Brain Cancer
Colon Cancer
Dr Ibraheem Bashayreh, RN, PhD
13/12/2010
1
Significance
• The brain is the
center of thoughts,
emotions, memory
and speech.
• Brain also control
muscle movements
and interpretation of
sensory information
(sight, sound, touch,
taste, pain etc)
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2
Background
• Estimated 18,400 primary malignant
brain tumors will be diagnosed in 2004
—10,540 in men & 7,860 in women.
• Approximately 12,690 people will die
from these tumors in 2004.
• Accounts for 1.4% of all cancers
• Accounts for 2.4% of all cancer related
deaths
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3
Brain tumor
an abnormal growth of cells
within the brain or inside the skull
which can be cancerous or non-cancerous (benign)
It is defined as any intracranial tumor
created by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division,
normally either
- in the brain itself
(neurons, glial cells (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes,
ependymal cells),
lymphatic tissue, blood vessels),
- in the cranial nerves (myelin-producing Schwann cells),
- in the brain envelopes (meninges), skull,
pituitary and pineal gland,
- or metastatic tumors
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Brain tumor
Primary (true) brain tumors are
commonly located in the
- posterior cranial fossa in children
- anterior 2/3 of the cerebral hemispheres
in adults,
although they can affect any part of the brain.
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5
Risk Factors
* Most brain cancers happen for reasons unknown,
however some small risk factors are
* Environmentsl risk factor
Smoking
Diet
Occupation
Mobile phone
Radiation exposure
Exposure to vinyl chloride
* Immunosupression * Linked with Genetic abnormalities 13/12/2010
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Brain tumor
• Tumors can effect any part of the brain and
depending on what part(s) of the brain it affects
can have a number of symptoms.
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Seizures
Difficulty with language
Mood changes
Change of personality
Changes in vision, hearing, and sensation.
Difficulty with muscle movement
Difficulty with coordination control
7
WHO CLASSIFICATION
Astrocytomas
Oligodendrogliomas
Ependymoma
Choroid Plexus Tumor
Glioma
Neuroepithelial Tumor
Pineal Tumor
Ganglioglioma
Gangliocytoma
Neuroblastoma
Neuronal Tumor
Nerve Sheath Tumor
Meningeal Tumor
Pituitary Tumor
Medulloblastoma
Vestibular Schwanoma
Meningioma
Germ Cell Tumor
Germinoma
Lymphomas
Teratoma
Craniopharyngioma
Epidermoid Tumor
Dermoid Tumor
Colloid Cyst
Tumor Like Malformation
Metastatic Tumor
Contiguous extension from regional Tumor
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( Glomus Tumor )
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GLIOMA
a type of tumor that starts in the brain or spine.
It is called a glioma because it arises from glial
cells
The most common site of gliomas is the brain
 occurs in adults over 45 years of age
 90% of all brain tumors are Gliomas
Classification
Classified - by cell type,
- by grade,
- by location.
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By cell type
Glial Cells
Glial Tumour
Astrocytes
Astrocytomas
Oligodendrocytes
Oligodendrogliomas
Ependymal cells
Ependymomas
Different types of glia
Mixed gliomas
(oligoastrocytomas)
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Astrocytoma
• Astrocytes brain cells abnormally dividing causing
tumors called astrocytomas.
• Astrocytes are glial cells that help nourish neurons–
they help repair damage
• How the astroytomas are classified
– How close the cells are together within the tumor
– How abnormal the cells are
– How many of the cells are proliferating
– Whether or not there are blood vessels growing near
the tumor
– Whether or not some of the cancer cells have
degenerated or not
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Astrocytomas--Treatments
• If tumors have not infiltrated normal brain
tissue then surgery can be a cure
• Low-grade Astrocytomas are not curable by
surgery. However through surgery as much
of the tumor as possible is removed and then
the patient usually goes through radiation
treatment.
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Astrocytomas--Treatment
• High-grade Astrocytomas are not curable
by surgery. After surgery has removed as
much of the tumor as possible the patient
can go through radiation treatment and
chemotherapy.
• Most common drug given to these patients
after chemotherapy is BCNU (Carmustine)
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Oligodendrogliomas
• These tumors start in mutated oligodendrocyte
brain cells
• Oligodendrocytes make myelin which help
neurons transmit signals through the axons
• These tumors may spread through
cerebrospinal fluid pathways but typically do
not usually spread to locations outside of the
brain or spinal cord.
