R&D priorities for the fusion programme
and contributions from EFDA
on behalf of J. Pamela, EFDA Leader
Presented by B. Weyssow
EFDA RO
H&CD and Fuelling
Transport
Remarks, comments, requests:
boris.weyssow@efda.com
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
The European fusion research programme aims at
developing fusion as an energy source,
i.e.
developing the knowledge in physics, technology and
engineering required to design and build fusion
power plants.
=> power plant-oriented strategy
=> key steps in this strategy: ITER and DEMO
=> ‘Fast Track’ approach:
DEMO = single step after ITER
IFMIF (materials test facility) operating
in parallel to ITER
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Strategy towards DEMO
and Power Plants
TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME
ITER
DEMO
PHYSICS PROGRAMME
Alternative Concepts (Stellarator)
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
POWER PLANT
Gap Analysis
presented to the Facilities Review (2008)
DEMO Phase 1 and phase 2: different sets of blankets
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
4
What we expect from ITER
• The scientific demonstration of fusion: a Burning Plasma at
Q=10
• Development of long pulse/steady state modes of plasma
operation (with a target of power amplification Q=5)
• Functional tests and test under neutrons of Test Blanket
Modules (tritium breeding)
• Demonstration of a number of key components close to
power plant requirements (magnets, vessel, T plant, safety,
etc)
 a key input to support the launch of DEMO construction
in about 20-25 years
 a necessary input, which however needs to be
complemented by a significant accompanying
programme in technology and physics
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
CORE PROGRAMME (1/2)
As recommended by the Facilities Review Panel (October 2008)
During the period of ITER construction the key strategic R&D emphasis should
be on
A1) Supporting ITER construction and preparation for operation
• Design and construction of ITER systems and components
• Resolving ITER physics issues which might limit the performance, constrain the
accessible parameter space and/or impact on the operational reliability;
• Preparing rapid start-up of ITER targeting promising operational regimes;
• Strengthening diagnostic and modelling capabilities and fostering developments
for improved solutions.
A2) Preparing DEMO design, simultaneously carrying out long lead R&D by
• Strengthening the materials research programme for DEMO and future
fusion power plants and establishing experimental means for validation;
• Advancing Tokamak and Stellarator concepts for optimizing the path towards
DEMO and a commercial fusion power plant;
• Establishing a DEMO group for proceeding towards the definition of a conceptual
DEMO design, steering the DEMO R&D programme and preparing industrial
involvement.
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
CORE PROGRAMME (2/2)
As recommended by the Facilities Review Panel (October 2008)
During the following decade the focus must shift towards
B) Preparing for DEMO construction, based on ITER and the accompanying R&D,
with increased involvement of industry and utilities, by focusing on
• Achieving the goals of ITER in DEMO relevant conditions with emphasis on
steady-state aspects;
• Developing a blanket and auxiliary systems compliant with DEMO conditions;
• Optimising and validating suitable materials and components for DEMO;
• Assessing concept improvements for the Tokamak and the potential of the
Stellarator for optimizing the path towards commercial fusion power;
• Developing a “numerical burning plasma device” for the detailed prediction of
fusion performance and assistance in the definition and design of DEMO;
• Establishing the engineering design for DEMO.
These ITER and DEMO priorities must be complemented by
C) Pursuing innovation
D) Maintaining and renewing the staffing basis of the Programme
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
R&D in support to ITER
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Technology R&D in relation to ITER
Activities in direct support to construction (qualification of techniques,
prototypes): magnets (including cold tests), vacuum-vessel, blankets,
divertor, T-plant etc.
