Course: MAC 316 Community Broadcasting. (3 Credits. Required)
Course Duration: Three hours per week for 15 weeks (45 hours) as taught in the 2011/2012 session.
Lecturer: Abdulrauf , A. A.
B.Sc. Mass Communication. (Zaria);
Graduate Member, Nigerian Institute of Management (GMNIM);
Department of Mass Communication,
Faculty of Communication and Information Sciences,
University of Ilorin,
Ilorin, Nigeria.
E-mail: ajokeaisha@yahoo.com
abdulrauf.aa@unilorin.edu.ng
Office Location: First Floor, Room 3, Educational Technology Center, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Consultation Hours: 11.00am – 1.00pm (Tuesdays and Thursdays).
Course Content
Analysis of community needs and problems with regard to the role and qualities of radio and television.
Planning of community development projects for implementation through special radio programmes.
Programme production and evaluation research.
Course Description
Community broadcasting is an integral part of community development. Hence, this course explores the ways
community broadcasting contributes to the development of the community by explaining the role of radio and
television programmems towards achieving development. Furthermore, this course also takes a holistic look at
community development and other related terms and also examines good practices in community broadcasting
and countries where they are practiced. In addition it identifies the importance of evaluation research in any
programme production for community broadcasting.
Course Justification
Community broadcasting provides an alternative social and economic model for media development that can
broaden access to information, voice and opinion. The freedom to establish private broadcasting outlets does
not guarantee everyone is able to exercise equally their right to freedom of opinion and expression. Hence,
community broadcasting provides for people and groups, who face social and economic marginalization, are
often poorly served or not served at all by private commercial media, and lack easy access to finance capital to
establish their own services, the opportunity to participate in communication. The ultimate goal of community
broadcasting is to achieve development and due to the need for rapid sustainable development in Nigeria, radio
and television could play very significant roles. It is therefore necessary that students know the importance of
effective and sustainable development by having a free, independent and pluralistic media environment.
Course Objectives
The primary objective of the course is to expose student to community radio and television and by the end of
the course, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the relationship between community and broadcasting.
2. Differentiate community television from community radio.
3. Discuss community radio and its related characteristics.
4. Describe good practices in community broadcasting.
5. Analyze community television and its peculiarities.
6. Discuss community development.
Course Requirements
Participants in the course are required to:
• Attend at least 75% of classes in the course punctually;
• Participate in all course activities regularly;
• Have a yahoo e-mail account, join and participate in an on-line discussion group dedicated to the
course;
• Word process all assignments and
• Submit all assignments promptly.
Methods of Grading
Performance in the course will be graded using the guidelines in the table below.
Criterion
Assignment
Participation in on-line discussion
Test
Final Examination
Total
Percentage
Score of Total
Marks
10
05
15
70
100
Course Delivery Strategies
The face-to-face method of lecture delivery strategy is adopted for the course. There will also be an on-line
discussion forum for students’ participation.
Lecture Contents
Week 1: Introduction and Overview of the Course
Objectives
The lecture will introduce students to the course and also conceptualize the two key words in the course.
Description
First Hour
An overview of the course.
Second Hour
Definition and analysis of the concepts of Community, Broadcasting and Community Broadcasting.
Third Hour
Characteristics of a community.
Study Questions
1. What is a community?
2. Define broadcasting?
3. Differentiate between the two forms of community.
4. State the characteristics of a community.
5. What is community broadcasting as defined by African Charter on Broadcasting
Reading List
1. Anaeto 2 , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Rural Community News papers: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited, p 15. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
2. Anaeto4, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
3. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6.
4. Onabajo 2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
5. Onabajo2, O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Week 2: Community Broadcasting.
Objectives
The lecture will examine the characteristics, principles and objectives of community broadcasting.
Description
First Hour
Discussion on characteristics of community broadcasting.
Second Hour
Principles of community broadcasting.
Third Hour
Objectives of community broadcasting.
