Supplementary Materials for
The Neural Basis of Conceptualizing the Same Action at Different Levels of Abstraction
1Robert
P. Spunt, 2David Kemmerer, 1Ralph Adolphs
Author Affiliations:
1California
2Purdue
Institute of Technology
University
Corresponding Author:
Robert P. Spunt
California Institute of Technology
1200 E. California Blvd.
Pasadena, CA 91125
Phone: (818) 645-8188
Email: spunt@caltech.edu
Supplementary Methods
Sample Size Determination
A power analysis of the Why > How contrast from Study 3 of Spunt and Adolphs (2014)
indicated the present study's sample size was sufficiently large to test our primary
hypotheses. We based our power analysis on that study because it was conducted using the
same scanner, sequence, and preprocessing pipeline as those used in the present study.
The
power
analysis
was
performed
using
the
open-source
software
fmripower
(http://mumford.fmripower.org/) operating in MATLAB (version 2014b; MathWorks Inc.,
Natick, MA, USA). Across the 10 regions used in the region-of-interest anlayses reported in
the main text (see Figure 2 in main text and Table S2 below for ROI details), 90% detection
power for the Why > How contrast required an average of only 8.90 subjects (SD = 3.84,
Maximum = 15).
Page 2
Table S1
Action phrases included in the study listed in the order of increasing Level of Abstraction
(LOA). To facilitate comparability, all semantic dimensions (columns 1-6) have been
rescaled to 0 – 1.
Phrase
NonLOA Abstract imageable Broad
N
N
Mind Arousing Chars Words Freq
turn a doorknob
click a mouse
grab a pencil
crack eggs
clap hands
raise a hand
fasten seatbelt
brush one's hair
cut paper
take aspirin
wash one's hands
open a bottle
drink coffee
use a comb
sign one's name
use scissors
throw away trash
open a magazine
lift weights
go jogging
clip coupons
drink wine
lift a glass
use a remote
press buttons
point a camera
write a check
use a brush
wear ties
stir ingredients
use chalk
enter a classroom
open a browser
dial numbers
take pills
pack a bag
consume alcohol
make a phone call
use a camera
give applause
take a picture
consume medicine
consume caffeine
mix a cocktail
play piano
make breakfast
use credit cards
serve alcohol
watch television
dress formally
write an email
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.23
0.27
0.27
0.28
0.00
0.08
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.08
0.05
0.08
0.14
0.06
0.05
0.09
0.06
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.06
0.00
0.04
0.13
0.15
0.03
0.14
0.07
0.14
0.22
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.12
0.07
0.20
0.14
0.12
0.18
0.18
0.35
0.27
0.14
0.27
0.16
0.13
0.17
0.40
0.20
0.29
0.15
0.52
0.19
0.53
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.04
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.08
0.05
0.09
0.06
0.08
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.10
0.08
0.12
0.11
0.19
0.14
0.12
0.14
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.17
0.22
0.16
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.08
0.08
0.04
0.06
0.16
0.09
0.06
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.14
0.06
0.09
0.09
0.06
0.15
0.27
0.19
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.22
0.04
0.20
0.15
Page 3
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.03