R&D in laboratories will be needed
short & mid-term =activities linked to construction
long term = activities linked to the ITER experimental programme
- Plasma Facing Elements (First Wall: Be short term; Divertor: W mid-term)
- Dust and Tritium removal technologies (mid-term)
- Fuelling and pumping technologies (mid-term)
- In-vessel coils (mid-term)
- Tritium Breeding Blanket (mid and longer-term):
- Preparation of Test Blanket Modules (structural and functional materials, Tritium
extraction technique, joining and other manufacturing technologies)
-
Tritium Plant (mid-term)
Remote handling (mid-term)
Heating and current drive techniques (mid and longer-term)
- Neutral beam sources and accelerators
- Gyrotrons (possibly 2 MW units)
- Lower hybrid couplers (test of ITER-relevant coupler on tokamak)
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Physics R&D in support of ITER
(support to construction and preparation of operation)
- Preparation for burning plasma experiments
- Fast particle physics
- Burn control
- Diagnostics for burning plasma
- Minimisation of fuel retention
- Plasma wall interaction (Physics of erosion, codeposition, Tretention in W and Be)
- Diagnostic techniques (T-retention, Dust etc.)
- Control of MHD
- Plasma performance: NTMs, RWMs
- Limitation of transient heat loads: ELMs (among the highest
priorities)
- Reliable operation: Disruption avoidance and mitigation
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Physics R&D in relation to ITER
- Optimisation of plasma operation with metallic plasma
facing materials (full W divertor)
- Development of plasma scenarios for long pulse / steady
state
- Current Drive physics
- Improved H-mode
- Advanced modes with extensive current profile control
- Transport and Confinement Physics
- H-mode and Edge Pedestal
- Turbulent transport
- Integrated Modelling
- Progress on first principles physics codes / validation against
experiments
- Common framework and tools for integrated modelling (interpretative
and predictive)
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Physics from ITER to DEMO
- Fully validated ‘tokamak simulator’
- Very robust plasma scenarios, compatible
with control capabilities (limited set of
diagnostics and actuators; balance
between performance and reliability)
- Highly radiative plasma scenarios
- Very long pulse operation
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
EFDA Contribution
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
EFDA
All EU Laboratories/Institutions working on Fusion are parties to EFDA
• Collective use of
JET
•Reinforced
coordination of
physics and
technology in EU
laboratories
• Training
•EU contributions
to international
collaborations
outside F4E
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
JET
Presented by Dr. Romanelli
EFDA Associate Leader
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Coordination of R&D in
Associations:
EFDA Task Forces & Topical
Groups
First Call for Participation EFDA
WP2010 TG HCD, Diag, MHD, Transport
now closed
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Coordination of R&D in Associations:
EFDA Task Forces & Topical Groups
Task Forces under EFDA
PWI Task Force: Leaders
E.Tsitrone (CEA) and R.Neu (IPP)
ITM Task Force: Leaders P.Strand (VR), R. Coelho (IST),
LG Eriksson (EC), G.Falchetto (CEA)
Topical Groups under EFDA
Materials Topical Group: Chairmen S.Dudarev (UKAEA)
M. Reith (FZK)
Transport Topical Group:
Chairman C.Hidalgo (CIEMAT)
H&CD Topical Group:
Chairman A.Becoulet (CEA)
Diagnostics Topical Group:
Chairman T.Donné (FOM)
MHD Topical Group:
Chairman P.Martin (ENEA-RFX)
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Exemple of coordinated activity:
Task WP08-HCD-03-01
Midterm Progress
Coordinator: Tuong Hoang
For:
J.F. Artaud, A. Bécoulet, J.H. Belo, G. Berger-By, J.M. Bernard, Ph. Cara, A.
Cardinali, C. Castaldo, S. Ceccuzzi, R. Cesario, J. Decker, L. Delpech, A.
Ekedahl, J.Garcia, P. Garibaldi, G. Giruzzi, M. Goniche, D. Guilhem, J. Hillairet,
G. T. Hoang, J. Hua, Q.Y. Huang, F. Imbeaux, F. Kazarian, S.H. Kim, X.
Litaudon, R. Maggiora, R. Magne, L. Marfisi, S. Meschino, D. Milenasio, F.
Mirizzi, L. Pajewski, L. Panaccione, Y. Peysson, G. Schettini, P.K. Sharma, M.
