International Workshop
Beijing, 8-10 June 2009
From Data to Accounts
Moderator :
Frederick W H HO
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>> Challenges faced by National Statistical Offices in compiling economic statistics data :
ENSURING coherence
CONTRIBUTING to the Advancement of the
System of National Accounts implementation
…………………………………………………
>> A presentation on
An Integrated Economic Statistics Programme (IESP):
With the National Accounting System as the IESP’s foundation and core component
>> General discussion
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An Integrated Economic Statistics Programme (IESP):
With the National Accounting System as the IESP’s foundation and core component
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Purposes and Uses of an IESP
(1)
• Economic Analysis
– (a) Enabling macro-economic and micro-economic analysis
– (b) Monitoring the performance of the overall economy, the external sector, the financial sector and the labour sector etc.
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Purposes and Uses of an IESP
(2)
• Macro-level policy formulation and decision
– (a) Sustaining the competitiveness of successful industries
– (b) Identifying and assisting new industries
– (c) Developing strategic partnership with other economies
– (d) Demand and supply balances
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Purposes and Uses of an IESP
(3)
• Action programme planning for sectoral developments
– (a) tracking the developments in specific economic sectors and determining action strategies for their developments
– (b) sectoral productivity studies
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Purposes and Uses of an IESP
(4)
• Business studies
– (a) profitable lines of business
– (b) appropriate mix of products
– (c) optimum cost structure
– (d) firm level productivity studies and benchmarking
– (e) investment decisions
– (f) marketing tactics
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Purposes and Uses of an IESP
(5)
• For the Statistical Authority: facilitating coherence of statistical development
-User needs are better met overall
-- More efficient use of statistical resources
• For the Statistical Authority: an aid to data quality control
-- Achieving consistency of different branches of statistics
-- Identifying basic data problems as revealed by serious data inconsistencies
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• (1) Economic Censuses/surveys
( including the production indices and business receipts indices)
• (2) External Trade Statistics Systems
(Merchandise trade and trade in services)
• (3) Price Statistics systems
• (4) Financial and Monetary statistics systems
• (5) The National Accounting System
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(5) The National Accounting System
(i) Gross Domestic Product ( GDP )
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GDP by Production Approach and Income Approach
Input (1) ：
Intermediate consumption
(A)
Value of goods and services consumed
Producing
Unit
Gross output
(4)
(B)
Value of products
Input (2):
Labour
Input (3):
Capital and entrepreneurship
(C)
Return to labour:
“Compensation of employees”
(D)
Return to capital and entrepreneurship:
“Gross operating surplus”
A+C+D=B
Value added = ( B ) – ( A ) [ production approach ]
Physical flow
= ( C ) + ( D ) [ income approach ]
Value flow (i.e. money or equivalent)
Value added of an industry = Sum of value added of all producing units in the industry
GDP (at factor cost) = Sum of value added of all industries 11

Relative Shares of
“
Value added
” of different industries in GDP
Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3
….
….
mmm
( %) mmm
( %) mmm
( %)
( 100 %)
0
6
2
0
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Relative Shares of
Compensation of Employees and
Gross Operating Surplus in GDP
GDP at factor cost ggg
Compensation of employees
(as % of GDP) ccc
( %)
Gross operating surplus
(as % of GDP) sss
( %)
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Gross Output --
Goods and services produced by Producing Units
 intermediate use : outputs used by some other industries
 final use : outputs going to
> households
> government —for the production of government services
> capital formation
> export
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Consider only goods and services for Final Use
X
M
C
I
GDP = C + G + I + X

M i.e. Sum of the Final Uses
LESS the import contents
[We are unable to remove the import contents at the various stages of domestic production]
G
C = Private consumption expenditure
G = Government consumption expenditure
I = Investment (Gross domestic fixed capital formation plus Changes in inventories)
X = Exports of goods and services
M = Imports of goods and services
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GDP by Expenditure Approach
[[ GDP = C + G + I + X