0.04
0.14
0.08
0.15
0.05
0.14
0.11
0.15
0.18
0.10
0.14
0.10
0.30
0.16
0.25
0.12
0.14
0.24
0.20
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.13
0.25
0.26
0.28
0.22
0.18
0.24
0.21
0.24
0.34
0.28
0.36
0.16
0.36
0.29
0.39
0.23
0.37
0.23
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.13
0.45
0.13
0.36
0.13
0.03
0.16
0.32
0.11
0.35
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.30
0.16
0.45
0.47
0.20
0.36
0.12
0.04
0.06
0.19
0.18
0.12
0.18
0.16
0.08
0.16
0.09
0.03
0.29
0.14
0.42
0.16
0.26
0.67
0.34
0.31
0.29
0.37
0.46
0.42
0.37
0.27
0.32
0.35
0.11
13
11
11
9
9
10
14
14
8
11
14
11
11
8
13
11
14
13
11
9
11
9
10
10
12
12
11
9
8
15
8
15
12
11
9
8
14
14
10
12
12
15
15
12
9
13
14
12
15
13
12
3
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
2
4
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2.99
2.62
3.12
3.09
3.16
3.76
1.96
3.25
3.87
3.79
3.66
3.72
3.83
3.18
4.02
3.36
3.74
3.64
2.57
3.52
2.05
3.64
3.25
3.52
2.83
3.24
3.65
3.39
3.11
2.21
3.22
2.77
2.52
2.91
4.04
3.38
2.48
4.30
3.82
3.77
4.40
2.63
2.10
2.73
3.63
4.18
3.64
3.10
3.70
2.54
2.88
prepare meals
go shopping
make a list
paint a picture
build muscles
attend a school
make a purchase
ingest nutrients
provide food
follow recipes
hold a party
read articles
arrive on time
kill germs
contact a friend
send a message
make a donation
satisfy hunger
give a lecture
write a poem
give to charity
get fit
teach a class
write a song
participate in class
get a job
show cleanliness
finish a job
get a degree
make art
help a person
save money
get a promotion
live a long life
obey laws
entertain others
teach others
reduce pain
make a friend
avoid diseases
seek advice
support a cause
show an ability
stay alert
express a talent
show courtesy
show appreciation
entertain oneself
express doubt
satisfy a need
impress others
plan ahead
feel well
pass the time
show competence
show humility
share ideas
avoid mistakes
express an idea
spread joy
0.29
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.38
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.45
0.45
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.57
0.58
0.61
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.66
0.67
0.69
0.72
0.73
0.73
0.73
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.81
0.82
0.84
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.87
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.89
0.90
0.13
0.24
0.18
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.23
0.26
0.26
0.33
0.33
0.28
0.42
0.39
0.35
0.38
0.34
0.47
0.36
0.35
0.36
0.44
0.42
0.36
0.45
0.41
0.55
0.46
0.40
0.55
0.57
0.52
0.53
0.63
0.63
0.71
0.66
0.68
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.71
0.70
0.76
0.74
0.80
0.82
0.75
0.84
0.82
0.85
0.78
0.87
0.88
0.84
0.84
0.85
0.83
0.88
0.87
0.24
0.23
0.17
0.19
0.47
0.27
0.22
0.60
0.40
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.53
0.62
0.36
0.31
0.36
0.40
0.38
0.39
0.51
0.52
0.36
0.48
0.37
0.58
0.58
0.68
0.59
0.39
0.56
0.65
0.77
0.81
0.73
0.56
0.54
0.87
0.73
0.99
0.67
0.73
0.74
0.71
0.71
0.62
0.62
0.70
0.74
0.83
0.85
0.76
0.76
0.85
0.85
0.81
0.74
0.99
0.74
0.78
Page 4
0.50
0.47
0.39
0.39
0.53
0.38
0.61
0.57
0.59
0.41
0.47
0.42
0.27
0.50
0.40
0.59
0.48
0.56
0.46
0.38
0.47
0.72
0.50
0.41
0.51
0.53
0.64
0.62
0.60
0.85
0.77
0.55
0.50
0.63
0.58