Schneider, A. Tuccillo, O. Tudisco, G. Vecchi, S. R. Vilari, K. Vulliez
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
LH PROGRAM IN RUN UNDER EFDA
 TASK WP08-HCD-03-01 ‘LH4IT’, following the ITER
STAC recommendation
Providing a pre-design document including the
conceptual design, costing, possible procurement
allocation, WBS, R&D needs
 CEA, ENEA, IST, POLITO, Univ. ROME 3 (> 4ppys)
Collaboration with IO- HCD Department (Integration aspect)
and the International Fusion community: China, India, Korea,
US and Japan (follow-up only)
 Training program LITE (7 trainees): 4 trainees on LH
Focusing on RF/mechanical aspects of the IC and LH
systems (whole system, from the source to the antenna)
 Validation of PAM concept at Tore Supra with EU
and non EU partners
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
ITER LH System: WBS
Working groups
Physics
Physics design
Launcher
T-lines
Power Supply
Control & Protection Diagnostics
Integration
LITE
Launcher conceptual design
Transmission lines
Done or on-going
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Integration
ITER LH System: Physics Modeling
What has been done?
 Optimize the N// range by performing integrated simulations of propagation /
absorption in ITER various design scenarios (SS, Hybrid, ramp-up phase
and baseline) in varying ne, Te, and poloidal position
 Choice of location in ITER to avoid magnetic connection (coupling issue)
 Alpha absorption issue
LH current and deposition vs N//
Scenario 4
Propagating region
for N//= 2
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
ITER LH System: Launcher
What has been done?
 Retrieve results of DDD2001 (with various codes). Update the heat fluxes

Modify the DDD2001 design to
 Improve the N// flexibility, power density,
 Optimize the directivity, RF hardware (phase shifters, bi-junction)
 Thermo-mechanical analysis. Study different options for the Be front face
 Initiate the design of a Fully Active MJ for a back-up solution (RF design,
thermal analysis)
Optimizing bi-junctions
DDD2001
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Antenna Front Face
4 different models have been studied:
- DDD2001 PAM model
DDD2001
- 2 Alternative PAM models “Case A” and “Case B”
- FAM, alternative concept to the PAM
Case B
Case A
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
FAM
ITER LH System: Transmissionlines
48 RF Windows
What has been done?
 Revise the DDD2001 strongly
Reduce the number of TLs (klystron
1MW in DDD2001; 500kW now)
 Integration in ITER environment
 Design of RF windows (on-going)
Klystrons
Port # 11
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
ITER LH System: Power Supply &
Control & Protection
What has been done?
 Characterize Power Supply requirements and conceptual design
(HVDC PS based on PSM, pulse step modulator, technology)
 Characterize specific diagnostics
 RF measurements: Power and phase control and safety interlocks
 Window arc detection: Optical fibers compatible with ITER
environment
 Density measurement at grill mouth: Front face reflectometer
 Diagnostic viewing the antenna front for detecting arcs: IR/VIS
cameras, bolometry. Location of diagnostics with respect to the LH
antenna
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
EFDA 2010 Work Programme / Overview
=> Longer term vision
=> Focus along the seven R&D Missions proposed by
EFDA and endorsed by the Facilities Review Panel
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Burning Plasmas
Reliable Tokamak Operation
First wall materials & compatibility with ITER/DEMO relevant plasmas
Technology and physics of Long Pulse & Steady State
Predicting fusion performance
Materials and Components for Nuclear Operation
DEMO Integrated Design: towards high availability and efficient electricity
production.
The programme priorities take into account the ITER research plan,
activities conducted under F4E and the outcome of ITPA
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Mission I
Burning Plasmas
Priority support is directed to the measurements of fusion
products and related diagnostics
Confined alphas measurements Lost alphas measurements Neutronics
RISO
Design of neutron spectrometer
Fuel ion ratio
(ENEA)
TEXTOR (FZJ)
Diagnostics hardware for improved measurements of
confined and lost alphas, neutrons and fuel ion ratio in
support of diagnostic developments for ITER and
physics studies in present machines and for coordinated experiments.