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Oligodendrogliomas--Treatments
• Because these tumors infiltrate normal
brain tissue these tumors are not cured
through surgery. However removal of part
of the tumors can relieve some symptoms
and prolong life.
• If the tumor is causing disabilities to the
patient after surgery the patient may go
through chemotherapy, perhaps followed
by radiation treatments.
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Ependymomas
• Mutated ependymal cells
• Ependymal cells line the ventricles in the
central area of the brain and they line part of
the pathway through which the cerebrospinal
fluid travels
• Theses mutated cells may block the
cerebrospinal fluid from exiting the ventricles
causing the ventricles to enlarge
(hydrocephalus)
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Ependymomas--Treatments
• These tumors do not usually infiltrate
normal brain tissue and are therefore
curable through surgery.
• If surgery is unable to completely remove
the tumors the patient may try radiation
therapy.
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Diagnosis
• These tumors can be detected through a
MRI, CT scan or a PET scan (Positron
emission tomography is a nuclear
medicine imaging technique which
produces a three-dimensional image or
picture of functional processes in the body.
• Once detected, depending on where the
tumor is located, a biopsy officially is used
to diagnosis cancer.
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Prognosis
• For people ages 15-44 five year survival
rate is 55%
• For people ages 45-64 five year survival
rate is 16%
• For people over 65 five year survival rate is
5%
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Colon Cancer
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What is the Colon
• The Colon comprises the
end of the long, coiled,
tubular digestive tract
located in the Abdomen
• It basically acts as a waste
processor
• Takes digested food in the
form of Solid waste
pushing it out of the
rectum and anus
• The Colorectal tube is a
prime location for the
development and growth
of small polyps or tumors
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Colon; The Cancer Its Self
• It starts with a simple
cell the mutates and
grows into a polyps
• If a polyp is allowed
to remain in the colon
it can grow into a
cancerous tumor that
can invade other
organs.
• Colon cancer is the
second leading cause
of cancer deaths
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Colon cancer
•
•
•
•
•
Sigmoid colon is the most common site
Predominantly adenocarcinoma
If early 90% survival
34 % diagnosed early
66% late diagnosis
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Colon cancer
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Benign neoplasm DNA alteration
malignant transformation malignant
neoplasm  cancer growth and invasion 
metastasis (liver)
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Colon cancer
ASSESSMENT FINDINGS
1. Change in bowel habits- Most
common
• 2. Blood in the stool
• 3. Anemia
• 4. Anorexia and weight loss
• 5. Fatigue
• 6. Rectal lesions- tenesmus, alternating D
and C
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Colon cancer
•
•
•
•
•
Diagnostic procedures & findings
1. Fecal occult blood
2. Sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy
3. BIOPSY
4. CEA- carcino-embryonic antigen
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Colon cancer
•
•
•
•
•
Complications of colorectal CA
1. Obstruction
2. Hemorrhage
3. Peritonitis
4. Sepsis
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Colon cancer
•
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•
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•
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Risk factors
1. Increasing age
2. Family history
3. Previous colon CA or polyps
4. History of IBD
5. High fat, High protein, LOW fiber
6. Breast Ca and Genital Ca
7. Have an inflammatory disease
If you eat a lot of animal sources
If your not physically active
Or Obese
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Stages of Colon Cancer
• Stage 0• In Stage 0, the cancer is at a very early
stage and is located only in the inner lining
of the colon. The recommended treatment
for Stage 0 colon cancer is surgical
removal of the tumor, along with parts of
the colon on either side of the tumor site.
If detected early, colon cancer is highly
curable and has a low risk for recurrence.
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Stages of Colon Cancer (continued)
• Stage 1• in this stage, the cancer has grown through
several layers of the colon, but is still
confined to the wall of the colon. It has not
spread to nearby organs as yet. Surgery is
the recommended treatment at Stage I.
Stage I is also highly curable, with a low
risk for recurrence.
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Stages of Colon Cancer (continued)
• Stage 2• In Stage II, the cancer has spread (metastases) to
nearby organs or tissues, but not to the lymph
nodes. Lymph nodes are small, bean-shaped
structures where cells are stored; nodes can trap
cancer cells or bacteria traveling through the
body. The recommended treatment for Stage II
is surgical removal of the tumor. Adjuvant
therapy (chemotherapy and radiation therapy) is
also suggested for Stage II patients with
recurrences.
