1
SEEA/Environmental
accountings’ user needs with
regards to energy statistics
Julie L. Hass, Ph.D.
Kristine E. Kolshus
Division for Environmental Statistics
Statistics Norway
London Group Meeting
17-19 December 2007
Rome, Italy
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Goals:
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Identify how energy is incorporated in the different SEEA-2003 systems
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Material flows
PIOT
MFA
MFA-energy
Hybrid/NAMEA-energy
Asset accounts
What are these? Are they well enough defined in SEEA-2003?
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Where does SEEA-2003 need improvement as seen from an energy
perspective? – so that things that should be the same are the same
•
Identify SEEA’s user needs by reviewing where and how SEEA includes
energy so these can be communicated to appropriate other working
groups.
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SEEA-2003 contains four categories of
environmental-economic accounts:
• Category 1: Physical and hybrid flow accounts
• Category 2: Economic accounts and environmental
transactions
• Category 3: Asset accounts in physical and monetary terms
• Category 4: Extending SNA aggregates to account for
depletion, defensive expenditure and
degradation
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Energy flow data in SEEA physical flow accounts
Physical SUTs (SEEA-2003 Chapter 3)
• In physical supply and use tables (SUT) energy appears as
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a product, P3 Energy, and as assets, N1 Oil, N2 Gas and
possibly also in N3 Other.
Category P3 “energy” not very clear since category P6
Wood, paper etc. and some other categories could also be
considered as energy relevant. Boundary between P
(products) and N (assets) categories are not clear.
Conclusion:
– The classification systems used in developing physical SUTs needs
to be more clearly identified in the SEEA (products and assets).
– If based on the standard industrial and product classification
systems then it is important that the energy statistics classification
categories correspond as closely as possible to the standard product
classification systems (HS/CPA/SITC).
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Energy flow data in SEEA physical flow accounts
Economy-wide material flow accounts
(SEEA-2003 Chapter 3.D.5)
•
Most simple
Economy-wide DMC =
material flows
domestic extraction + imports – exports
Source: Pilot studies on
economy-wide material flow
accounts and the eco-industry
for Norway. Final Report to
Eurostat. Statistics Norway,
2007
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MFA Categories for energy
• 4. Fossil energy carriers
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4.1 Brown coal
4.2 Hard coal
4.3 Crude petroleum
4.4 Natural gas
4.5 Peat
4.6 Other, including bituminous or oil shale and tar sands
• Units: tonnes (mass)
• Problems encountered with this classification from the
perspective of the world’s third largest exporter of petroleum
products (i.e. Norway)…
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“Production” statistics for Norwegian continental
shelf from the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
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“Production” statistics for Norwegian continental
shelf from the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate
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Units:
– MFA
– NPD
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tonnes – mass
sm3 o.e. – energy
MFA categories “petroleum” and
“natural gas” need to be defined with
regards to actual energy
commodities that are extracted which
include crude oil, natural gas, natural
gas liquids, condensate and water.
Also need coordination to product
categories in trade statistics.
In addition…
• Conversion factors used in the foreign
trade statistics to report units in
tonnes need to be investigated.
These conversion factors can have
large influences on the data.
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Specific MFA-Energy Flow Accounts
Source: Schandl, H., C.M. Grünbühel, H. Haberl, H. Weisz (July 2002)
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Physical Input-Output Tables (PIOTs)
(SEEA-2003 Chapter 3.D.6)
• The same assumptions, techniques and classifications used
for converting monetary supply and use tables into inputoutput tables have been applied to physical supply and use
tables to produce physical input-output tables, called PIOTs.
• Conclusion:
Need to have best possible 1-to-1 correspondence between
physical energy product/commodity classification and
monetary product/commodity classifications for energy used
in various economic statistics (national accounts, trade
statistics, customs data, etc.).
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Energy flow data in hybrid flow accounts (NAMEA)
(SEEA-2003 Chapter 4)
• Eurostat’s NAMEA-air reporting tables include 2 categories
for energy:
– total energy use and
– energy uses that cause emissions to air
• Not enough detail for analysis purposes regarding energy
• Eurostat NAMEA Task force 2003 NAMEA-energy tables
proposal:
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2003 Task Force proposal for NAMEA-energy
(-)
(+)
Electricity
purchased
Heat +hot water
sold
Heat +hot water
purchased
Total by industry
(+)
(-) Electricity sold
Other
Primary electricity
produced
Other petroleum
products
Jet fuel and
kerosene
LPG
Motor gasoline
Diesel Oil
Fuel Oil
Total
Lignite
Coal
Natural
Gas
Wood
Other
Biofuels
Peat and other
Waste
Coke gas and other
gases
Coal
Coke
Petroleum products
Biofuels
Air emission free energy forms and
net balance
Secondary energy forms combusted
Primary energy forms combusted
Total (industries+
households)
Total
industries
Industries by 2digit ISIC/NACE
Households
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National Accounting Matrix including
Enviromental Accounts for energy
• NAMEA tables have energy commodities in the column
headings and industries and households in the rows
• Energy commodities (columns) – need to have
correspondence with the energy statistics energy commodities
• Need to have the energy commodities (columns) also
correspond with the energy commodities in the national
accounts so that the production, export, import and
intermediate consumption of these products can be identified
in the national accounts (CPA)
• Correspond to the SUT national accounts and balance
• Supply of energy products/commodities must be equal to the
use/consumption of these energy products/commodities – in
physical and monetary units. If not, needs to be balanced!
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SEEA economic accounts
National accounts
• It is desirable that there is full consistency between the
information found in the physical energy data and the
monetary use data in the national accounts.
• Price statistics serve as a link between national accounts
and energy statistics.
• Standard industry and product classifications – also
link between national accounts and energy statistics.
Other SEEA accounts
• Taxes, environmental protection expenditure – covered in
coordination with national accounts. Can need more specific
products in NA if different tax rates on different fuels.
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Energy reserves/stocks
SEEA-2003 Chapters 7 and 8
• The boundary definition between reserves in the
ground/tangible non-produced assets (in the national
accounts) and when products go into the production system
and is considered part of the energy flows. Renewables can
also be a challenge in defining the boundary since these are
often to multiple use (wood, water, etc.)
• This boundary needs to be defined in cooperation with the
energy statistics experts in the Oslo Group and also clarified
with the UNECE Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Harmonization
of Fossil Energy and Mineral Resources Terminology.
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Get own house (SEEA-2003) in order before we
can go forward!
• Energy in SEEA-2003 is not consistently
presented/included.
• Cannot “standardise” SEEA systems that include energy
until these things are cleared up.
• Need to get own house in order before we can go forward in
revising the SEEA and in explaining SEEA’s user needs to
others!
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SEEA user needs identified – given that
coordination with SNA is the goal
1.
2.
3.
4.
System boundaries – economic definition with the
residence principle as the guide for what should be
included/excluded
Supply = Use
System needs to balance and if it does not then guidelines
for making the system balance need to be developed
Institutional units – use standard industry classification
systems (ISIC/NACE) and energy supply and use need to
be appropriately assigned
Energy commodities – need to be coordinated with the
standard product classification systems HS, CPA, SITC so
that the physical and economic supply and use of energy
makes sense and is appropriate with respect to taxes etc.
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