Study Questions
1. What are the basic elements of community broadcasting?
2. What principles does community broadcasting operate upon?
3. Name five objectives which community broadcasting aims to achieve?
4. Independence is one of the most important characteristics of community broadcasting. Discuss?
5. Differentiate between principles and objectives of community broadcasting.
Reading List
1. Anaeto 2 , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Rural Community News papers: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited, p 15. ISBN- 978-032-745-2 P.
4
2. Anaeto , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2
3. Community Broadcasting in a digital Nigeria3,,www.communica.org.
4. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6
5. Onabajo 2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
6. Onabajo2, O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Week 3: Contents, Good Practices and Challenges of Community Broadcasting.
Objectives
The lecture will explore the contents, challenges and good practices obtainable in community broadcasting.
Description
First hour
Contents of community broadcast programmes.
Second Hour
Good practices in community broadcasting.
Third Hour
Challenges of community broadcasting.
Study Questions
1. The Republic of Benin, South Africa, Australia, Colombia, France and the Netherlands, among others
have been described in various quarters as countries that display good practices in community
broadcasting. What are these good practices?
2. Enumerate the programme content of a good community broadcast station.
3. What are the major challenges faced by community broadcast stations in Nigeria.
4. Does Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have a positive or negative effect on
community broadcasting? Discuss.
5. List and explain some educational programmes which could contribute to growth and development in
Nigeria.
Reading List
1. Anaeto4, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2
2. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6
3. Onabajo 2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
2
4. Onabajo , O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Week 4: Regulation, Licensing and Funding of Community Broadcast Stations.
Objectives
The lecture will explain the licensing process for community broadcast stations; it will also identify how
community broadcast stations are funded and regulated.
Description
First Hour
Licensing of community broadcast stations.
Second Hour
Regulation of community broadcast stations.
Third Hour
Funding of community broadcast stations.
Study Questions
1. What is the information to be provided by applicants before they can be given a license to operate a
community broadcast station?
2. List the various ways through which community broadcast stations can be licensed.
3. Explain the various ways through which community broadcast stations can be licensed.
4. Enumerate the various ways community broadcast license can be applied for?
5. The importance of regulating community broadcast stations cannot be overemphasized. Discuss.
Reading List
1. Anaeto4, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2
2. Onabajo 2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
Week 5: Community Radio.
Objectives
The lecture will discuss community radio and it attendant peculiarities.
Description
First Hour
Overview of community radio.
Second Hour
Principles of community radio.
Third Hour
Models of community radio.
Study Questions
1. Why is community radio referred to as the third model of radio broadcasting?
2. Define community radio?
3. List the principles of community radio.
4. Differentiate between the two models of community radio.
5. The statement ‘encourage creativity among the participants’ in the context of community radio refers to
what?
Reading List
1. Community radio3, , www.wikipedia.com/communityradio
2. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6.
Week 6: Assessment Test and Assignment
Objectives
To conduct an hour continuous assessment test base on lectures from week 1 to 5 and also give an assignment
for submission after two weeks.
Description
First Hour
Assessment Test.
Second Hour
Assignment.
Study Questions
As listed under weeks 1 to 5.
Reading List.
1. Anaeto 2 , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Rural Community News papers: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited, p 15. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
4
2. Anaeto , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
3. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6.
4. Onabajo 2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
2
5. Onabajo , O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Week 7: Strategies, Importance and Characteristics of Community Radio.
Objectives
The lecture will examine the strategies, importance and characteristics of community radio with particular
reference to Nigeria.
Description
First Hour
Discuss the strategies of community radio.
Second Hour
Importance of community radio.
Third Hour
Identify the characteristics of community radio.
Study Questions
1. Define evaluation.
2. Write short notes on the following:
-Localized programming and personalized broadcasting
- Audience involvement and participation.
3. What are the basic characteristics of community broadcasting?
4. State the importance of community radio.
5. Why is evaluation important in community radio programmes in Nigeria?
Reading List
1. Anaeto4, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
Week 8: Technical Requirement, Regulatory Environment and Programming in Community Radio
Stations.