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Stages of Colon Cancer (continued)
• Stage 3• In this stage, the cancer has spread outside the
large intestine to regional lymph nodes, but not
to other body parts. Treatment for Stage III
colon cancer includes surgical removal of a
section of the colon and rejoining the remaining
ends (anastomosis). Surgery is usually followed
by chemotherapy. Studies have shown that the
number of lymph nodes involved affects the
outcome. Patients with 1-3 nodes involved have
significantly greater survival rates than those
with 4 or more nodes involved.
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Stages of Colon Cancer (continued)
• Stage 4• Stage IV is the most advanced stage of colon
cancer. The cancer has spread beyond the colon,
rectum or regional lymph nodes to distant
organs or tissue (such as liver, ovaries and
lungs). Although cancer is not usually curable at
this stage, surgery is still the recommended
treatment. Surgical resection of the colon and
reconnection of the large intestine is done so as
to blockage of the colon and any other local
complications. Chemotherapy and/or radiation
are generally given for palliative purposes.
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Symptoms of Colon Cancer
• Persistent
Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Blood in the Stool
• And Unexplained
Fatigue
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The Difference between a Normal
Colon and a Colon with Cancer
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The Difference between a Normal Colon and
a Colon with Cancer (Continued)
• The Colon on the Left is a normal Colon and the
Colon on the right is a Colon with Cancer.
• You can see the difference of the two
• The normal Colon has a bigger opening and the
Colon with cancer has a small opening
• There is also a difference in color. The normal
Colon is more yellowish and the Colon with
cancer is more tanish.
• Notice that the Colon with cancer has more veins
and the normal Colon has fewer
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Colon cancer
• MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
• 1. Chemotherapy
• 2. Radiation therapy
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Colon cancer
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•
•
•
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
Surgery is the primary treatment
Based on location and tumor size
Resection, anastomosis, and colostomy
(temporary or permanent)
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Surgery
• Surgery or "resection" of the colon involves
cutting away the portion of the colon that is
diseased, and reconnecting the two healthy parts
(anastomosis).
• In a small percentage of patients with colon
cancer (about 15 percent) the surgeon will be
unable to reconnect the healthy parts. In such a
case, a temporary or permanent colostomy is
used. A colostomy is a surgical opening (stoma)
through the wall of the abdomen into the colon,
which provides a new path for waste material to
leave the body. A special bag is worn to collect
the body's waste.
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Colon Cancer Preventions
• Colon cancer can be
prevented and cured
through early
detection
• Changing your eating
habits( more fiber and
less fats)
• Don’t smoke and
drink less
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• You may have heard
that taking aspirin
prevents colon
cancer. This is an
exciting area of
research, and studies
are currently
underway to evaluate
whether aspirin can
prevent the
recurrence of
precancerous colon
polyps.
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Future Research
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Colon Cancer Deaths (Continued)
• Approximately 6% of Americans will
develop colon cancer and 40% of those will
die of the disease
• There are about 134,000 new cases and
55,000 deaths occur annually
• 90% of deaths are over people 45 years old
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Colon cancer
NURSING INTERVENTION
Pre-Operative care
• 1. Provide HIGH protein, HIGH calorie
and LOW residue diet
• 2.Provide information about post-op care
and stoma care
• 3. Administer antibiotics 1 day prior
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Colon cancer
NURSING INTERVENTION
Pre-Operative care
• 4. Enema or colonic irrigation the evening
and the morning of surgery
• 5. NGT is inserted to prevent distention
• 6. Monitor UO, F and E, Abdomen PE
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Colon cancer
NURSING INTERVENTION
Post-Operative care
• 1. Monitor for complications
• Leakage from the site, prolapse of stoma, skin
irritation and pulmo complication
• 2. Assess the abdomen for return of
peristalsis
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Colon cancer
NURSING INTERVENTION
Post-Operative care
• 3. Assess wound dressing for bleeding
