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\bold{\bigger{\bigger{\center{Tutorial on ADEW \
The Andrew Development Environment Workbench
}}}}
\
\italic{\center{For Adew version 5.0
}\center{Release of October, 1991}
\center{\italic{Thomas Neuendorffer
Information Technology Center
Carnegie Mellon University
5000 Forbes Ave.
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213
(412) 268-6108
tpn@andrew.cmu.edu}}
}The best way to learn about software is to play with it, and the purpose
of this tutorial is to guide your play. The tutorial moves from simple,
basic concepts to more complex designs, finishing with a complete
step-by-step example of a program that anyone (even a non-programmer!)
can
create. Because later sections depend on information presented earlier,
try and follow the steps in order. Within each section, though, you are
encouraged to do some experimenting.
This document assumes that you have passing familiarity with some ATK
applications, like EZ and Fad, and (more importantly) have read the ADEW
Overview file. If you read the Overview file, but did not completely
understand it, working through this tutorial will help make some of the
concepts presented there more concrete. It is a good idea to read back
through the Overview when you come to convenient stopping places in this
tutorial. If you want, you can also read through the Reference Manual
when
you take a break.
The important thing at this point is to get started: bring up the Arbcon,
fiddle with the switches, create a window and see what it does. You
might
even have fun! \
Note on release of Adew 5.0. \
Adew has had many new features added since this tutorial was written. In
order to keep this document as simple as possible, no attempt has been
made
to cover them all. The interested user is referred to the overview and to
the reference manual for further information. \
Enjoy.
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\chapter{1 Creating Multi-Object Files}
\section{1.1
Getting started}
For the benefit of some of the later examples, you might want to create
an
empty directory in which to do this Tutorial; it will make it easier to
create sample applications later on. \
ADEW applications are created with a program called Arbcon.
Arbcon,
move into the empty directory you created and type
\bold{\leftindent{arb}}
To run
Once you have an Arbcon window up, you will want to bring up a work area
to
try some of the examples. To do this, choose \bold{New Window} from the
\italic{Arbcon} menu within the Arbcon window.
You are prompted for a
file name in the message line. Enter a name (like "scratch") and press
Enter.
The window that appears has a text object in it, by default. You can
change what type of object appears in new windows by clicking in the
\italic{Object <View>} panel before opening the window.
Try that now by
clicking on "lset." You should see the following in your Arbcon window:
\bold{\leftindent{Copying new lset object}}
This lets you know that Arbcon is copying something into the cutbuffer.
Now choose \bold{New Window}. The filename prompt in the message line
specifies that the default object in the window will be lset. Complete
the
prompt by entering a filename, and press Enter. Now you have two
windows,
a text window and an lset window. (The lset window is completely dark.)
The \bold{New Window} option can be used to bring up existing files as
well
as creating new ones. All of the standard commands for reading and
saving
files which are normally available from EZ are operational, though
sometimes it may be necessary to click into an object to bring up the
menus. \
If at any time you have to quit but don't want to lose what you have
done,
use the \bold{Save All} menu option in one of the new windows you have
brought up to save the files you have created, as you would any normal
text
file. \
\section{1.2
Working with lset}
Lset lets you split a window up into rectangular regions of any size. To
do this, choose \bold{Split Horizontal} or \bold{Split Vertically} from
the
\italic{lset} menu. This gives you a split cursor. The next mouse hit
in
the lset will split it, creating one light region and one dark region.
The
dark region is the one that is selected and will be split if you chose a
\bold{Split} command again. To change which rectangle is selected, click
in a different rectangle. Try splitting the window several different
ways
to create a bunch of rectangles. \
The divisions between the rectangles may be moved by dragging on a
division.
Divisions may also be unsplit via the \bold{Unsplit lset}
menu
option. Try moving the divisions, and unsplitting one or two divisions.
\section{1.3
Adding objects}
The basic notion behind using Arbcon is selecting an Object (that Arbcon
copies into the cut buffer) and then pasting the object where you would
like it to go. In this section you can learn about pasting non-value
objects. (In part two of the tutorial, you can learn about valueobjects.)
Try pasting a Fad object into an lset rectangle. First, click on "fad"
in
the Arbcon window. You should see the following in the Arbcon window:
\leftindent{\bold{Copying new fad object}}
Next, move to the lset window, click in the rectangle you want the Fad
object to be in, and choose \bold{Paste} from the lset menu.
Two things
happen.
One: in your lset window, there is now a Fad object. Just click in Fad
once
to give it the input focus (i.e. tell it that it is the thing you want to
take commands) and then just click and drag to draw lines. Draw a few
things in the Fad object. \
Two: in your Arbcon window, you should see the following line:
\leftindent{\bold{fad-fadview Inset. Name} fad}
You do not need to do anything to this line.
