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Allies
denied independence to African colonies and kept
them under European control.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, Africans in
Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and other countries
resisted the colonial system.
Protesters used many
techniques. They:
•
Settled illegally on Europeanowned plantations
•
Organized illegal labor unions
•
Formed unauthorized
associations and political
parties
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism
encouraged African nationalism.
French-speaking writers in West Africa and the
Caribbean started the négritude movement.
A leader of the négritude movement, Jamaican-born
Marcus Garvey, spoke of “Africa for Africans” and
demanded an end to colonial rule.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
At the
Pan-African
Congress in 1919,
African and
African American
leaders called on
the Allies to grant
Africans a charter
of rights.
The Allies failed to
approve a charter
of rights for Africans.
Still, the Congress
established
cooperation between
African and African
American leaders.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Between 1910 and
1940, whites in
South Africa imposed
a system of racial
segregation.
At that time, blacks:
•
Could not hold the
best-paying jobs
•
Had to carry passes
•
Could not vote
•
Were forced to live on
crowded “reserves”
Segregation in South Africa became even stricter
after 1948, when apartheid became law.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In response, South African blacks formed the
African National Congress (ANC).
The ANC:
Was formed in South Africa in 1912 by African
Christian churches and African-run newspapers
Demanded rights for black South Africans
Worked through legal means to protest
unfair laws
Built a framework for later political action
The South African government ignored the ANC.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The most successful nationalist movement in
Africa after World War I took place in Egypt.
•
Egyptians united behind the Wafd party.
•
Protests, strikes, and riots forced Britain to grant
Egypt independence in 1922.
•
Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy and left
troops to guard the Suez Canal.
•
During the 1930s, many young Egyptians joined the
Muslim Brotherhood, a group formed to foster broad
Islamic nationalism.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Nationalist movements also transformed
the Middle East after World War I.
• The defeated Ottoman empire was on the point of
collapse.
• The postwar mandate system sparked wide
resentment of Western influence.
• In Turkey and Persia, new leaders sought to create
modern nations.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Middle East, 1920s
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In Asia Minor, Turks resisted Western control
and fought to build a modern nation apart from
other Middle Eastern nations.
The sultan of Turkey signed the Treaty of Sèvres in
1920, which gave a great deal of Turkish land to Greece.
Nationalist Turks, led by Mustafa Kemal, overthrew the
sultan, defeated Greece, formed the modern Republic
of Turkey, and negotiated a new treaty.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Kemal took the name Atatürk (“father of the Turks”)
and led the Turkish republic with an iron hand.
Between 1923 and his death in
1938, Atatürk was responsible for
many reforms. He:
•
Moved to modernize, Westernize,
and secularize Turkey
•
Encouraged industrial expansion
•
Gave women the right to vote
and to work outside the home
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Atatürk’s reforms were successful, and nationalists
in Persia (present-day Iran) followed his lead.
• In 1925, army officer Reza Khan overthrew the shah
and rushed to modernize and Westernize Persia.
• He angered some Muslim religious leaders by replacing
Islamic law with secular law and introducing Western
ways.
• Khan also persuaded the British company that
controlled Persia’s oil industry to hire Persians and to
give Persia a larger share of the profits.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
During World War I, the Allies promised Arabs
independence in return for help against the
Ottoman empire.
But under the peace
treaties, Arab lands
became British or
French mandates.
• Arabs felt betrayed
by the mandate
system.
• This anger stirred
nationalist feelings
among the Arabs
across borders.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Arab nationalists promoted Pan-Arabism.
•
This movement linked people in present-day
Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco.
•
The goal was to free Arab lands from foreign
domination.
•
Pan-Arabists sought to stop the exploitation of
Arab oil reserves by the European powers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The British mandate of Palestine was a center of
conflict between Arab and Jewish settlers.
•
In 1897, Theodor Herzl had founded the Zionist
movement in response to growing European antiSemitism. The goal of the movement was to rebuild
a Jewish state in Palestine.
•
In addition, pogroms in Russia prompted thousands
of Russian Jews to migrate to Palestine.
•
New immigrants joined the Jewish community that
had lived there since biblical times.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
During World War I, the Allies had promised
Palestine to both the Arabs and the Jews.
The Allies promised
Arabs their own
kingdoms in former
Ottoman lands,
including Palestine,
after the end of
World War I.
In 1917, the British tried
to win the support of
European Jews by issuing
the Balfour Declaration.
It advocated setting
up a national home for
the Jewish people.
The declaration said civil and religious rights of nonJewish communities in Palestine had to be preserved.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
From 1919 to
1940, many
Jews and Arabs
migrated to
Palestine.
Tensions
between the two
groups
developed.
• Jewish settlers set up
towns, factories, and
farms.
• Arabs attacked Jewish
settlements, hoping to
discourage immigration.
• In response, Jewish settlers
established their own
defense forces.
• For the rest of the century,
Arabs and Jews fought over
the land.