• 4. Assist patient in ambulation after 24H
• 5.provide nutritional teaching
• Limit foods that cause gas-formation and
odor (Cabbage, beans, eggs, fish, peanuts)
• Low-fiber diet in the early stage of recovery
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Colon cancer
NURSING INTERVENTION
Post-Operative care
• 6. Instruct to splint the incision and
administer pain meds before exercise
• 7. The stoma is PINKISH to cherry red,
Slightly edematous with minimal pinkish
drainage
• 8. Manage post-operative complication
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Colon cancer
• NURSING INTERVENTION:
COLOSTOMY CARE
• Colostomy begins to function 3-6 days after
surgery
• The drainage maybe soft/mushy or semisolid depending on the site
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Colon cancer
• NURSING INTERVENTION:
COLOSTOMY CARE
• BEST time to do skin care is after shower
• Apply tape to the sides of the pouch before
shower
• Assume a sitting or standing position in
changing the pouch
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Colon cancer
– NURSING INTERVENTION:
COLOSTOMY CARE
– Instruct to GENTLY push the skin down
and the pouch pulling UP
– Wash the peri-stomal area with soap and
water
– Cover the stoma while washing the peristomal area
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Colon cancer
• NURSING INTERVENTION: COLOSTOMY
CARE
• Lightly pat dry the area and NEVER rub
• Lightly dust the peri-stomal area with
nystatin powder
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Colon cancer
• NURSING INTERVENTION: COLOSTOMY
CARE
• Measure the stomal opening
• The pouch opening is about 0.3 cm larger
than the stomal opening
• Apply adhesive surface over the stoma and
press for 30 seconds
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Colon cancer
• NURSING INTERVENTION: COLOSTOMY
CARE
• Empty the pouch or change the pouch
when
– 1/3 to ¼ full (Brunner)
– ½ to 1/3 full (Kozier)
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THE END
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Benign prostate hypertrophy
(BPH)
Prostate Cancer
Breast cancer
Dr Ibraheem Bashayreh, RN
PhD
9/12/2009
56
What is the Function of the Prostate?
9/12/2009
• The prostate is a walnutsized gland located
behind the base of the
penis, in front of the
rectum and below the
bladder
• It surrounds the urethra,
the tube-like channel that
carries urine and semen
through the penis
• The primary function of
the prostate is to produce
seminal fluid, the liquid in
semen that protects,
57
supports, and helps
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
• Enlargement of prostate gland which obstructs
urinary out flow
• Urinary stream decreases, with dysuria
• Gradual dilation of ureters and kidney due to
stasis
• Age related and slow progressing, usually>50
• Cause is unknown – possible arteriosclerosis,
changes in hormone levels, or inflammation
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
(BPH)
• Subjective symptoms
– Urgency, frequency,
burning, and hesitancy
– Decreased force of
urination
– Nocturia
9/12/2009
• Objective symptoms
–
–
–
–
–
Voiding small amounts
Hematuria
Urinary retention
Infection
Enlarged prostate on
exam
– Renal insufficiency
59
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
• Diagnostic tests
– Client history
– Physical exam
– Residual cath
– IVP:An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is an xray examination of the kidneys, ureters and
urinary bladder that uses iodinated contrast
material injected into veins.
– BUN (The blood urea nitrogen ) and creatitine
levels
– UA and C&S
• Cystoscopy
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
• Treatment
– Drugs
• Testosterone ablating agents – diethystilbestrol
(DES)
• Testosterone sparing – Proscar, which reduces the
size of the gland
• Alpha blockers – Flomax, relax smooth muscle in
the bladder neck and prostate
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
• Surgical removal
– TURP
– Subrapubic, retropubic, or perineal
prostectomy
• Other methods to improve function
– Sexual intercourse, hot sitz baths, or prostatic
massage- which releases prostatic fluid
pressure
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
• Post- op care routine +
– With TURP will have a catheter, possibly 3way for irrigation
– Watch for blood clots
– Keep accurate I/O
– Give pain RX and antispasmotics
– Encourage fluids
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Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)
• Complications
– At risk for UTI and retention
– Erectile dysfunction
– Hemorrhage
– Urinary leakage
– Sterility
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What is Cancer?
• A group of 100 different diseases
• The uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells
• Cancer may spread to other parts of the
body
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•
•
•
•
•
What is Prostate Cancer?