0.81
0.77
0.74
0.62
0.77
0.75
0.74
0.91
0.68
0.90
0.75
0.81
0.96
0.76
0.96
0.89
0.76
0.87
0.99
0.82
0.81
0.85
0.83
0.88
0.95
0.25
0.25
0.52
0.44
0.03
0.40
0.35
0.06
0.26
0.56
0.41
0.75
0.41
0.19
0.51
0.48
0.51
0.29
0.66
0.74
0.53
0.17
0.64
0.73
0.64
0.51
0.35
0.43
0.71
0.55
0.47
0.71
0.67
0.41
0.69
0.54
0.70
0.46
0.63
0.40
0.76
0.68
0.52
0.76
0.54
0.69
0.67
0.68
0.82
0.56
0.59
0.90
0.65
0.60
0.71
0.81
0.81
0.74
0.80
0.68
0.36
0.42
0.20
0.50
0.65
0.41
0.27
0.37
0.62
0.27
0.61
0.19
0.68
0.49
0.66
0.15
0.73
0.70
0.26
0.47
0.76
0.84
0.45
0.51
0.40
0.71
0.60
0.75
0.84
0.67
0.92
0.86
0.98
0.95
0.40
0.64
0.69
0.62
0.85
0.58
0.25
0.71
0.64
0.44
0.71
0.79
0.82
0.58
0.42
0.64
0.56
0.57
0.87
0.14
0.77
0.57
0.65
0.53
0.62
0.95
12
10
9
13
12
13
13
15
11
13
10
12
12
9
14
12
13
13
12
10
13
6
11
10
18
7
15
10
10
7
11
9
13
13
8
15
11
10
11
13
10
13
13
9
14
12
16
16
12
12
13
9
8
11
14
12
10
13
13
9
2
2
3
3
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
3
4
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2.92
4.09
4.22
3.41
2.98
3.54
3.54
1.47
3.42
2.93
4.19
3.29
3.99
3.25
3.71
3.82
3.55
2.46
3.69
3.33
3.85
4.16
3.67
3.74
3.06
4.85
2.85
3.98
4.12
4.19
4.31
4.21
4.06
4.32
2.80
3.10
3.64
3.02
4.59
2.69
3.18
3.60
3.59
3.19
2.93
3.41
3.31
2.27
2.88
2.99
3.21
2.14
3.85
4.30
2.92
3.14
3.36
3.07
3.50
3.08
spread knowledge
show creativity
avoid boredom
achieve success
feel sociable
show ambition
show intelligence
feel productive
improve oneself
gain knowledge
keep a memory
show intellect
reduce worry
feel nostalgia
feel secure
feel connected
increase wisdom
0.90
0.91
0.91
0.92
0.92
0.92
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.94
0.94
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.97
0.99
1.00
0.86
0.86
0.88
0.86
0.94
0.89
0.87
0.91
0.92
0.87
0.91
0.88
0.92
1.00
0.95
0.97
0.94
0.82
0.77
0.92
0.87
0.81
0.96
0.83
0.86
0.83
0.76
0.93
0.85
1.00
0.84
0.86
0.92
0.90
Page 5
0.87
1.00
0.93
0.96
0.84
0.85
0.84
0.85
0.99
0.91
0.72
0.94
0.84
0.79
0.88
0.95
0.91
0.79
0.75
0.76
0.68
0.83
0.78
0.89
0.78
0.65
0.93
1.00
0.89
0.86
0.96
0.88
0.85
0.95
0.77
0.76
0.37
1.00
0.63
0.68
0.78
0.87
0.93
0.87
0.58
0.76
0.62
0.54
0.86
0.72
0.88
15
14
12
14
12
12
16
14
14
13
11
13
11
13
10
13
14
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3.11
3.09
2.57
2.86
3.10
3.32
3.59
3.29
2.33
2.91
3.97
3.12
2.40
3.04
3.62
3.21
2.62
Table S2
Details for Regions of Interest (ROI) used in the ROI analyses presented in
the main text.
Source Name
Region Name
Extent
x
Peak MNI Coordinates
y
z
Why > How
TPJ
Ventromedial PFC
Anterior STS
PCC
Dorsomedial PFC
917
1121
1102
1024
964
-48
0
-57
-3
-6
-66
57
-9
-48
57
30
-12
-18
30
36
How > Why
Rostral IPL
Dorsal PMC
Posterior MTG
Ventral PMC
Dorsal Precuneus
1055
817
923
677
975
-42
-24
-54
-51
-6
-39
0
-60
6
-60
42
54
-3
27
60
Note. Please see the Methods for details on ROI definition. ROIs are
visually depicted in Figure 2 in the main text. TPJ = Temporoparietal
Junction; PFC = Prefrontal Cortex; STS = Superior Temporal Sulcus; PCC
= Posterior Cingulate Cortex; IPL = Inferior Parietal Lobule; PMC =
Premotor Cortex; MTG = Middle Temporal Gyrus; x, y, and z = Montreal
Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates in the left-right, anterior-posterior,
and inferior-superior dimensions, respectively.