Just notice that initially
you were told that Arbcon was copying a new Fad object. Now, Arbcon is
displaying information about the object. You will learn more about this
line, and lines like it later in the Tutorial.
Now, try pasting a Fad object into the \italic{text} window.
Click on
"fad" again, see that it is being copied into the cutbuffer, position the
text caret in the text window, and choose \bold{Paste} from the front
menu
in the text window. You need to click in the Fad object to give it input
focus and see where it is. \
Notice that the Fad in the text expands to a bigger size, while the lset
Fad won't. This is because text adjusts to its children's size requests,
while lset doesn't. This is one of the considerations to take into
account
when deciding what parent object (in this case, text or lset) to use when
creating applications.
Try \bold{Pasting} some of the other available objects into your lset or
text window.
\section{1.4
Naming Objects}
Each file you create with Arbcon has associated with it an "arbiter."
The
arbiters are, by default, named the same as the files they are associated
with. You can't change the name of an arbiter. The primary function of
an
arbiter is to make sure that objects within its file do not have the same
name, which would create name conflicts. \
Specific instances of objects are, by default, named after the object
that
is in them.
Like the name of the first Fad object you create is "fad."
You can see the name of an object in the Arbiter window by clicking on
it.
Notice, that two cels can have the same name if they are in different
files, because they have different arbiters. This is the case with the
two
Fad objects you added to your text and lset files; they are both named
"fad." \
Try Pasting another Fad object into an lset rectangle. Once you choose
\bold{Paste}, information about the object (its name) appears:
\leftindent{\bold{fad-fadview Inset. Name} fad_1}
The object you just added is named "fad_1," to prevent any name
conflicts.
This is a unique name for the object, and so there is no need to change
it. However, if you want to, you can change the name of an object by
editing the name as it appears ("fad_1") and pressing the "Save" button
at
the bottom of the Arbcon window. Try it now. After you have pressed
Save,
check to see that the name of fad_1 is changed by selecting a different
object in the lset window.
Then, select the Fad object whose name you
just changed. The name should no longer be "fad_1," but what ever you
changed it to. Try creating some other objects and changing their names.
\section{1.5
The `Scrolled' Switch}
In the Arbcon window there is a switch with the labels, "Scrolled" and
"Normal." The position of this switch determines whether or not an
object
is brought up with one or more scroll bars, more generally know in ATK as
its "application layer" .(Note: In previous versions of the Arbcon, this
was the 'Application' switch, however since all the known ATK views that
support this application layer do so by bringing up one or more scroll
bars, the button has been renamed accordingly).
Try creating a text object in an lset rectangle. Click in an empty
rectangle to select it. Then click on "text" in the Arbcon window.
Click
on "Scrolled" to move the switch. You should see the following in the
Arbcon window:
\leftindent{\bold{Copying new text object w/ }}scroll bar(s)
Move to the lset window and choose \bold{Paste}. Notice how text comes
up
with a scroll bar. Try creating a Raster object in an lset cel.
Raster's
application layer contains scroll bars in two dimensions. Some objects,
like lset, have no application layer; for them the switch has no effect.
\section{1.6
Cutting
and Copying
}
By now, you have probably created a lot of objects and are perhaps are
getting overloaded.
So lets get rid of some of them.
Most parents
(like
lset or text) provide some method for deleting the objects created under
them. In text you can cut them out or even just backspace over objects
to
destroy them (you will be promoted to see if that is what you really want
to do). The Arbcon provides the cut button as a means of destroying a
cel
and putting a copy of it and its child in the ATK cut buffer.
\
Select one of your objects by clicking in it. Click the cut button in
the
Arbcon window (the button with the scissors). Poof! The object is gone!
But, it's not forgotten. By choosing\bold{ Paste} in any object that
supports it, a new copy of the object is created. Multiple copies may be
created. Objects may also be moved from one parent to another. \
The Copy button
buffer, without
various objects
by
appending a '-'
\section{1.7
in the Arbcon window places a copy of the cel in the cut
destroying the original object. Try cutting and copying
around. Note that name conflicts are resolved as above,
and a unique number to the name to make it unique. \
Linking Cels}
As mentioned in the Overview document, ATK supports the notion of
multiple
views on a single piece of data. The link button on the Arbcon provides
an
interface to this feature. Here you can use it to link two Fad views to
the same data, so when you draw in one object it will show up in the
other.
\
In your lset window, create an empty rectangle. Now, select one of your
existing Fad objects in the lset window and click on the link switch in
the
Arbcon window. Note the following in the message line of Arbcon:
\leftindent{Copying new fadview link to fad}
By default, the object you want to link to is made the same as the object
you want to link from. Now select the empty target rectangle\bold{ }to
link to \bold{in the same
and choose \bold{Paste}.
object. Notice if you go
move an old one) that the
parent} (links may not extend across arbiters)
The new object will be another copy of the Fad
into the new Fad object and add a new line (or
other Fad object also changes.