The most common type of cancer in
men and second most frequent cause of
cancer-related death in men
An estimated 192,280 men diagnosed
in the United States in 2009
A malignant (cancerous) tumor that
begins in the prostate gland
Some prostate cancers grow very
slowly and may not cause problems for
years
Prostate cancer is somewhat unusual in
that cancer that has spread can be
successfully treated
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What are the Risk Factors for Prostate
Cancer?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Age
Race/ethnicity (Black men at highest risk)
Family history
Diet
Hormone
Other
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Prostate Cancer and Early Detection
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
• Digital rectal examination (DRE)
• Discuss screening with your doctor
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What are the Symptoms of Prostate Cancer?
• Frequent urination, or weak or interrupted
urine flow
• Pain or burning during urination, or blood in
the urine or semen
• The urge to urinate frequently during the
night
• Different symptoms if the cancer has spread:
pain in the back, weight loss, fatigue
• None of the symptoms are specific to
prostate cancer, could be caused by an
enlarged prostate, a condition called benign
prostate hyperplasia (BPH)
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How is Prostate Cancer Diagnosed?
•
•
•
•
•
PSA test
DRE
Diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy
Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
Imaging tests can determine if the
cancer has spread
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Prostate Cancer Staging
• Staging is a way of describing a cancer, such as
the size of a tumor and if or where it has spread
• Staging is the most important tool doctors have to
determine a patient’s prognosis
• Staging is described by the TNM system
(Classification of Malignant Tumours): the size and
location of the Tumor, whether cancer has spread
to nearby lymph Nodes, and whether the cancer
has Metastasized (spread to other areas of the
body)
• Another staging system assigns letters (A,B,C,D) to
describe the cancer
• Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer
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Prostate Cancer Grading
• Grade describes how much cancer cells
look like normal cells (for example, do
the cells look almost normal or very
abnormal?)
• The grade of the cancer can help the
doctor predict how quickly the cancer
will spread
• The Gleason System is the most
common grading system and describes
the cell patterns seen under the
microscope
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Stage I or Stage A Prostate
Cancer
• Stage I cancer is
found only in the
prostate and
usually grows
slowly
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Stage II or Stage B Prostate
Cancer
• Stage II cancer
has not spread
beyond the
prostate gland,
but involves
more than one
part of the
prostate, and
may tend to grow
more quickly
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Stage III or Stage C Prostate
Cancer
• Stage III cancer
has spread
beyond the outer
layer of the
prostate into
nearby tissues or
to the seminal
vesicles, the
glands that help
produce semen
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Stage IV or Stage D Prostate
Cancer
• Stage IV cancer
has spread to
other areas of
the body such as
the bladder,
rectum, bone,
liver, lungs, or
lymph nodes
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How is Prostate Cancer Treated?
• Treatment depends on stage of cancer
• More than one treatment may be used
• Active surveillance (watchful waiting) for
some early-stage cancers
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Hormone therapy
• Chemotherapy
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Cancer Treatment: Active
Surveillance
• A way to monitor early-stage, slowgrowing, prostate cancer
• Appropriate when cancer treatment would
cause more discomfort than the disease
itself
• Mostly used for older men or men who are
unwell from other illnesses
• Treatment begins when the tumor shows
signs of growing or spreading
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Cancer Treatment: Surgery
• Used to try to cure cancer before it
spreads outside the prostate
• Usually the prostate and nearby lymph
nodes are removed
• Urinary incontinence and sexual side
effects may result from surgery; these side
effects are treatable
• Cryosurgery (destroying cancer cells by
freezing) is still experimental; has high risk
of impotence
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Cancer Treatment: Radiation Therapy
• The use of high-energy x-rays to destroy cancer
cells
• Used to try to cure disease or control symptoms
• External-beam: outside the body
• Brachytherapy: the insertion of radioactive
pellets into the prostate
• Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT):
small beams of radiation are aimed at a tumor
from many angles
• Side effects may include bowel and urinary
problems, rash, and dry, reddened, or
discolored skin
