IPM by the Food Industry:
The role of IPM in
Good Agricultural Practices
Hasan Bolkan, Ph.D.
Davis Research & Development
Davis, CA
Dakar, Senegal
September 18, 2008
Information provided by Adam Warren, Frito-Lay
Corporate Social Responsibility
TO OUR CONSUMERS
1
Delivering high quality,
safe, affordable, and
convenient foods
TO OUR PLANET
2
Minimize the environmental
impact of our operations
to meet today’s needs
while supporting the needs
of future generations
Public Concerns
CONSUMERS
ENVIRONMENT
SAFETY
1 2 3
Concerns
about pesticide
residues in food
Pesticides in the
Environment
Endangering the
Health of
Farm Workers
Pesticide Quality Assurance
Total Systems Pesticide Management
We are concentrating our efforts on four priorities
1 2 3 4
Hands on
application of
Integrated Pest
Management
(IPM)
Pesticide
record keeping
and reporting
Rigorous,
state-of-the-art
residue testing
State-of-the-art
processing
The four elements of pesticide management work together to deliver
excellence in pesticide reduction and quality assurance
Campbell’s Agricultural Sustainability Roadmap
Step 4
Step 3
Step 2
Step 1
• Alignment on
sustainability
• Determine level of
sustainable ag
practices being
employed by
growers
Assessment
• Identify
influencers
• Define sustainable
agriculture indicators
• Establish sustainable
agriculture initiatives
• Develop Campbell
research priorities
supporting indicators
and initiatives
• Work with growers,
Universities and NGO’s
to identify, test and
implement sustainable
practices
• Execute on a
commercial scale
• Verify practices at
grower level
• Adaptive changes
based on research and
monitoring/verification
• Promote good
agricultural practices
among all suppliers/
growers
• Speak the same
language as your
regulators, customers,
and consumers
Agricultural Sustainability Leadership Track
Research Priorities for Sustainable Agricultural
Practices
Research
Priorities
Focus
Areas
Water
Management
Water supply Use
Soil
Management
Soil inputs
Management
Pest/Disease
Management
• Reduced volume
irrigation (Drip
irrigation)
• To improve soil
quality (mulches,
cover crops)
• Better crop management
• Soil Erosion
• Identify drought resistant varieties
• Reduced tillage
• Managing Nitrate runoffs
• Cover crops
Management
• Crop diversification/Crop rotation
• Preservation of wild life
• New IPM strategies : Environmentally friendly pesticides, Use of beneficials
• Disease resistant Varieties
The Challenge
Reduces Synthetic Pesticide Use
 Maintain/Reduce Pest Management
Cost
 Maintain/Improve Quality

Fungal and Bacterial Pathogens of Tomatoes
Phytophtora Root Rot
Black Mold
Early Blight
Bacterial spot
Verticillium
Late Blight
Bacterial Speck
Viruses affecting tomatoes
Alfalfa mosaic
Tomato Spotted Wilt
TYLCV
Tobacco mosaic
Insects/Nematodes affecting tomatoes
Tomato pinworm
Root Knot Nematode
Helicoverpa spp.
Armyworm
Fruitworm
Campbell’s IPM Strategies
— Disease
Free Seeds
— Disease/Pest Resistant Varieties
— Biological Control (Parasitic Wasps)
— Mating Confusion (Sex Pheromones)
— Biological Pesticides (Bts.)
— Forecasting Systems (TOM-CAST)
— Risk Assessment (GIS/GPS)
— Judicious Use of Synthetic Pesticides
Beneficial Insects: Biological Control
Trichogramma pretiosum
Managing Insect Pests: Mating Confusion
Managing Fungal Diseases
 Disease
forecasting (TOM-CAST)
Managing Viruses:
Risk Assessment Maps
Management Strategies for
Geminiviruses

