Welcome!
Cyberbullying: Prevention and Intervention in
School Using a Three-Tier Model
Presenters:
Shietel Chhana and Laurel Tanner, Spring 2011
1
Workshop Outline
• Cyberbullying
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Youth’s use of media
What is cyberbullying?
Comparison to traditional bullying
Statistics
Types of cyberbullying
Who’s involved?
Effects of cyberbulling
• Legislation
–
–
–
–
Federal law
State laws
Cases
BREAK (15 Minutes)
2
• Prevention/Intervention
– Tier 1 (Focus of this workshop)
– Tier 2
– Tier 3
• What can Parents do?
– Communication
– Educate
– Rules
3
Percentage of 8-18 year-olds who own
each electronic device
76%
2009
66%
29%
iPods/MP3
Players
Cellphones
18%
2004
39%
Laptops
12%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Rideout et al, (2010)
4
Youth Media Use, 1999, 2004, 2009
Average Hours and Minutes Per Day Spent With Each
Medium In A Typical Day Among 8-18 Year-Olds
TV
Music/ Computer Video
Content audio
Games
Print
Movies
Multitasking
Total
(Actual Time
Total)
2009
3:47
1:48
1:29
1:13
38
25
10:45
(7:38)
2004
3:51
1:44
1:02
49
43
25
1999
4:29
2:31
27
26
43
18
8:33
(6:21)
7:29
(6:19)
Rideout et al, (2010)
Media Use is Part of a
Child’s Environment
“Like the air they breathe, the water they
drink and the food they eat.”
---Dr. Michael Rich
Quoted by Lewin, (2010)
6
Cyberbullying:
What can parents do?
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/2610179/cyberbullying/
7
E-Privacy
“Once you hit send,
privacy is gone.”
----Joseph P. Kahn
(Kahn, 2010)
8
True or False
• Cyberbullying does not result in physical harm
to victims because it occurs (and is contained)
completely online.
• Traditional schoolyard bullies are also likely to
be cyberbullies.
9
What is Bullying?
“Aggression that is intentionally carried out by
one or more individuals and repeatedly
targeted toward a person who cannot easily
defend him- or herself”
Dan Olweus’s bullying definition restated by Smith, et al. (2008).
10
What is Cyberbullying?
“An aggressive, intentional act carried out by
a group or individual, using electronic forms
of contact, repeatedly and over time against
a victim who cannot easily defend him-or
herself”
Smith et al., (2008)
11
A Practical Definition
“Cyberbullying is any
behavior performed through
electronic or digital media by
individuals or groups that
repeatedly communicated
hostile or aggressive
messages intended to inflict
harm or discomfort on
others”
Tokunaga, R. (2010).
12
Traditional vs. Cyberbullying
Traditional
A bully repeatedly
says and/or does
mean or threatening
things in the
presence of the
victim and perhaps
bystanders.
Cyberbullying
A cyberbully can post mean,
threatening things online and
which may potentially be
accessed forever by almost
anyone.
13
Traditional vs. Cyberbullying
Traditional
The bully usually
bullies the victim
face to face,
therefore the
identity of the bully
is known to the
victim.
Cyberbullying
The cyberbully can
remain anonymous.
14
Traditional vs. Cyberbullying
Traditional
The bully is usually
physically stronger
than the victim.
Cyberbullying
Superior physical
strength is not
required.
15
Traditional vs. Cyberbullying
Traditional
Bullies at school are
usually limited to
attacking during
school hours.
Cyberbullying
Cyberbullies can
torment their victims
24 hours a day, 7 days a
week.
16
Traditional vs. Cyberbullying
Traditional
In most physical bullying
attacks, there are few
witnesses.
Cyberbullying
An online post can
potentially be available
for access by anyone
with an internet
connection anywhere
in the world,
downloaded by others,
and possibly reposted
online endlessly.
17
Traditional vs. Cyberbullying
Bullying
Cyberbullying
• Occurs on school property
• Usually occurs off school property
• Poor relationships with
• Usually good relationships with
teachers
• Physical: Hitting, punching &
shoving
• Verbal: Teasing, name calling
& gossip
• Nonverbal: Use of gesture &
exclusion
teachers
• Electronic aggression not easily
observed
• Electronic teasing and harassment are
not easily observed
• Electronic slights and exclusion are not
easily observed
McKenna & Bargh, 2004; Ybarra & Mitchell, (2004)
18
True or False
• Most victims of cyberbullying tell an adult
(parent or teacher) about their experience.
• Boys are more likely to be victims of
cyberbullying than girls.
19
Who’s involved?