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Cancer Treatment: Hormone Therapy
• Reduces level of male sex hormones to slow
growth of cancer
• Used to treat prostate cancer that has grown
after surgery and radiation therapy or to
shrink large tumors before surgery and
radiation therapy
• Can be done surgically or through
medication
• Hormone therapy may cause a variety of
side effects, including a risk of metabolic
syndrome
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Cancer Treatment: Chemotherapy
• Use of drugs to kill cancer cells
• No standard chemotherapy for prostate
cancer
• Docetaxel (Taxotere) and prednisone help
men with advanced prostate cancer live
longer
• Other medications may help control
symptoms
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Breast Cancer
• The most common
form of cancer among
women
• The second most
common cause of
cancer related
mortality
• 1 of 8 women (12.2%)
• One third of women
with breast cancer die
from breast cancer
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Risk Factors for Breast
Cancer
• Female (1% male)
• Aging
• Relative (mother or
sister)
• Menstrual history
– early on set
– late menopause
• Child birth
– After the age of 30
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Exogenous Estrogen
9/12/2009
• Hormonal replacement
therapy(HRT)
– 30% increased risk
with long term use
• Oral
Contraceptives(OC)
– risk slight
– risk returns to
normal once the use
of OC’s has been
discontinued
85
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
• Radiation exposure
• Breast disease
– Atpyical Hyperplasia
– Intraductal carcinoma in
situ
– Intralobular carcinoma in
situ
• Obesity
• Diet
– Fat
9/12/2009
– Alcohol
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Breast Cancer
• Prognosis
– When cancer is confined to the breast,
the 5-year relative survival rate is
96.8%;
– cancer spread to surrounding tissue, 5year rate is 75.9%;
– disease has metastasized, the rate is
20.6%
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Normal breast physiology and
anatomy
• Symmetry and balance
• Size
– weight
– menstrual cycle
• pregnancy and lactation
• Texture
• Shape
– age
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Abnormal signs and symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Puckering
Dimpling
Retraction
Nipple discharge
Thickening of skin or lump or “knot”
Retracted nipple
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Abnormal signs and
symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Change in breast size
Pain or tenderness
Redness
Change in nipple position
Scaling around nipples
Sore on breast that does not heal
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Staging of Breast Cancer
• The American Joint Committee on
Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging
by TNM
• T= tumor size
• N = lymph node involvement
• M = metastasis
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Stage 1
• Tumor < 2.0 cm in
greatest
dimension
• No nodal
involvement (N0)
• No metastases
(M0)
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Stage II
• Tumor > 2.0 < 5 cm
or
• Ipsilateral axillary
lymph node (N1)
• No Metastasis (M0)
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93
Stage III
• Tumor > 5 cm (T3)
• or ipsilateral (On the same side )
axillary lymph nodes fixed to each
other or other structures (N2)
• involvement of ipsilateral internal
mammary nodes (N3)
• Inflammatory carcinoma (T4d)
9/12/2009
94
Stage IV (Metastatic breast
cancer)
• Any T
• Any N
• Metastasis (M1)
9/12/2009
95
Figure 47-14
9/12/2009
96
Types of breast cancer
• In situ (an early form of carcinoma
defined by the absence of invasion of
surrounding tissues )
– Intraductal (DCIS)
– Intralobular (LCIS)
• Invasive
– Infiltrating ductal carcinoma
– Tubular carcinoma
– Medullary carcinoma
– Mucinous carcinoma
9/12/2009
97
Methods of Detection
• Clinical exam by MD or
nurse
• Mammography
• Monthly breast self-exam
(BSE)
9/12/2009
98
Clinical examination
• Performed by doctor or
trained nurse practitioner
• Annually for women over
40
• At least every 3 years for
women between 20 and
40
• More frequent
examination for high risk
patients
9/12/2009
99
Mammography
• X-ray of the breast
• Has been shown to
save lives in patients
50-69
• Data mixed on
usefulness for
patients 40-49
• Normal
mammogram does
not rule out
possibility of cancer
9/12/2009
completely
100
Breast Cancer
• Medical treatment
– Lumpectomy, simple mastectomy, and radical
mastectomy
– Staging: the tumor-node-metastasis classification
– Critical factor determined—whether the cancer cells
are estrogen receptors or nonreceptors
• Tamoxifen: selective estrogen receptor
modulator (SERM) prescribed for the estrogen
receptors
– Chemotherapy, hormone therapy, radiation therapy,
biologic therapy, or a combination of these may be
employed before, during, or after surgery
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101
Figure 47-13
9/12/2009
102
Breast Cancer
• Interventions
– Disturbed Body Image
– Risk for Injury
– Impaired Physical Mobility
– Deficient Knowledge
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103
GOOD LUCK ANY QUESTIONS
9/12/2009
104