\subsection{1.7.1 Write-Ins}
Occasionally, one may come across an object that you wish to create that
is
not on the default \italic{Objects <View>} list. When you come across
this
situation, you can use the \bold{Add Object }option on the
\italic{Arbcon}
menu card. This prompts you for a new object to add. The syntax is the
same as description that appears in the Arbcon window. \
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\chapter{2 The Value Objects
}
In the previous section you created two Fad views on the same data, or
object. In this section, you can learn about creating different views on
the same data by using "values." Values are simple dataobjects designed
to
provide a simple and consistent interface for insets that share a common
feature:
\leftindent{\italic{They only need to store an integer, string, and/or
string array. }}\
The value views are sliders, thumbwheels, buttons, bargraphs, and other
objects that can be combined to create applications.
\section{2.1
Creating value objects}
In your Arbcon window, choose \bold{Init Value Window}. This will bring
up
a window that has all the valueview objects in it. Click on each of the
objects. Notice how the attributes of the object that is selected appear
in the Arbcon window, like the following:
\leftindent{\bold{value-onoffV Inset. Name} onoff_0
\bold{\bold{string style
string background-color \
string foreground-color
}long bodyfont-size} 10
\bold{string bodyfont} andy
\bold{string top label }on-off
\bold{string bottom label} switch}
Do not worry about the attributes now.
when
you click on different objects.
Simply notice that they change
(Notice to select clicklist, menustrV and String Entry you need to click
in a specific region within their box.) \
When you click on an object and its attributes appear in the Arbcon
window,
it is copied into the cutbuffer, just like for text, lset and Fad in the
previous section. You can then \bold{Paste} the object into your text or
lset window. Try Pasting a slider. When you click and move the cursor
on
the slider, its value goes up and down. Paste some other value objects
into your text and lset windows.
\section{2.2
Editing the valueview's attributes}
Unlike text, lset, Fad, and other non-value objects, valueviews have user
setable parameters (called attributes) to describe how they will display
themselves. More often that not, this will include a label and the font
to
display it. These may be set via the Arbcon. The attributes look like:
\leftindent{\bold{Type-of-field
Name of the field}
field contents}
The "field contents" is the user setable parameter. To set the
parameters,
just go into that area and type the desired values. For example,
\bold{Paste} an on-off switch somewhere. You should see the attributes
listed in the Arbcon window like those above. Now, change them to look
like the following:
\leftindent{\bold{value-onoffV Inset. Name} onoff_0
\bold{\bold{string style
string background-color \
string foreground-color
}long bodyfont-size} 12
\bold{string bodyfont }andysans
\bold{string top label} ON
\bold{string bottom label} OFF}
When you are done, click the Save button. The on-off switch should
change
to reflect its new values and labels. Try creating and editing some of
the
other valueviews (ignore controlV for the moment). Then try going back
to
an object already edited, select it, edit it, and change some of the
parameters.
\section{2.3
Linking Values}
As with other objects, value objects may be linked. Since they all use
the
same data object, valueviews of different types may also be linked. \
Create a sliderV valueview in your text window and then click the link
button. Notice in the message line of the Arbcon window:
\leftindent{Copying New sliderV link to slider_0}
As with Fad, the default object to link to is identical to the object you
are linking from. Now choose \bold{Paste} in your text window. This
Pastes another slider that is linked to the first one. Slide one slider
up
and down and the other one moves, too.
Now, click on the first slider and flip the switch to link again. This
time, when you see the message in the message line, click on "value
bargraphV" in the Arbcon window. The message line should read:
\leftindent{Copying New bargraphV link to slider_0}
This tells you that a bargraph is being copied into the cut buffer. Note
that what is being copied into the cut buffer does not appear in the area
of the window that it would normally appear in. All you see is the
notification in the message line.
Now, \bold{Paste} in your text window again. If all went well, moving
the
slider should cause the graph to move as well. Note how the graph only
changes when you let up the mouse button on the slider. This is because
valueviews are 'up sensitive'. What happens when you slide the slider
and
the move the mouse pointer outside of it? This is the way one can change
one's mind about changing the value before it gets changed. Try changing
the max and min values of the bargraph. Note how they are not linked to
the range of the slider. \
Try some other combinations of value pairs, like a sliderV and a
bargraphV.
\section{2.4
EnterstrV}
As you may have noticed, enterstrV is a somewhat special value. It is a
combination of a button object and a special text object that lets you
enter strings. Try creating one. Use the following attributes:
\leftindent{\bold{value enterstrV Inset Name} menterstea_0
\bold{string style
string background-color \
string foreground-color
}\bold{long bodyfont-size} 10
\bold{string bodyfont} andy
\bold{string label} Click to enter value.}
Try linking this object to a "stringV" valueview. What happens when a
string is entered? Make a third link to a bargraph and enter '50 beans'
into the enterstrV. Try other links.