Page 6
Table S3
Peaks from clusters observed in whole-brain analyses for the two models
examining trialwise LOA and the Question (Why vs. How) at each trial.
Analysis Name
Region Label
Extent
t
Factorial Model
[(High-Why + High-How) > (Low-Why + Low-How)]
L Middle Temporal Gyrus
254
8.66
L Superior Medial Gyrus
1850 7.29
L Rectal Gyrus
6.50
R Mid Orbital Gyrus
5.62
R Superior Medial Gyrus
4.75
R Rectal Gyrus
4.65
L Superior Frontal Gyrus
324
6.84
L Angular Gyrus
214
6.82
R PCC
234
6.07
[(Low-Why + Low-How) > (High-Why + High-How)]
L Inferior Parietal Lobule
107
6.17
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
154
5.89
L IFG (p. Triangularis)
187
5.50
L Inferior Temporal Gyrus
148
5.17
Parametric Model
Increasing LOA (Q-and-A average)
L Superior Frontal Gyrus
L Superior Medial Gyrus
L Rectal Gyrus
L Middle Temporal Gyrus
No Label
No Label
L Angular Gyrus
L Inferior Occipital Gyrus
L Fusiform Gyrus
L Middle Occipital Gyrus
L PCC
No Label
Decreasing LOA (Q-and-A average)
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
R IFG (p. Triangularis)
L IFG (p. Triangularis)
L Inferior Parietal Lobule
R SupraMarginal Gyrus
R Inferior Parietal Lobule
R Superior Medial Gyrus
L IFG (p. Opercularis)
L Inferior Temporal Gyrus
L Angular Gyrus
x
MNI
y
z
-60
-12
-2
12
10
12
-18
-42
4
-12
52
44
56
66
24
46
-58
-54
-14
8
-18
-4
22
-6
44
28
32
-56
48
-44
-58
-38
40
36
-56
48
16
12
0
1319
192
147
99
157
180
130
184
8.95
8.50
6.44
7.34
6.82
6.65
5.92
5.17
4.68
4.62
5.07
4.75
-18
-8
-2
-60
22
30
-42
-38
-34
-22
-6
26
48
60
40
-10
24
-76
-60
-84
-66
-94
-54
-88
44
22
-20
-14
16
14
30
0
-12
8
28
6
1122
394
181
261
153
183
-
6.93
5.51
4.44
6.41
6.08
5.84
5.46
5.82
5.79
5.26
4.91
46
36
58
-44
-54
54
44
4
-40
-58
-32
38
14
22
36
-40
-44
-58
30
6
-56
-62
18
56
18
12
46
38
54
46
34
0
40
Note. All analyses were conducted with a cluster-forming threshold of p <
.001, followed by cluster-correction at a family-wise error rate of .05.
Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates. Listed are local
maxima for all peaks separated by a minimum of 20 mm. The extent is
listed only for the maximum in each cluster; the remaining peaks are
marked with a dash. Regions were automatically labeled using the SPM
Anatomy Toolbox (Version 2.0; Eickhoff et al. 2005).
Page 7
Table S4
Peaks from clusters observed in whole-brain analyses for the two
models examining the prepotent (Question) LOA at each trial and
the within-trial shfit in LOA (from Question to Answer).