Objectives
The lecture will explain how a community radio is operated with emphasis on its technical requirements,
regulatory environment and programming.
Description
First Hour
Programming in community radio stations.
Second Hour
Technical requirements of community radio stations.
Third Hour
Regulatory environment of community radio stations.
Study Questions
1. ‘Community radio stations typically adopt program formats that promote community participation’.
Discuss.
2. Explain the technical requirements of a typical community radio station.
3. In a community radio station, good practice demonstrates that the legal and regulatory frameworks for
broadcasting recognize and differentiate between public service, private commercial, and nonprofit
community broadcasting. Discuss
4. In light of question ‘3’ above, what are these good practices?
5. What type of programmes should a community radio station transmit to audiences?
Reading List
1. Anaeto 4, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
2. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6.
3. Onabajo2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
4. Onabajo2, O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Week 9: Sustaining Community Radio Stations.
Objectives.
The lecture will explore different ways through which community radio stations can be sustained as well as its
strengths and weaknesses.
Description
First Hour
Sustaining community radio stations.
Second Hour
Strength of community radio station.
Third Hour
Weakness of community radio station.
Study Questions
1. What are the three forms of sustainability obtainable in a community radio stations?
2. What are the constraints that hinder a community broadcast station from performing effectively?
3. Social sustainability is arguably the most important form of sustaining a community radio station. ‘Yes’
or ‘No’. Explain in your own words.
4. List the strength of community radio stations.
5. Define sustainability?
Reading List
1. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6.
2. Onabajo2, O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Week 10: Community Development.
Objectives
The lecture will explain the concept of community development and also define some key terms therein.
Description
First Hour
Overview of community development.
Second Hour
Conceptualization of community development.
Third Hour
Definition of capacity building and empowerment.
Study Questions
1. What is the relationship between capacity building, empowerment and community development.
2. State the two models of empowerment.
3. What are the two main issues of concern in capacity building?
4. Community development embodies two major ideas. Discuss.
5. What is ‘community development’ as defined by the United Nations in 1965?
Reading List
1. Anaeto 2 , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Rural Community News papers: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited, p 15. ISBN- 978-032-745-2 .
2. Anaeto4, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2
3. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6.
4. Onabajo 2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
2
5. Onabajo , O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Week 11: Objectives, Elements and Outcomes of Community Development Initiatives.
Objectives
This lecture will explain the objectives and elements of community development and also the outcomes of
community development initiatives.
Description
First Hour
Objectives of community development.
Second Hour
Outcomes of community development initiatives
Third Hour
Elements of community development.
Study Questions
1. What is the relationship between self help and felt need in the context of community development?
2. What are the objectives of community development?
3. List the possible outcome that could emerge out of a good community development initiative.
4. Who are change agents?
5. What are the elements of community development?
Reading List
1. Anaeto 2 , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Rural Community News papers: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited, p 15. ISBN- 978-032-745-2 .
4
2. Anaeto , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2
Week 12: The Community Development Process.
Objectives
The lecture will examine the steps involved in initiating a community development process and also how
Community Development Associations (CDAs) contribute to this process; it will also establish the relationship
between community development and community broadcasting.
Description
First Hour
The community development process.
Second Hour
Community Development Associations (CDAs).
Third Hour
Relationship between community development and community broadcasting.
Study Questions
1. What do you understand by the term ‘CDAs’?
2. Highlight the steps involved in the community development process.
3. Explain the roles of community development associations.
4. ‘Community broadcasting is an agent of community development’. Discuss this statement in details
citing relevant examples.
5. Name any four community development associations you know.
Reading List
1. Anaeto 2 , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Rural Community News papers: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited, p 15. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
4
2. Anaeto , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2
Week 13: Community Television.
Objectives
This topic will give and insight into community television and countries where it is practices fully as well as
explain why it is not popular in Nigeria.
Description
First Hour
Meaning of Community television.
Second Hour.
Countries where community television is practiced and how it is practiced.