\section{2.5
Notes}
You may have noticed that some different valueviews seem to act alike
(sliderV and sliderstrV, thumbV and thumbstrV). We have also avoided the
controlV and menterstrV objects. These are objects whose special
qualities
show up when creating applications. For now, suffice it to say that the
thumbstr and sliderstr objects can be used to display string arrays
instead
of numbers (the Objects and Views wheels are thumbstrVs); the controlV
can
be used to directly call a function; and menterstrV stands for
multiple-enter-strings, and can be used to prompt the user for several
parameters at once. \
This ends part 2 of the tutorial. At this point you should know about
all
there is to know about constructing text and lset files with the Arbcon.
As mentioned, the Arbcon was designed to work with any ATK parent
object,
though it has been mostly tested in text and lset. If you are familiar
with Zip or Table, try using Arbcon with them (See the note in the Cut
section, however.) If you are unclear about any of the above operations,
go back and review that area. You also might want to re-read the
Overview
again at this point.
One last thing to try, if you haven't already, is objects within objects.
The Arbcon is not limited to one level. Try creating a text object in
an
lset rectangle, then create an lset within that text, and so on.
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\chapter{3 Creating Controllers}
\section{3.1
Controller Options
}
Creating files of buttons and switches is all well and fine, but what can
you \italic{do} with them? Atk currently provides two options for binding
together sets of objects into applications. \
\subsection{3.1.1 Createcon
}The first option, createcon, is described below. It requires some
knowledge of the C programming language (including knowledge of
structures,
pointers, and function calls), but knowledge of ATK programming is not
required. Tools are provided to greatly simplify the process of creating
a
dynamically loaded controller program using C and the Atk class
preprocessor. The tutorial below demonstrates how a simple application
can
be created with one line of user written C code.
\subsection{3.1.2 Ness
}An alternative is provided by the interpreted language Ness. Ness is
particularly suited to string-processing applications, and for creating
applications that embed the controller information in the document
itself,
rather than in a separately loaded module. Readers who are unfamiliar
with
C or who prefer to work in an interpreted environment may wish to forego
the following and instead refer to the NESS documentation for further
information on how to create applications with NESS.
\section{3.2
A digital analog computer example.}
Remember analog computers, like the one you may have made for the science
fair as a kid? With two big dials or slider switches with numbers, and a
meter? You could set the dials to a numbers and the meter would show you
their sum. This part of the Tutorial takes you through how to use the
ADEW
tools to make a digital analog computer (or, to be precise, a digital
computer analog of an analog computer :).
Teaching is by example. If you haven't gone through the Tutorial Parts 1
and 2, please do so before continuing. \
\subsection{3.2.1 Setting up}
The following will walk you through the creation of a dynamic object.
Before you begin there is one important step. By default, EZ will only
load dynamic objects from the system directory. You have to tell it to
load objects from one of your own directories if that is what you plan to
do (and it is). To set this up place the following in your ~/.cshrc:
if
($?CLASSPATH) then \
setenv CLASSPATH $\{CLASSPATH\}:. \
else if ($?ANDREWDIR) then \
setenv CLASSPATH $\{ANDREWDIR\}/dlib/atk:. \
else \
setenv CLASSPATH $ANDREWDIR/dlib/atk:. \
setenv ANDREWDIR /usr/andrew
endif \
Now type "source ~/.cshrc". Since .cshrc is always executed when the
cshell starts up, this only has to be done once. (This assumes you run
the
cshell.) \
\subsection{3.2.2 Create a new lset object}
Create an empty directory (or clear out the directory you used to do the
examples above). Start Arbcon and use \bold{New Window} to create an
lset
object. It doesn't matter what you call the new file. Split the lset
into
four rectangles and Paste in:
2 sliderVs (named \italic{sl_0} and \italic{sl_1}, min and max of 1 and
100)
1 bargraphV (named \italic{bg}, min and max of 0 and 200)
1 controlV (named \italic{go})
Setting the attributes for the controlV object requires a little
explanation. When we go to edit it in the Arbcon, we are presented with
some attributes that we have not seen before: Auto-Init, function and
class.
These attributes allow your application to call functions and actually do
things. ATK has what is called a "proctable," which is basically just a
list of functions that can be looked up and called by name. ControlV was
designed to look up a function from this list and call it when clicked
on.
You are going to use this controlV object to create a button that will
start your calculator. Thus, it should have the following attributes:
\bold{value controlV Inset Name} go
\bold{\bold{string style
}}\indent{Indicates the style of button to display, currently supported
are
styles 1,2,3, and 4. Different styles can be set for color and monochrome
displays. See the reference manual for details}.\bold{\bold{
string background-color \
string foreground-color
}}\indent{Sets the
color for the button.