•
•
•
•
Bully
Victim
Bully-Victim
Not Involved
20
Prevalence
• 20%-40% of youths report being victimized
• More common in grades 6 and up
• No particular gender difference in
cyberbullying involvement
• Boys slightly more likely to to be
cyberbullies
• Girls slightly more likely to be cybervictims
Wang et al, (2009), Tokunaga, (2010)
21
Cyberbullying Prevalence Statistics
Data collected from 7, 182 sixth-tenth grade students
in the United States
Of those students who said they were involved
• 27.4% were bullies
• 40% were victims
• 32.6% were bully-victims
Wang et al., (2009)
22
Types of Cyberbullying
• Flaming – engaging in a heated online exchange
• Harassment – causes emotional stress
• Cyber Stalking—harassment that is repeated
and threatening
• Impersonation – communicating negatively
and/or giving false information while acting as
someone else
• Outing – sharing or forwarding personal, private
information
• Exclusion – removing or blocking people
Kowalski, (2008)
23
Where Does it Occur?
Social networking sites
Instant messaging
Email
Text messaging
Chat rooms
24
Other Ways to Cyberbully
Forums
Websites/blogs
YouTube
Social Networks
25
Social Network Privacy?
“It’s a grave misunderstanding that if
you post on social-network sites, it’s
still somehow private.’’
--George Snell
quoted by Kahn, (2010)
26
Question: On facebook, you have a
100 friends and each of
your friends have 100
friends. How many
people could possibly
see your post if your
privacy setting is set to
“Friends of friends?”
27
Answer:
At least 10,000 people
28
True or False
• Victims of cyberbullying are at an increased
risk for traditional bullying victimization and
school problems.
• Research has shown that victims of
cyberbullying suffer from anger, frustration,
and sadness.
29
Harmful Effects of Cyberbullying
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fear
Social anxiety
Depression
Sadness
Embarrassment
Negative educational impact
Lowered general feelings of well-being
30
Cybervictims Suffer the Most
Types of Bullying
•Physical
•Verbal
•Relational
•Electronic
Groups
•Bully
•Victim
•Bully-victim
•Noninvolved
"Cyber victims reported higher
depression than cyber bullies or
bully-victims, which was not found
in any other form of bullying“
—(Wang, Nansel and Iannotti, 2010)
31
Megan Meier
(November 6, 1992 – October 17, 2006)
• A teenager from Missouri
• Committed suicide in 2006
just before her 14th birthday.
• Her suicide was attributed to
cyber-bullying through
Myspace.
• The mother of a friend of
Meier, Lori Drew, was later
indicted
• In 2009, Drew was acquitted.
32
Phoebe Prince
(November 24, 1994- January 14, 2010)
• Moved from Ireland to Massachusetts
• suffered months of bullying from
• Bullied by classmates which included
cyberbullying,
• Prince committed suicide at the age of 15
• As a result of her death, an anti-bullying
Massachusetts legislation was signed into law on
May, 2010.
• The suicide of Phoebe Prince, led to the criminal
prosecution of six teenagers for charges including
statutory rape and civil rights violations.
• Pre-trial hearings began on September 15, 2010.
33
The e-landscape: A Minefield
“The ease and speed with which . . .
communications can now spread have turned
the e-landscape into even more of a minefield
than it was a few years ago”
-- Tobe Berkovitz
quoted by Kahn, (2010)
34
True or False
• A school is protected from legal liability and
not required to intervene in cyberbullying
incidents that occur away from campus.
• Research has shown that utilizing blocking and
filtering software decreases the likelihood of
experiencing cyberbullying.
35
Legislation
No Federal law specifically against Cyberbullying
36
Federal Laws for Protection of Children on
the Internet
• Children’s Internet Protection Act - CIPA ’01
• S.1492 Broadband Data Improvement Act ’08
 Title II: Protecting Children in the 21st Century
37
Children’s Internet Protection Act
(CIPA)
• A federal law enacted by Congress to address concerns about access to
offensive content over the Internet on school and library computers
• Schools and libraries subject to CIPA are required to adopt and implement
an Internet safety policy addressing: (a) access by minors to inappropriate
matter on the Internet; (b) the safety and security of minors when using
electronic mail, chat rooms, and other forms of direct electronic
communications; (c) unauthorized access, including so-called “hacking,”
and other unlawful activities by minors online; (d) unauthorized
disclosure, use, and dissemination of personal information regarding
minors; and (e) measures restricting minors’ access to materials harmful
to them.
Federal Communications Commission (2010)
38
Broadband Data
Improvement Act 2008
Title II – Protecting Children
Section 215:
require[s] elementary and secondary schools with
computer access to the Internet to educate minors
about appropriate online behavior, including
interacting…on social networking websites and in
chat rooms and cyberbullying awareness and
response as a part of their Internet safety policy.
39
The First Amendment
Freedom of Speech – Two philosophies
– English Common Law
Government has the power to control what speech
goes against the public good
– Natural Rights
Government’s role is to enforce the rights of individuals
40
Case Law
• Tinker v. Des Moines
Students wearing armbands protesting the
Vietnam War did not disrupt the school or
threaten the rights of the students of the
school
• Bethel v. Fraser
Student given disciplinary actions for giving a
speech with sexual innuendos at school
41
California Education Codes
• 48950: Students have the right to free speech
• 48907: Student can be disciplined by the school
if the off-campus speech is
• “obscene, libelous, or slanderous”
• “incites students as to create a clear and present danger
of the commission of unlawful acts on school premises”
or
• “the violation of lawful school regulations or the
substantial disruption of the orderly operation of the
school”
42
The Effects at School
“After a off-campus cyberbullying incident, students
were “depressed, angry, or simply unable to focus
on school. It might have been happening off
campus . . . but the effects carry on into the
school”
---Principal at Calabasas High School, CA
Paulson, (2003)
43
What Can We Do?