Analysis Name
Region Label
Increasing Prepotent LOA
L Superior Medial Gyrus
L Superior Frontal Gyrus
L Middle Temporal Gyrus
L Middle Temporal Gyrus
L Rectal Gyrus
L PCC
Extent
t
x
MNI
y
z
914
914
207
168
221
117
8.92 -8 60 24
8.59 -18 48 44
7.39 -60 -10 -14
5.82 -46 -60 28
5.70 -2 40 -20
5.00 -6 -54 28
Decreasing Prepotent LOA
L IFG (p. Triangularis)
R SupraMarginal Gyrus
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
R IFG (p. Orbitalis)
R Superior Medial Gyrus
L IFG (p. Triangularis)
L Inferior Temporal Gyrus
L Inferior Parietal Lobule
L Angular Gyrus
380
552
1069
1069
1069
233
153
209
544
544
6.66
6.43
6.27
6.19
5.74
5.83
5.82
5.54
5.45
5.37
Positive Signed LOA Shifts
L Middle Temporal Gyrus
L Superior Medial Gyrus
282
128
5.81 -60
5.36 -6
-44
48
36
46
46
4
-42
-58
-56
-30
36
-42
14
38
36
32
6
-56
-38
-62
12
44
56
20
0
46
32
0
48
40
-6 -20
60 20
Note. All analyses were conducted with a cluster-forming threshold
of p < .001, followed by cluster-correction at a family-wise error rate
of .05. Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates. Listed are
local maxima for all peaks separated by a minimum of 20 mm. The
extent is listed only for the maximum in each cluster; the remaining
peaks are marked with a dash. Regions were automatically labeled
using the SPM Anatomy Toolbox (Version 2.0; Eickhoff et al. 2005).
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Table S5
Regions associated with increasing response time (RT).
Region Label
Extent
t
R Superior Medial Gyrus
R Insula Lobe
R IFG (p. Orbitalis)
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
L Superior Medial Gyrus
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
R Middle Frontal Gyrus
L IFG (p. Orbitalis)
L IFG (p. Triangularis)
R Supramarginal Gyrus
R Middle Temporal Gyrus
7245
1816
731
182
10.50
9.73
7.39
7.04
6.49
4.95
3.77
7.79
6.65
6.10
5.37
MNI Coordinates
x
y
z
4
28
46
44
-2
22
36
-34
-46
48
62
30
22
36
14
44
54
58
20
24
-46
-38
50
4
-12
46
26
32
6
-2
34
40
-2
Note. All analyses were conducted with a cluster-forming threshold
of p < .001, followed by cluster-correction at a family-wise error
rate of .05. Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates.
Listed are local maxima for all peaks separated by a minimum of
20 mm. The extent is listed only for the maximum in each cluster;
the remaining peaks are marked with a dash. Regions were
automatically labeled using the SPM Anatomy Toolbox (Version
2.0; Eickhoff et al. 2005).
Page 9
Figure S1
Surface rendering of regions associated with longer response time (RT). Regions were
identified in a whole-brain search conducted with a cluster-forming threshold of p < .001,
followed by cluster-correction at a family-wise error rate of .05. Rendering created using the
SurfPlot Tool (http://mrtools.mgh.harvard.edu/index.php/SurfPlot). Left hemisphere is left.
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Appendix A. Instructions used for normative data collection.
Normative Responses to Why/How Questions
Scale: Yes, No
Instructions for Why-Questions: People often justify their actions with reasons. You
will judge the acceptability of reasons for actions. For each judgment, you will see a unique
pairing of a reason with an action. For example: "Q: Why ride a bike? A: Exercise." In this
example, your task would be to judge whether or not the phrase "exercise" describes a
commonly accepted reason for the action described by "ride a bike". If you think it is a
commonly accepted reason, then answer 'Yes'. If you think it isn't a commonly accepted
reason, then answer 'No'.
Instructions for How-Questions: The actions we perform typically have many parts
that collectively describe how to perform the action. For example, consider the action of
"brushing one's teeth". Parts of this action commonly include "grab a toothbrush", "apply
toothpaste", and "rinse one's mouth". Below you will see a series of questions about how to
perform a variety of different actions. Each question is followed by an answer. For example:
"Q: How to brush one's teeth? A: Apply toothpaste." In this example, your task would be to
judge whether or not the phrase "apply toothpaste" describes a commonly accepted part of
the action described by "brush one's teeth". If you think it is a commonly accepted part, then
answer 'Yes'. If you think it isn't a commonly accepted part, then answer 'No'.
Abstract/Concrete
Scale: 1 = Completely Abstract, 4 = Equally Concrete and Abstract, 7 = Completely
Concrete
Below are a number of phrases that can be used to describe aspects of human action.