}\bold{string Auto-Init} true
\indent{This is a boolean flag to indicate if the function should be
called
once automatically the first time the controlV is drawn. Set this to
\italic{true}. NOTE: to make application creation easier, ControlV will
only call the function automatically if the Arbcon is not present. \
}\bold{string function} start
\leftindent{This name is appended to the class name (with a '-') to
produce
the proctable function name to look up. }\indent{\
}\bold{string class} daccon
\indent{This is the object to load where the function is expected to be
defined. For ADEW application, this is where you should specify the name
for the controller you wish to create. Call it \italic{daccon}, for
digital-analog computer controller. \
}\bold{long bodyfont-size} 12
\bold{string bodyfont} andy
\bold{string label} Go
At this point your window should look something like this:
\center{\
\begindata{raster,539881384}
2 0 68266 68266 0 0 442 288
bits 539881384 442 288
ZZUc0 |
ZZUc0 |
c0zztc0 |
c0zztc0 |
c0t15/55/55#55
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c48e401e7c186c
cdb333666cf1e1
8015/55/55#55
c50740j0180l2a
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c0 |
c4g40j0180l15
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c0 |
c7Gc0j0180l2a
/aa/aa#aagGf8
c0 |
c0t15/55/55#55
ic0 |
c0zztc0 |
c0zztc0 |
ZZUc0 |
ZZUc0 |
ZZUc0 |
e0zj01c0s1cs01
c0 |
e0zj01c0s1cs01
c0 |
e0zj01c0s1cs01
c0 |
e0zj01c0s1cs01
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e0zj01c0s1cs01
c0 |
e0zj01c0s1cs01
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e0zj01c0s1cs01
c0 |
e0zj01c0s1cs01
c0 |
e0rc0q01c0l60
l1cl06l01c0 |
e0q0120q01c0l
90l1cl09l01c0 |
e0q0120q01c0l
90l1cl09l01c0 |
g!88c0 |
f888c0 |
8088c0 |
8088c0 |
8088c0 |
gG88c0 |
g8008c0 |
e0q0120q01c0l
e0q0120q01c0l
e0q0120q01c0l
e0rc0q01c0l60
e0zj01c0s1cs01
e0zj01c0k!5550
e0zj01c0k!aaa0
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
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e0zj01c0ka222
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e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
e0zj01c0ka222
e0zj01c0k4888
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k1ck0a!aak01c0 |
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\enddata{raster, 539881384}
\view{rasterview,539881384,47,0,0}}
\
\subsection{3.2.3 Creating the application code
}
If all looks good, save the file from the lset window as \italic{adc},
and
either choose the create controller option from the ADEW menus, or enter
the command window and type \
\leftindent{\bold{createcon adc}}
The output from this program will be as follows: \
\leftindent{Creating a controller for adc. Please wait...
running /usr/andy//lib/arbiters/conpros.awk adc
Creating daccon.ch
Creating daccon.c
Creating Imakefile
Creating makedaccon shellscript
Done
}
This indicates the new files created. Take a brief look at the generated
.c file (appendix 1). At first glance, it will appear rather complex.
In
fact, it \bold{is} rather complex. However, take heart in the fact that
Createcon has taken care of most all of the complexity for you. You will
have to edit this code slightly, but you can safely ignore most of it. \
\subsection{3.2.4 What these file have}
What Createcon has done is produce code for a dynamically loadable object
that contains:
1. A proctable entry for an initialization function that is keyed to the
controlV button.
2. A structure containing pointers to all of the dataobjects and views
within the application. The dataobject pointers will be named the same as
the object ('-' and other strange characters are translated to '_'s), the
view pointers will be the same, with the addition of the word view.
3. CallBack procedures set up to be called whenever a value stored in one
of the value objects changes. These procedures are keyed to the names we
gave the objects. A procedure name is the word CallBack appended to the
object name.
4. All the files necessary for compiling a dynamic object.
Some feature of the Createcon produced code are:
1. If several values have the same name, differing only by a -<number>.
Only one call back procedure will be set up for all of them. The third
argument to the function (r1) will be set to the -<number> of the calling
value.
2. The code contains many comments of the form
/* user code begins here for foo */
/* user code ends here for foo */
It is between the comments that all user written code should be added.
The
Createcon program uses these comment to determine what code it should
preserve when creating new versions of the code. Thus, if you went back
to
adc and added a new button. The next running of Createcon will move the
old
c code to a backup file and merge in the additions you made into the new
code. \
3. A .ch file, containing the class definition is also created. It also
contains comments, as in 2. above, where the applications programmer may
add additional fields to the structure he will always be passed in the
call-back routines.