M ]]
Total supply =
(4785)
Total Final Demand
(4785)
GDP + M = C + G + I + X
1613 + 3172 = 966 + 1130 + 345 + 3344
The above are 2007 figures in HK$ billion
(Note - Figures may not add up due to rounding)
Ratio to GDP

An indication of the relative economic significance

Ratio of X to GDP is 207%

X has both domestic contents and import contents . It is not a
“component” of GDP. Hence it is totally possible for the ratio to be bigger than 100%
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Government Consumption expenditure
Input (1) ：
Intermediate consumption
(A)
Value of goods and services consumed
Government the Producing
Unit for
Government
Services )
(as
Gross output
(4)
(B)
Value of government services
Input (2):
Labour
Input (3):
Capital and entrepreneurship = 0
(C)
Return to labour:
“Compensation of employees”
Government Consumption Expenditure
(D)
Return to capital and entrepreneurship:
“Gross operating surplus” = 0
Physical flow
=Value of government services produced
= A+ C + 0 = A + C
-- A method of “Evaluating output by input”
Value flow (i.e. money or equivalent)
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(5) The National Accounting System
(i) GDP
• (I) GDP from the three approaches (production approach, income approach and expenditure approach) ---
> production approach enables us to look at the relative contributions of different economic sectors;
> income approach enables us to look at income distribution at the macro- level;
> expenditure approach : grossing over the intermediate processes and looking at just the final uses of the goods - enables us to look at the use of available resources by the economy
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(5) The National Accounting System
(i) GDP
• (II) Data for compilation of the three
GDP’s --
• data for the production-based GDP come (mainly) from economic censuses/surveys,
• data for the income-based GDP come from economic censuses/surveys, tax systems, household surveys etc.,
• data for the expenditure-based GDP come from household expenditure surveys, economic censuses/surveys, government accounts, trade statistics etc.
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(5) The National Accounting System
(i) GDP
•
(III) It may be noted that :
• (a) data from one source may serve as source for more than one of these three GDP calculations
• (b) Reconciliation of the three GDP’s provide a good framework for consistency check to throw light on possible problems in some of the data sources.
[ Important note, GDP (P) is at factor cost
GDP ( I) is at factor cost
GDP (E) is at market price
And, GDP(P) = GDP(I) and GDP(E)= GDP(P) + Indirect Taxes ]
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(5) The National Accounting System
(ii)
Gross National Product (GNP)
GNP
= GDP
+ Factor income earned by residents outside the economy
- Factor income earned by non-residents within the economy
Factor income
– direct investment income;
– portfolio investment income;
– other investment income; and
– compensation of employees
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(5) The National Accounting System
(iii)
Other statistics, presented in the form of accounts —
• to show the generation and distribution of income
• to show how savings are accumulated and placed in the form of assets
• external transactions
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• (6) Balance of payments - to show transactions (current or capital ) across the boundary of the economy in question
• (7) Closely associated systems
--- demographic statistics system
--- labour statistics system
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Features of an
Integrated Economic Statistics programme
(1) Interlocking nature of the components
Each component produces data which often may be used both by final data users and by some other components as input data
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Features of an
Integrated Economic Statistics programme
(2) Coherence among the components –
>> The components fit together to provide a comprehensive coverage of the important economic variables;
>>common definitions and classifications (most preferably common International Standards);
>>promotes consistency of data
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Features of an
Integrated Economic Statistics programme
(3) Coherence among institutions –
Harmonization in the collection activities for raw data
>> Sources
>> Methods
>> Timing
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Features of an
Integrated Economic Statistics programme
(4) Good communication and coordination among institutions responsible for the different components –
>> inter-institutional relationship;
>> relationship with raw data suppliers;
>> relationship with users of statistical data
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Challenges faced by
National Statistical Offices in compiling economic statistics data :
ENSURING coherence
CONTRIBUTING to the Advancement of the
System of National Accounts implementation
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