• Should we forbid kids
from using the internet?
BREAK
44
Should we forbid kids from
using the internet?
• It is impractical if not impossible to ban it
completely from their lives.
• What is most important is for adults to teach
children about appropriate internet use.
45
A Multilevel Triangle of Prevention and
Intervention
Tier 3
Tier 2
Tier 1
46
 Prevention
Tier 3
 Identification
 Education
Tier 2
 Being Prepared
for Cyberbullying
Incidents
Tier 1
47
Intervention
Tier 3
Tier 2
Understand Risk
Factors: Recognizing
profiles
Small Group
Intervention
Tier 1
Classroom Curriculum
48
Tier 3
Tier 2
Intensive
Individual
Intervention
 Cybervictims
 Cyberbullies
Tier 1
49
 Prevention
Tier 3
 Identification
 Education
Tier 2
Tier 1
50
Prevention: Everyone Plays
A Role
Administrators
Teachers
Parents
Students
51
Administrators Roles
• Promote and maintain
a safe school climate
• Provide staff training
• School-wide education/assemblies
• Policies and procedures should be developed
based on current law and research
– Use of schoolwide and classroom curriculum
as well as computer use
52
Teachers’ Role
• Enforce school policy
and procedure
• Communicate clear
classroom rules about
electronic media use
• Teach character
building
• Reinforce schoolwide
programs with
classroom lessons
53
Students’ Role
• Use of electronics is
a privilege
• Be careful about
what is posted
• Do not give out
personal information
• Keep passwords
private
• Use different
passwords for
different accounts
• Use unique security
questions
54
Parents’ Role
Rideout, (2010)
• Communicate
• Keep up with the latest
technology
• Speak to children early
about internet safety
• Have clear expectations
and rules for computer
use
• Monitor computer
activities
55
What you can do as a family
•
•
•
•
Have a plan
Respect technology
Use technology wisely
Balance technology
56
Empower our children
• Stand up against cyberbullying
• Support others who are being cyberbullied
• Get help: Tell someone
57
What to do if your child is a victim
•
•
•
•
•
Save evidence
Trace emails and/or text messages
Contact the website or social networking site
Request assistance from school
Legal options
58
If your child is a cyberbully
• How would you react?
Deny your child’s involvement
Minimize the seriousness of the incident
Listen carefully
59
What you can do at home
• Continue to educate your children on
cyberbullying
• Keep computers in an open part of the home
• Have clear guidelines and rules about media use
• Have consequences for inappropriate media use
• Stay up to date on current technology
• “Google” your child’s name
60
Observable Signs of Cyberbullying
Involvement
Emotional distress, anger, depression, fear –
especially after cell phone calls, checking email,
being online
Avoidance of friends
Disrupted sleep patterns
Reluctance to use a computer, or always online
Reluctance to go to school
Declining grades
61
Signs That a Child May Be a Victim of
Cyberbullying
Here are some early signs (courtesy of www.cyberbullying.org)
that a child may be a victim of cyberbullying:
• Long hours on the computer
• Closes windows on their computer when you enter room
• Is secretive about Internet activities
• Behavioral changes
• Is always doing homework on the Internet, but always in
chat groups and getting behind with school work
• May find unexplained long distance telephone call charges
• Won't say who they are talking to
• May find unexplained pictures on computer
62
Signs That a Child May Be a Victim of
Cyberbullying
Here are some early signs (courtesy of www.cyberbullying.org)
that a child may be a victim of cyberbullying:
• Stomachaches and headaches
• Lack of appetite, throwing up
• Fear of going to out of the house
• Crying for no apparent reason
• Lack of interest at social events that include other students
• A marked change in attitude, dress or habits
• Lowered self-esteem
• Missing or incomplete school work, decreased success in class
63
Kiss and Tell
“In the age of blogs, video cameras,
social networks—once someone hears,
sees, or reads something, it goes viral.
The concept of kiss-and-tell seems quaint
compared to what we have now.”
--Tobe Berkovitz
quoted by (Kahn, 2010)
64
You Can’t Take it Back.
• http://www.netsmartz.org/RealLifeStories/Ca
ntTakeItBack
65
Digital Citizens
“ . . . It's up to us to practice due
diligence as we govern ourselves in
our digital lives . . . . It all comes
back to us as digital citizens, and
how far we're willing to stretch to
protect ourselves and others.
--Jason Ohler
Posted by Jason Ohler in response to the Boston Globe’s article, Dec 11, 2010
66
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