\subsection{3.2.5 Adding your code}
The next step is to edit daccon.c to produce the desired effect, in this
case, cause the bargraph to display the sum of the two sliders. Since you
want to be sensitive to any change in the sliders, and we named the
sliders
sl_0 and sl_1, we need to find slCallBack. It currently looks like this:
static void slCallBack(self,val,r1,r2)
struct daccon *self;
struct value *val;
long r1,r2;
\{
if(r2 == value_OBJECTDESTROYED) \{
if(self->sl_0 == val) self->sl_0 = NULL;
if(self->sl_1 == val) self->sl_1 = NULL;
\}
\{
/* user code begins here for slCallBack */
/* user code ends here for slCallBack */
\}
\}
Self points to the controller object, with pointers to all of the child
objects.
Val is a pointer to the value object that changed.
r1 is a pointer to the index of the calling object (either 0 or 1 in this
case for sl_0 and sl_1).
r2 is either a constant that may be ignored, or the constant
value_OBJECTDESTROYED to indicate that the value object has been
destroyed.
As seen above, createcon generates code to look for this constant and set
the pointers to NULL if the objects are destroyed. \
To get and set the values, it is necessary to know the programmer
interface
to the value objects. This is detailed in the ADEW Reference manual.
There
are only about 9 methods (i.e. functions), of which we currently need
two:
value_GetValue(val) returns the long contents of a value.
value_SetValue(val,rock) sets the contents of a value. \
So our code will be functionally be:
\italic{/* user code begins here for slCallBack */}
int a,b,c ;
a = value_GetValue(self->sl_0);
b = value_GetValue(self->sl_1);
c = a + b;
value_SetValue(self->bg,c);
\italic{/* user code ends here for slCallBack */}
This, using value_GetValue and value_SetValue, would look like the
following: \
\italic{/* user code begins here for slCallBack */}
value_SetValue(self->bg,value_GetValue(self->sl_0) +
value_GetValue(self->sl_1));
\italic{/* user code ends here for slCallBack */}
This is what you should put in as your code. And that is it.
ATK application written with one line of code.
A complete
To be safe, it is good programming practice to ensure that both objects
exist before calling their methods. So the best way to write this code
would be:
\italic{/* user code begins here for slCallBack */}
if(self->sl_0 != NULL && self->sl_1 != NULL)
value_SetValue(self->bg,value_GetValue(self->sl_0) +
value_GetValue(self->sl_1));
\italic{/* user code ends here for slCallBack */}
\section{3.3
Completing the application}
Now that you have edited daccon.c, it may be compiled by running the
makedaccon shellscript. \
\bold{\leftindent{makedaccon}}
This will produce something like the following output, depending on your
machine type and local configuration:
##### Generating Makefile with Relative Path:
./../../../andy
making dependencies
./../../../andy/config/depend.csh /usr/local/bin/makedepend /usr/amos
//usr/include/X11 "hc" /usr/amos/bin/class "-I. -I/usr/amos/include/atk
-I/usr/amos/include -I//usr/include/X11"
/usr/amos/bin/class -s -I. -I. -I/usr/amos/include/atk
-I/usr/amos/include -I//usr/include/X11 daccon.ch
Adding new delimiting line "##### DEPENDENCY LINE - DO NOT DELETE #####"
Adding dependencies...
rm -f daccon.o
cc -c -I. -g -I/usr/amos/include/atk -I/usr/amos/include
-I//usr/include/X11
daccon.c
w "daccon.c",L85/C16:
self: Variable is set but is never referenced.
<Note: don't worry about warnings of unused variables that some compilers
display> \
/usr/amos/bin/makedo -g -d /usr/amos/lib -b /usr/amos/bin -o daccon.do
daccon.o
doindex: indexing daccon.do ...OK
The first part of this output (up through the \italic{Appending...} line)
is the result of the shell scripts use of the \bold{genmake} program to
create a new makefile. This should only occur the first time you run
makedaccon. Subsequent runs will use the Makefile that this run created.
\
If all goes well the result will be a .do file, which is the dynamic
module
that is loaded into the EZ editor to make the adc work. Now go back and
run
\bold{\indent{ez adc}}
Slide the controllers and watch it work. \
\subsection{3.3.1 Trouble Shooting}
If it doesn't work, try checking the following.
1. Is the CLASSPATH set? Type
printenv CLASSPATH
and see if it includes the current directory.
above.
If not, see Setting Up
2. Did the daccon.do file get produced
3. Did you remember to save the change back into daccon.c
\subsection{3.3.2 Note}
An interesting side effect of running applications within the Ez editor
is
the fact that the editor may think that it needs to tell the user
quitting
the application that the file has changed and needs saving. To prevent
this, you can add the following 'magic' line to the start function. \
arbiterview_SetIgnoreUpdates(v,TRUE);
so that the code will read \
daccon_start(v,dat)
struct view *v;
long dat;
\{
struct daccon *self;
if((self = FindSelf(v)) == NULL) return;
/* user code begins here for daccon_start */
arbiterview_SetIgnoreUpdates(v,TRUE);
/* user code ends here for daccon_start */
\}
\subsection{3.3.3 New Features
}
In responce to user feedback, some new features have been added to
Adew.