You will rate how concrete versus abstract each phrase is on a scale from 1 to 7. To make
sure you understand what we mean by “concrete” and "abstract", please keep the following
dictionary definitions in mind when making your ratings:
• Concrete: existing in a material or physical form; real or solid; not abstract
• Abstract: existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence
If you think a phrase is completely concrete, rate it as a 7 (completely concrete). If
instead you think it is completely abstract, rate it as a 1 (completely abstract). If you think it is
as concrete as it is abstract, rate it as a 4 (equally concrete and abstract). The other
numbers represent intermediate points on the scale. Please use the entire range of the scale
when making your ratings.
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Non-imageable/Imageable
Scale: 1 = Very difficult to image, 3 = Fairly difficult to image, 5 = Fairly easy to image,
7 = Very easy to image
Below are a number of phrases that could be used to describe a person's action. For
each phrase, use the scale provided to rate how easily it evokes a mental image of what it
would be like to perform the action. For example, consider the phrase "brushing one's teeth".
This phrase might evoke a visual image of a toothbrush, the taste of toothpaste in your
mouth, and/or the feeling of gripping a toothbrush in your hands and moving it back and forth
in your mouth. If for a given phrase images like these arise quickly and easily, regardless of
what sense they refer to, then rate it a 7 (very easy to image). If instead the phrase evokes
no mental image or only does so with great difficulty, then rate it a 1 (very difficult to image).
Even if you've never performed the action described by the phrase, it could still evoke
mental images. For instance, many people have never performed the action described by
"fire a gun", but the phrase still likely evokes mental images in these people, for instance, an
image of what a gun looks like or what a gunshot sounds like.
Broad/Specific
Scale: 1 = Very Broad, 3 = Fairly Broad, 5 = Fairly Specific, 7 = Very Specific
Below are a number of phrases that could be used to describe a person's action. Some
of these phrases are very specific. Take for example the phrase "Pick up a pencil". This
phrase is very specific in that there are only a few ways in which a person might pick up a
pencil. In other words, the phrase "Pick up a pencil" leaves little to the imagination. In
contrast, consider a phrase like "Express creativity". This phrase is very broad in that there
are a large number of ways in which a person might express themselves. In other words, the
phrase "Express creativity" leaves a lot to the imagination.
Use the scale provided to rate how broad vs. specific each phrase is. Please consider
the entire range of the scale when making your ratings.
Mind/Body
Scale: 1 = Only Mind, 3 = Mostly Mind, 5 = Mostly Body, 7 = Only Body
Actions involve the actors' mind and the actor's body. Because of this, actions can be
described in ways that highlight either the state of mind of the actor or the specific bodily
actions that the actor is using to perform the action. Below are phrases that could be be
used to describe a person's action. You will rate the extent to which each phrase highlights
the role of the actor's mind versus their body in performing the action.
Please consider the entire range of the scale when making your ratings. In other words,
do not assume that the phrase must refer to either the mind or the body. Instead, try to be
thoughtful about the subtle differences among the descriptions that would suggest more or
less involvement of the mind relative to the body and vice versa.
NOTE: If you don't believe that the mind is actually different than the body or if you
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simply don't fullly know what I mean by 'mind' and 'body', then feel free to assume that by
'mind' I mean the actor's brain and by 'body' I mean everything other than the actor's brain.
Positive/Negative (Emotional/Neutral)
Scale: 1 = Positive, 4 = Neutral, 7 = Negative
Below are a number of brief English phrases. Read each phrase and consider the
extent to which it evokes feelings that are positive vs. negative. Please consider the entire
range of the scale when making your ratings.
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Supplementary References
Eickhoff, S, Stephan, K, Mohlberg, H, Grefkes, C, Fink, G, Amunts, K, Zilles, K. 2005. A new
spm toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging
data. NeuroImage 25:1325–1335.
Spunt, R, Adolphs, R. 2014. Validating the why/how contrast for functional mri studies of
theory of mind. Neuroimage 99:301–311.
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