TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Revolution and Nationalism in
Latin America
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Objectives
•
Identify the causes and effects of the Mexican
Revolution.
•
Describe the Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI) and the reforms it introduced in Mexico
after the revolution.
•
Analyze the effects of nationalism in Latin
America in the 1920s and 1930s.
•
Describe relations between Latin America and the
United States.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Terms and Places
•
hacienda – large plantation
•
nationalization – government takeover of
property or resources
•
economic nationalism – emphasis on home
control of the economy
•
cultural nationalism – pride in one’s own culture
•
Good Neighbor Policy – a policy in which the
United States pledged to lessen its interference in
the affairs of Latin American nations
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
How did Latin Americans struggle for
change in the early 1900s?
Latin America’s economy was booming in the
early 1900s, but it was highly dependent on
foreign, industrialized countries.
From military dictatorships to constitutional
democracies, Latin American countries
struggled to create governments that reflected
the nationalist goals of their citizens.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Latin America in the early 1900s
Strengths
• Many
Weaknesses
governments were • Military dictators or
stable and had
oligarchies held the real
democratic constitutions.
power.
• The economy was
• The middle and lower
booming.
classes had no say in
their own government.
• Most natural resources
and cash crops were
• Foreign investors
sold to industrialized
controlled many of the
countries.
natural resources.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Díaz had
ruled Mexico for almost 35 years.
•
During this time, foreign investors developed
Mexico’s resources and the economy grew.
•
But discontent rippled through all levels of society.
•
Many poor peasants labored on haciendas or
worked in factories for low wages.
•
The urban middle class wanted democracy.
•
The elite resented the power of foreign companies.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1910,
liberal reformer
Francisco Madero
demanded free
elections.
•Faced with widespread
rebellion, Díaz resigned.
•Madero was democratically
elected in 1911.
•Within two years he was
assassinated by one of his
generals, Victoriano
Huerta, who became a
dictator.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Peasants Francisco “Pancho” Villa and
Emiliano Zapata joined forces with rich landowner
Venustiano Carranza to defeat Huerta.
•
Villa and Zapata wanted
to make broad changes
to improve peasants’
lives, but Carranza
disagreed.
•
After they defeated
Huerta, Carranza turned
on Villa and Zapata and
defeated them.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1917, Carranza was elected president
of Mexico.
Constitution of 1917
•
•
•
•
•
Land reforms
Religious reforms
Labor reforms
Suffrage
Women’s rights
He reluctantly approved a
new constitution, which,
with amendments, is still in
force today.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Constitution of 1917
Land
•
Permitted the breakup of large estates
Set restrictions on foreigners owning land
Allowed nationalization of natural resources
Religion
•
Made church land the property of Mexico
Labor
•
Set a minimum wage
Protected workers’ right to strike
•
•
•
Rights for
women
•
•
Enforced equal pay for equal work
Gave married women some economic and
legal rights
Suffrage
•
Allowed only men to vote
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
After Carranza was overthrown in 1920, fighting
in Mexico continued throughout the decade.
In 1929, the
government
organized what
later became the
Institutional
Revolutionary
Party (PRI).
The PRI dominated
Mexican politics from
the 1930s until the
free election of 2000.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The PRI:
Strengths
• Adopted
some of the goals
of business and military
leaders, peasants, and
workers
• Brought stability to Mexico
• Carried out many desired
reforms over time
Weaknesses
Kept the real
power in the
government’s
hands
• Suppressed
opposition and
dissent
•
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
As the Mexican government restored order, it
began to carry out reforms in the 1920s and 1930s.
•
In the 1920s, the
government helped some
Indian communities
regain their lands.
•
President Lázaro
Cárdenas redistributed
millions of acres of land
to peasants in the 1930s.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In 1938, President Cárdenas nationalized
Mexico’s oil resources and compensated American
and British oil companies for their losses.
The Mexican government supported labor unions and
set up schools and libraries to combat illiteracy.
Mexico became the first Latin American nation to
pursue real social and economic reforms for the
majority of its people.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Economic nationalism grew in Latin America in
the 1920s and 1930s.
•
World War I and the Great Depression caused
hardships. Foreign demand for Latin American
exports fell, while the cost of imported goods rose.
•
Latin American nations sought to develop their
industries and depend less on foreign trade.
•
Governments invested in industries, raised tariffs,
or took over foreign-owned assets. But unequal
distribution of wealth held back development.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The economic crisis caused people to
lose faith in the ruling oligarchies and in
liberal government.
•
Political nationalism led to the rise of strong
authoritarian governments.
•
People hoped that strong leaders could do
a better job controlling each nation’s economy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
At the same
time, cultural
nationalism
was reflected
in the work of
Latin American
artists, writers,
and thinkers.
•This movement
celebrated the culture
of Latin American
countries, including its
Native American roots.
•In Mexico, artists such
as Diego Rivera created
large public murals
celebrating the struggle
for liberty.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The United States continued to play a major role in
Latin America.
• American investment in Latin American
industries grew during and after World War I.
• The United States intervened to restore order
when its interests were threatened.
• For example, the U.S. army invaded Mexico in
1916 after Pancho Villa’s forces killed several
Americans.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
American
intervention
stirred up
anti-American
feelings in
Latin America.
In the 1930s, U.S. President
Franklin Roosevelt improved
relations with Latin America
through the Good
Neighbor Policy. He:
•Withdrew troops from
Haiti and Nicaragua.
•Removed limits on Cuban
independence.
•Supported nationalization
of Mexico’s oil industry.