These include the ability to create applications without control buttons
and run them outside of the ez editor environment. It is also possible to
use the page object create panels that switch between different sets of
objects under application control. For details on these and other
advanced
features, please see the Adew Reference Manual.
\subsection{3.3.4 Modifying the application
}
As mentioned above, createcon will preserve user written code
across
different versions of the appication. To try this, go back to adc and add
another slider whose value should be subtracted from the total of the
other
two. Then run createcon again and modify the call back. Adew was designed
to make this sort of updating as easy as possible.
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\chapter{4 Epilogue
}
This is the basic scheme behind creating ADEW applications. Now that
this
one is working, try adding a switch to indicate to add or multiply. Then
think about how these tools might be useful to some application you've
been
thinking about. A prototype perhaps. Remember, applications are not
limited to calls on value objects. Since you have the pointer to all the
objects, any of their methods and class procedures are available. The
text
and simpletext methods for manipulating documents have proven
particularly
useful. See the ATK documentation for a description of these and others.
To see more advanced applications, look in the ATK controllers
directory.
These demo applications have been installed in $ANDREWDIR/lib/arbiters
and
may be run as follows
ez $ANDREWDIR/lib/arbiters/calc.lset
This is a simple calculator and probably the best source code to look at
for information on creating more complex applications. \
ez
$ANDREWDIR/lib/arbiters/helparb
This is a prototype help application that scans the $ANDREWDIR/help
directory and provides help.
ez $ANDREWDIR/lib/arbiters/piano.lset \
If you are running on an IBM RT or 6152, this piano inset will allow you
to
play music. It has the distinction of being the first piano ever known to
be sent in a completely functional via electronic mail. (it can be
viewed,
run, and played in the messages program itself).
Enjoy.
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\section{4.1
Appendix 1
}
\subsection{4.1.1 daccon.c }\
<annotations added in angled brackets>
/* user code begins here for HeaderInfo */
< This is a good place for Copyright notices and the like >
/* user code ends here for HeaderInfo */
#include <andrewos.h>
#include <class.h>
#include <proctbl.ih>
#include <view.ih>
#include <arbiterv.ih>
#include <daccon.eh>
#include <sliderv.ih>
#include <bargrphv.ih>
#include <celv.ih>
#include <value.ih>
#include <cel.ih>
#include <controlv.ih>
/* user code begins here for includes */
<additional includes may be placed here, along with global definitions
and
static functions>
/* user code ends here for includes */
static struct daccon *firstdaccon;
static struct daccon *FindSelf(v)
struct view *v;
\{
struct daccon *self,*last = NULL;
struct arbiterview *arbv =arbiterview_FindArb(v);
for(self= firstdaccon; self != NULL; self = self->next)\{
if(self->arbv == arbv) return self;
last = self;
\}
self = daccon_New();
self->arbv = arbv;
initself(self,v);
if(last == NULL) firstdaccon = self;
else last->next = self;
arbiterview_AddObserver(self->arbv,self);
return self;
\}
static void slCallBack(self,val,r1,r2)
struct daccon *self;
struct value *val;
long r1,r2;
\{
if(r2 == value_OBJECTDESTROYED) \{
if(self->sl_0 == val) self->sl_0 = NULL;
if(self->sl_1 == val) self->sl_1 = NULL;
\}
\{
/* user code begins here for slCallBack */
<slider call back. See above for details> \
/* user code ends here for slCallBack */
\}
\}
static void bgCallBack(self,val,r1,r2)
struct daccon *self;
struct value *val;
long r1,r2;
\{
if(r2 == value_OBJECTDESTROYED) \{
if(self->bg == val) self->bg = NULL;
\}
\{
/* user code begins here for bgCallBack */
< callback for the bargraph. This application ignores it >
/* user code ends here for bgCallBack */
\}
\}
static initself(self,v)
struct daccon *self;
struct view *v;
\{
< this is where initialization happens >
self->v = v;
self->bgView = (struct bargraphV
*)arbiterview_GetNamedView(v,"bg");
self->bg = (struct value *)arbiterview_GetNamedObject(v,"bg");
if(self->bg) value_AddCallBackObserver(self->bg,
self,bgCallBack,0);
if(self->bgView) bargraphV_AddObserver(self->bgView,self);
self->sl_0View = (struct sliderV
*)arbiterview_GetNamedView(v,"sl_0");
self->sl_0 = (struct value *)arbiterview_GetNamedObject(v,"sl_0");
if(self->sl_0) value_AddCallBackObserver(self->sl_0,
self,slCallBack,0);
if(self->sl_0View) sliderV_AddObserver(self->sl_0View,self);
self->sl_1View = (struct sliderV
*)arbiterview_GetNamedView(v,"sl_1");
self->sl_1 = (struct value *)arbiterview_GetNamedObject(v,"sl_1");
if(self->sl_1) value_AddCallBackObserver(self->sl_1,
self,slCallBack,1);
if(self->sl_1View) sliderV_AddObserver(self->sl_1View,self);
\}
daccon_start(v,dat)
struct view *v;
long dat;
\{