Third Hour
Objectives and characteristics of community television.
Study Questions
1. Explain the term ‘Community Television’.
2. What are the objectives of community television?
3. What are the characteristics of community?
4. Is community television relevant in Nigeria? Argue for or against this assertion.
5. List some countries where community television is practiced widely.
Reading list
Community television 3, , www.wikipedia.com/communitytelevision.
Weeks 14: Programme Production and Evaluation in Community Broadcast Stations.
Objectives
This lecture will establish the types of programmes produced in a community broadcast stations as well as the
evaluation carried out for programmes to determine their success.
Description
First Hour
Overview of programme production in community broadcast stations
Second Hour
Type of programmes in community broadcast stations.
Third Hour
Evaluation research of community broadcast station’s programmes.
Study Questions
1. Define evaluation?
2. List the broad classification of the types of programmes obtainable in community broadcasting.
3. Name some educational programmes in community broadcast stations.
4. How is evaluation done in community broadcasts stations programmes.
5. What steps will be carried out if it is discovered at the end of an evaluation that a programme did not
achieve its objectives?
Reading List
1. Anaeto4, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2
Week 15: Revision.
Objectives
This lecture is a reviews of what has been considered in the past fourteen weeks. Attempts will be made to
throw more light on issues that demand clarification and entertain questions.
Description
First Hour
Revision.
Second Hour
Revision.
Revision Questions
1. Critically examine the community development process in any community of your choice in Nigeria.
2. The students of the Department of Mass Communication, Kwara State University, Malete want the
management of the University to establish a community radio station that will serve the school and the
Malete community. However, the management of the University is vehemently against this idea. You
have been invited by the students to help convince the management on the need to establish the radio
station. Write a convincing presentation to sway the minds of the university management to the idea of
establishing the community radio station.
3. Differentiate between community radio and community television.
4. Radio Dashe is a community television station located in an urban community in Daura Local
Government of Kano State. The station has been in existence for 5 years and has been solely funded
through levies imposed on members of the community. Due to the rise in the cost of operating a
broadcast station, the community is finding it difficult to sustain itself. The members of the community
in a meeting on 11th January 2011 took a unanimous decision to close down the station due to lack of
funds. To prevent the community from closing down the station, advice its members on other ways
through which the community could source for money for the running of the station without affecting its
independence.
5. How can community television be encouraged in Nigeria.
6. Why is evaluation important in the programmes of a community broadcast station?
7. A community radio station has been ordered to close down by the National Broadcasting Commission
(NBC) for not being a true community station. Argue against the decision of the Commission, citing in
details reason why you feel the station is a community broadcast station.
8. Community Progressive Youth Forum (CPYF) is a Community Development Association (CDA) based
in Oro Local Government Area of Kwara State. What role is the association expected to play in the
community?
9. ‘Community broadcasting is a vital tool for community development’. Explain this assertion citing
relevant points.
10. List any three community radio station you know in Nigeria.
Reading list
1. Anaeto 2, S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Rural Community News papers: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited, p 15. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
4
2. Anaeto , S.G & Anaeto, M.S. (2008). Development Communication: Principles and Practice. Benin,
Nigeria: Stirling-Horden Publishers Limited. ISBN- 978-032-745-2.
3. Community Broadcasting in a digital Nigeria3,,www.communica.org.
4. Community television 3, , www.wikipedia.com/communitytelevision.
5. Community radio3, , www.wikipedia.com/communityradio
6. Moemeka2, A. A. (1981). Local Radio. Community Education for Development. Zaria, Nigeria: Ahmadu
Bello University Press. ISBN 978-125-018-6
7. Onabajo 2, O. (2002). Elements of Rural Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-1-4.
2
8. Onabajo , O. (2004). Introduction to Broadcasting. Lagos, Nigeria: Gabi Concept Limited.
ISBN 978-36248-4-9.
Key
1Available in the University Library.
2Available in Local Bookshops.
3Available on the Web.
4Personal Collections.
5Departmental Library.