Stars & Galaxies Stars Constellations • _________________ of stars representing mythological characters, animals, or familiar objects. • Most constellations come from the _________________. • The stars in a constellation may appear close, however each star can be _________________ of light-years away from each other. • There are _________________ constellations used to divide the night sky. _________________ Constellations Constellations that appear to circle around the North Star, _________________. These constellations are _________________ all year and never go below the horizon. ____________________________, Ursa Minor, Draco, Cepheus, Cassiopeia, Camelopardalis _________________ Constellations 12 constellations that line up on the _________________ with the planets. For about a _________________, one of these constellations is hidden behind the _________________. _________________ & Apparent Magnitude • Absolute Magnitude refers to the measure of _________________ that a star actually gives off. • Apparent Magnitude refers to the _________________of light the Earth receives from the star. Measurement in _________________ • _________________- the apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from two different positions. » The closer the object is to the observer, the _________________ the parallax. Light-years- the distance light _________________in one year (9.5 trillion km in one year.) » _________________ Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at 4.3 ly. Properties of Stars • Temperature- determined by the star’s “_________________” color. From _________________to coolest: Composition Observed from the light given off by the star using a ____________________________. A _________________ in the spectroscope divides the light into its component colors. The colors present/absent in the spectrum indicate the _________________ present in the star. Similar to a fingerprint. The Sun The Sun’s Layers • The Sun is a giant ball of gas/_________________. • Core- hydrogen is fused into helium giving off massive amounts of energy (Nuclear _________________.) above 15 million K. • Radiative/_________________ Zones- area through which the energy travels outwards. • Atmosphere- outermost _________________ of the Sun The Sun’s Atmosphere _________________- lowest layer of the Sun’s atmosphere. This is considered the “surface” because this is the part we see from _________________. Sun’s photosphere is yellow at _________________K Chromosphere- layer above the photosphere. _________________- highest & largest layer. Charged particles reach 2 _________________ K Core Radiative _________________ Convection Zone Photosphere Sunspot Chromosphere Corona “Surface” _________________ 1. _________________- cooler dark areas Appear & disappear regularly Magnetic _________________ 2. Prominences- huge, arching _________________ of gas. 3. ___________- violent eruptions of particles near sunspots. 4. Solar Winds- particles ejected from the Sun’s _________________. Bounce of the Earth’s _________________ causing the auroras. The _________________ – An Average Star • Middle-aged star, average absolute _________________, & average temperature. 1. _________________ star systems The Sun is NOT part of a multiple star _________________ unlike most stars. 2 stars is a binary system, 3 stars is a triple-star system (Alpha _________________ system) 2. Star _________________ Stars that are so close that they move _________________ as a unit. Classifying _________________ Hetrzsprung-Russell Diagram • Ejnar Hertzsprung & Henry Russell independently charted the _________________ between a star’s temperature to its absolute magnitude. • It showed that the hotter stars are also the _________________ stars, with a few _________________. • 90% of all _________________ fit into a diagonal line in the middle of the graph (Main Sequence.) The Main Sequence Contains hot, blue ________________stars that are very bright to cooler, red _________________ stars that are very dim. _________________, medium sized stars are in the middle of the Main Sequence like the Sun. Dwarfs, Giants, & Supergiants _________________of stars are not main sequence. Stars that are very hot (white-blue,) but are dim are called the _________________ Dwarfs. Stars that are cooler (red-_________________,) but are very large and bright are called the Red Giants. The _________________, coolest, & brightest stars are the Red Supergiants. Nuclear Fusion • Four hydrogen _________________ combine to create one helium nucleus. • The mass of one helium nucleus is much less than 4 hydrogen nuclei, so some of the _________________ is lost in the reaction. • The lost mass is _________________ into large amounts of energy in the form of light. (Temps in the core exceed 15 million K) • Evolution of Stars (_________________) • Step 1. _________________-stars start out as clouds of dust & gas. Gravity pulls it together. • Step 2. Protostar-the mass of gas gets bigger & bigger eventually heating up to 10 million K causing _____________. • Step 3. Main Sequence- when the _________________ formed by the heat balances the attraction due to gravity it reaches _________________. Step 4. If it has: Small _________________ » Red dwarf stars with eventually run out of hydrogen and will collapse into a hot, White _________________. Medium Mass » Yellow or white stars that will run out H causing the atmosphere to _________________and cool into a Red Giant. » He will fuse into a _________________. » It will eventually _________________ into a White Dwarf Large Mass Stars » Blue stars will expand into Red Giants when they run out of _________________ and helium fuses into carbon. » Carbon will then fuse into heavier & heavier elements causing the star to expand further into a Red _________________. When iron is formed from fusion, iron can’t be fused so the star collapses violently in a _________________. » Depending on the mass of the core, one of the _________________ will occur: 1.) _________________ Star- smaller cores will produce a dense core of neutrons about 20km in diameter. 2.) Black Hole- larger cores will collapse to a super dense _________________. The gravity near this mass is so strong nothing can escape from it, not even light. Locate using _________________. » _________________ Horizon is the area where nothing can escape. Galaxies & the Universe Galaxies • Large group of stars, gas, and dust held together by _________________. -_________________ Galaxies- they have spiral arms that wind outward from the center. They can be normal or barred. -Elliptical Galaxies- common type of galaxy that are oval or_________________shaped. -Irregular Galaxies- _________________ that have no distinct shape. The_________________Way • Spiral galaxy that is about 100,000 _________________ across. • Out solar system is located about half-way out on one of the spiral arms. • Like many galaxies, the Milky Way has a super massive Black Hole at its _________________. Origin of _________________ • _________________ State Theory- the Universe has always been the same as it is today. • Oscillating Model- the Universe expands and _________________ in a cycle. • Big _________________ Theory- the Universe started with a bang and has expanded ever since. Expansion of the Universe • _________________ Shift- the changing of the wavelength of sound or light as an object gets closer or further away. • Red Shift- as a star or _________________ gets further away from the Earth, its light will expand (stretch) producing a longer _________________ (red) in the spectroscope. • Blue Shift-as a star or galaxy gets closer to the _________________, its light will get compressed (squeezed) producing a shorter wavelength (blue) in the spectroscope. » Most galaxies show red shift, therefore the _________________ is expanding. The Big Bang Theory • All energy & matter was created in an instant with an _________________ explosion. • The matter _________________ expanded throughout space in a swirling, dense mass. • Matter began to collect into clumps. As matter cooled, hydrogen & _________________gases formed. • _________________ the first stars will form followed by galaxies, etc while still expanding.