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Mission II
Reliable Tokamak Operation
Priority support is focused on Disruptions studies and ELM
mitigation, with a specific emphasis on high-Z materials for the
Plasma Wall interaction aspects, and on Dust & Tritium
emerging technologies for possible application on ITER.
Radiation during Mass Gas Injection (CRPP)
MAST : filaments (UKAEA)
Unfiltered diodes
Before (1.300 s), during (1.305 s) and after (1.310 s)
the injection.
Specific software developments for linear/non-linear MHD studies including 3D geometry
and kinetic effects. Co-ordinated experiments on mitigation and control of MHD
instabilities. Diagnostics for improved measurements of runway electron beam and
impurity dynamics, halo currents and vessel forces.
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Mission III
First wall materials & compatibility
with ITER/DEMO relevant plasmas
Priority support on the development of thermography for
metallic walls, a key issue for JET and ITER.
JET
Tore Supra (CEA)
LH  ICRH : fast e-
Diagnostics hardware for development of Thermography for Metallic Walls and
co-ordinated experiments on mitigation and control of heat loads.
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Mission IV
Technology and physics of Long
Pulse & Steady State (I)
General H&CD and Fuelling physics and Technology:
Cadarache 8-11 february 2010
-EU contribution to the LHCD for ITER
development plan: coordination; diagnostics,
conceptual design; source, transmission lines
and antenna.
-Developments Neutral Beam Advanced
Technologies: co-ordination, conceptual
designs and modelling of sources, accelerator
techniques and alternative neutraliser
technology.
NB-CC meeting: Garching 24-26
november 2009
- Fast wave off-axis current drive physics,
antenna modelling, power sources and coordination.
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
LHCD Antenna
(CEA)
Mission IV
Technology and physics of Long
Pulse & Steady State (II)
Priority support for the development of new diagnostic
concepts and analysis techniques, including further
development of plasma position control in long pulse operation.
-Development of plasma position control
in long pulse operation; implementation
and tests in present machines.
-Development of new diagnostic concepts
and analysis techniques, implementation
and tests in present machines.
non-magnetic plasma position diagnostic (ENEA)
-Development of data analysis, validation,
calibration and real time techniques;
implementation and tests in present
machines.
- Co-ordinated experiments.
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Mission V
Predicting fusion performance (I)
pressure
Priority support focused on detailed studies of the L-H
transition and plasma pedestal properties, including the
development of better diagnostics; and on electron
transport studies (dominant electron heating as on ITER).
-Diagnostics hardware for improved
measurements of key parameters related to
L-H transition (Edge Currents, Flows, Neutral
densities and Turbulence) in support of detailed
physics studies.
Hmode
pedestal
L-mode
distance from axis
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
-Diagnostics hardware for improved
measurements of key parameters related to
electron transport, impurity transport, plasma
rotation and edge turbulence in support of
detailed physics studies
- Co-ordinated experiments.
Mission V
Predicting fusion performance (II)
Integrated Tokamak Modelling, priority support is focused on
coordination activities, standardization towards joint tools,
structures and formats, and the ETS.
ITM Workflow in Kepler
EFIT
equilibrium
ITM Gateway in Portici (ENEA)
Result to
database
Initialisation
Refined HELENA
equilibrium
MISHKA linear
MHD stability
- Incorporation of new modules and promoting their use in advanced applications.
- Developments towards platform enhancements while maintaining a robust production
level platform (ISIP)
- Continuing development of the ETS with additional modules being incorporated, as
well as V&V efforts of these modules.