Mandatory 2-3-month whitefly host-free
period
—

Regional Management
—

Tomato, common bean, cucurbits, eggplant,
pepper, weeds
Whitefly management was regional not local
Planting early varieties followed by TYLCV
resistant varieties
—
Varieties with 108-115 days maturity
Impact of IPM on Synthetic Pesticide
use on Celery: California
14
Applications/Acre
12
Herbicides
Insecticides
10
Fungicides
8
100 %
6
4
2
0
Pre-IPM
Post-IPM
Management Practices and Production Year
Impact of IPM on Synthetic Fungicide
use on Carrots: Michigan/Ohio
4
Applications/Acre
3
85.7 %
2
1
0
Pre-IPM
Post-IPM
Management Practices and Production Year
Impact of IPM on Synthetic Fungicide
use on processing tomatoes: Mexico
Fungicide Applications/ha
12
Pre-IPM
IPM
10
8
6
4
2
0
PreIPM
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
Management Practices and Production Year
04
5
Impact of IPM on Synthetic Insecticides
use on Processing Tomatoes: Mexico
12
Applications (a.i)/ha
10
8
6
4
2
0
Pre- Pre- Post- 90
IPM IPM IPM
Management Practices and Production Year
05
Impact of IPM on Synthetic Pesticide
use on Jalapeno Peppers: Mexico
Applications/Acre
40
30
42.05
Biological
Synthetic
20
10
7.5
0
Pre - IPM
7.5
IPM
Cost of Pest Management:
Conventional vs. IPM
500
400
Insecticide Cost (dollars/ha)
$467.2
300
$311.5
200
100
0
Conventional
IPM
Cost of Disease Management:
Conventional vs. IPM
Fungicide Costs (dollars/ha
)
500
400
$482
300
$304
200
$181
100
0
Non-IPM
IPM
Net Cost Savings
Campbell’s Current Good Agricultural
Practices

Campbell’s works “hands on” with its tomato growers to
promote and ensure the use of :
— transplants to reduce herbicides and conserve water
— disease resistant varieties to eliminate pesticide usage
— integrated pest management (IPM) practices to reduce
synthetic insecticide usage
— conservation tillage to reduce fuel, dust, emission, water
runoff, and soil erosion
— 2-3 years of crop rotation to minimize diseases
— cover cropping to improve soil texture
— habitat management, such as replanting ditches with native
vegetation and preservation of wetlands
IPM Helps to Build a Sustainable
Supply Chain, from Farm to Table
Suppliers
Purchase high-quality
Ingredients produced
by local farmers
MANUFACTURING
Distribution
Customers
Energy and water conservation
Waste management and
recycling
Reduce
Environmental
impact
Partner with our
Customer on
Sustainability
initiatives
Consumers
Sustainable
packaging
THANK YOU
The pests/diseases in Mexico
 Insect Pests
– Tomato Pinworm (Keiferia lycopersicella)
– Yellow striped Armyworm (S. ornithogalli)
– Tomato Fruit worm (Helicoverpa zea)

Diseases
–
–
Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Gemini-Viruses
The Pests/Diseases in California
 Insect Pests
– Yellow striped Armyworm (S. ornithogalli)
– Tomato Fruit worm (Helicoverpa zea)
– Aphids

Diseases
–
–
Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans)
Black Mold (Alternaria alternata)
Jalapeno Pepper Rejections Due to
Pesticide Residues Above Tolerance
Production
Total Loads
Received
Rejections
Percent
Rejections
Pre -IPM
1384
43
3.1%
Beginning
of IPM
1495
43
2.9%
After IPM
1221
10
0.8%
The switch
Synthetic
Pesticide Usage (%)
Synthetic Insecticides
Bio-insecticides
Pheromones
99
02
100
75
50
25
0
Pre- PreIPM IPM
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
00
01
03
Eternal Triangle
Generate
Revenues
Social
Responsibility
(to growers, community,
shareholders)
Sustainability
Environmental
Responsibility
(conserve natural resources)