struct daccon *self;
if((self = FindSelf(v)) == NULL) return;
/* user code begins here for daccon_start */
<This is the place for any code to be called whenever the start button is
clicked
The findself routine above is responsible for finding the self structure
and insuring
that the initialization code is run once for each arbiter or file >
/* user code ends here for daccon_start */
\}
void daccon__ObservedChanged(self,observed,status)
struct daccon *self;
struct observable * observed;
long status;
\{
/* user code begins here for ObservedChanged */
< User code that needs to be informed when objects other than the values
change
should be placed here >
/* user code ends here for ObservedChanged */
if(observed == (struct observable *) self->arbv)\{
if (status == observable_OBJECTDESTROYED) self->arbv = NULL;
else initself(self,self->v);
\}
if (status == observable_OBJECTDESTROYED) \{
if (observed == (struct observable *) self->bgView) self>bgView=NULL;
if (observed == (struct observable *) self->sl_0View) self>sl_0View=NULL;
if (observed == (struct observable *) self->sl_1View) self>sl_1View=NULL;
\}
\}
boolean daccon__InitializeClass(ClassID)
struct classheader *ClassID;
\{
struct classinfo *viewtype = class_Load("view");
firstdaccon = NULL;
proctable_DefineProc("daccon-start",daccon_start, viewtype,NULL,"daccon
start");
/* user code begins here for InitializeClass */
< This is the place for code to be run once when the application is
loaded,
but before any of
the pointers are initialized >
/* user code ends here for InitializeClass */
return TRUE;
\}
void daccon__FinalizeObject(ClassID,self)
struct classheader *ClassID;
struct daccon *self;
\{
if(self->bg) value_RemoveCallBackObserver(self->bg, self);
if(self->sl_0) value_RemoveCallBackObserver(self->sl_0, self);
if(self->sl_1) value_RemoveCallBackObserver(self->sl_1, self);
/* user code begins here for FinalizeObject */
< This code is called when the daccon is destroyed. In practice, this is
\
unlikely to happen in the current atk. >
/* user code ends here for FinalizeObject */
\}
boolean daccon__InitializeObject(ClassID,self)
struct classheader *ClassID;
struct daccon *self;
\{
self->bg = NULL;
self->bgView = NULL;
self->sl_0 = NULL;
self->sl_0View = NULL;
self->sl_1 = NULL;
self->sl_1View = NULL;
self->v = NULL;
self->next = NULL;
/* user code begins here for InitializeObject */
< If one plans to add other fields to the daccon structure, this is where
they should be initialized>
< They will need to be declared in daccon.ch (see below) >
/* user code ends here for InitializeObject */
return TRUE;\}
/* user code begins here for Other Functions */
/* user code ends here for Other Functions */
<if, by virtue of the user changing the source file, a value object gets
its name changed \
so that Createcon no longer has a place to insert old code. It will add
an
#ifdef UNUSED_CODE
and place it at the bottom >
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\section{4.2
Appendix 2}
\subsection{4.2.1 daccon.ch}
<annotations added in angled brackets>
\
/* user code begins here for HeaderInfo */
/* user code ends here for HeaderInfo */
class daccon : observable [observe] \{ \
classprocedures :
InitializeClass() returns boolean;
FinalizeObject(struct daccon *self);
InitializeObject(struct daccon *self) returns boolean;
/* user code begins here for classprocedures */
<advanced ATK programmers may wish to define exported methods and \
/* user code ends here for classprocedures */
overrides:
ObservedChanged( struct observable * observed, long status );
user code
begins here for overrides */
/*
/* user code ends here for overrides */
data:
struct value *bg;
struct bargraphV *bgView;
struct value *sl_0;
struct sliderV *sl_0View;
struct value *sl_1;
struct sliderV *sl_1View;
/* user code begins here for classdata */
<This is where additional user parameters may be defined. The end result
is
that they will be
available as struct pointers in the daccon array. Also see the reference
manual for information on Adew support for permanant object data.>
/* user code ends here for classdata */
struct view *v;
struct arbiterview *arbv;
struct daccon *next;
\};
\begindata{bp,539903272}
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\enddata{bp,539903272}
\view{bpv,539903272,51,0,0}
Copyright 1992 Carnegie Mellon University and IBM.
All rights reserved.
\smaller{\smaller{$Disclaimer:
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided
that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both that
copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting
documentation, and that the name of IBM not be used in advertising or
publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific,
written prior permission.
THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD
TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ANY COPYRIGHT
HOLDER BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE,
DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
$
}}\enddata{text,539178728}