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
HPC-FF
High Performance Computer for Fusion Applications
•Located in the Jülich
Supercomputing Centre
•1080 computer nodes:
Bull NovaScale R422-E2
20 racks with 54 nodes each
•Processor: Intel Xeon X5570
(Nehalem-EP) quad-core,
2.93 GHz
•Memory: ~250 TB
•Peak theoretical performance: ~ 100 TFlop/s
Operating since 5 August 2009
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Materials and
Components for Nuclear
Operation (I)
Mission VI
Development of ground-breaking advanced tools for
Radiation Effects Modelling and Experimental Validation in
EUROFER as 1st Priority
Displaced atoms (green) and vacant lattice sites (red)
at the end of the collision phase of displacement
cascades created by 5, 10 and 20keV atomic recoils
at 600K (UKAEA).
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Mission VI
Materials and Components for
Nuclear Operation (II)
Optimise the conditions for Nano-Structuring Oxide dispersion
strengthened (ODS) Ferritic Steels:
fabrication at the semi-industrial scale and characterisation
ODS Should Mitigate Inter-granular Embrittlement and Swelling
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Mission VI
Materials and Components for
Nuclear Operation (III)
Develop Heat Resistant and Oxidation Resistant W-alloys:
Priority Support focused on Fabrication of new alloys and their joint
characterisation
Increase of Fracture Toughness
Loss of Fracture
Toughness
W
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
WL10
W26Re
Annealing 1 hour
835 0C
Initial
Microstructure
Non-Affected
1200 0C
Unacceptable
Recrystallisation
Other/new coordinated activities
Fuelling (physics &
Technology)
• Gas flow in divertor; pumping
rate influence on scenarios;
pellet fuelling database;
divertor operation
• Tech: New concepts for
cryopumps; high speed pellet
injection; concepts for fuelling
system.
DEMO (Physics and
Technology)
• Physics: Stability margins,
H&CD for DEMO, radiation
• Superconductors for fusion
applications: aim at
demonstration coils in 3 years
(MgB2) / 6 years (YBCO)
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Socio-Economic Research on Fusion (SERF)
• Launched in 1997
• Objectives revised in 2008 following
recommendations of an EFDA ad hoc
group
– Multi-disciplinary field, complementing
existing knowledge bases
– Economical viability, social
acceptability, societal implications of
fusion power
• Major research lines:
– Fusion economics: direct, indirect and
external costs of fusion
– Fusion in the energy system  longterm energy scenarios
– Fusion as a large technical and
complex system
– Public opinion, awareness and
acceptance of fusion 
communication strategy
in 2100 in
WEU
CO2 (ppm)
CO2 (ppm)
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Public Information
• Fusion Expo
• EFDA Newsletter
• European Public Information
Group
• PI materials
• visits at JET
• Participation in Eiroforum
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
TRAINING UNDER EFDA
Goal Oriented Training Programme
-
Objective: training young physicists and engineers in areas
identified as presenting risks of gaps in the coming years
(~40 researchers per year during 5 years)
-
projects must be collaborative (at least 3 Associations), oriented
towards practical activities, address the priority areas approved at
EFDA SC
-
training programmes mainly directed toward early stage
researchers
Fusion Fellowships Programme
-
up to 10 post-docs per year selected among proposals from Associations
- fellowships awarded according to the sole quality of the applicants and
their proposals => develop a brand of excellence
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow
Summary
-
The priorities for fusion R&D are clearly set (the Facilities Review
process has been very useful and ITER should guide a significant R&D
programme); a strong accompanying programme is needed (and the
need is recognised), but financial constraints are likely to be severe over
several years
-
The coordinated activities under EFDA cover a wide range of physics
and technologies issues aiming at supporting ITER and developing
fusion energy
=> Further focusing of the future EFDA programme along the 7 R&D Missions
-
JET brings key results in preparation of ITER (ICRH, ripple, ELM pacing,
plasma scenarios)
=> The JET ITER-like Wall (with a possible DTE2) will be a key experiment
worldwide over the coming 5-6 years
-
Development of Human Resources is among top EFDA priorities
Bucarest, 26-27 November 2009
Presentation on fusion R&D priorities and EFDA, B. Weyssow