13 February 2015, University of Sheffield
Higher education research:
global, national local?
Simon Marginson
UCL Institute of Education
Global, national and local agency:
the
three dimensions of higher
• Higher education iseducation
formed and regulated in national
(and also in Europe pan-national regional) systems
• Local individual and institutional agency is salient
• Global flows, systems and patterns, e.g. in research
science, policy borrowing, are increasingly obvious
national
global
local
0
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
GTER World and North America/Western
Europe, 1970-2012
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
World
North America and Western Europe
Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio 1995/2011
Selected OECD and European systems, UNESCO Institute for Statistics data
2014
South Korea
USA
Canada
Slovenia
Australia
Spain
New Zealand
Iceland
Ukraine
Lithuania
Netherlands
Sweden
Poland
Norway
Ireland
Belgium
Latvia
Czech Republic
Italy
UK
Turkey
Japan
Bulgaria
Croa a
Germany
Greece
0
20
40
60
2011
1995
80
100
120
Gross Tertiary Enrolment Ratio 1995/2011
World regions, UNESCO Institute for Statistics data 2014
77
North America & Western Europe
68
Central & Eastern Europe
42
La n America & Carribean
30
East Asia & Pacific
24
Central Asia
23
Arab States
18
South & West Asia
8
Sub-Saharan Africa
30
WORLD
0
10
20
1995
30
40
2011
50
60
70
80
90
The global dimension:
1. Global systems (e.g. research knowledge,
student mobility) not controlled by any one
nation and shaping all national HE systems to
some extent
2. Cross-border relations between national
systems that also bring inner changes (e.g.
policy borrowing)
Components of a national
innovation system
Applied research
and product
development in
national
economy
New research
ideas in
national
science
Global research
knowledge
system
51 countries with 1000 science papers a
yearUS National Science Foundation data for 2011
ANGLOSPHERE
EUROPE
EU NATIONS
EUROPE
NON-EU
ASIA
LATIN
AMERICA
Australia
Austria
Italy
Croatia*
China
Argentina
Canada
Belgium
Netherlands
Norway
India
Brazil
N. Zealand
Czech Rep.
Poland
Russia
Japan
Chile*
UK
Denmark
Portugal*
Serbia*
Malaysia*
Mexico
USA
Finland
Romania*
Switzerland
Pakistan*
M.EAST /AF
France
Slovakia
Turkey
Singapore
Iran
Germany
Slovenia*
Ukraine
South Korea
Israel
Greece
Sweden
Taiwan
Saudi Arab.*
Hungary
Spain
Thailand*
Sth. Africa
Ireland
Sweden
Egypt
Tunisia*
* Reached 1000 papers since 1997 (11 out of 51 nations)
Journal papers published per year,
1997-2011, USA, China & UK
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
USA
2002
2003
China
2004
2005
UK
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
4.5 million foreign tertiary students, 2012:
share of on-shore world market by nation
(OECD data)
other non-OECD,
17%
USA, 16%
other OECD, 8%
UK, 13%
Belgium, 1%
Switzerland, 1%
Korea, 1%
Netherlands, 1%
South Africa, 2%
Australia, 6%
Austria, 2%
Italy, 2%
Germany, 6%
New Zealand, 2%
Russia, 4%
China, 2%
Spain, 2%
France, 6%
Japan, 3%
Canada, 5%
Students enrolled outside their
country of citizenship, millions, 19752012
OECD data, 2014
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
4.5
4.1
3.0
2.1
1.7
0.8
1975
1.1
1.1
1980
1985
1.3
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2012
Percentage 25-34 year olds with degrees,
2012
OECD data 2014. Data for Tertiary type B not available for all countries
Barriers to mobility: Advantage held by 2034 year olds with tertiary-educated parents,
2012
For example in Poland, a 20-34 year old person with at least one tertiary-educated parent is 9.5 times as
likely to participate in tertiary education, as a person whose parents had less than upper secondary
education. Data: OECD
Poland
Italy
USA
England (UK)
N. Ireland (UK)
France
Flanders (Belgium)
Japan
Germany
Austria
Estonia
Australia
Spain
Ireland
Denmark
Netherlands
Russia
Canada
Sweden
Norway
Finland
South Korea
9.5
9.5
6.8
6.3
6.1
6
5.7
5.1
5.1
5.1
4.7
4.3
3.9
3.3
3
2.8
2.6
2.6
2.3
2
1.4
1.1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Top ten school systems OECD PISA
2012
(mean student scores, East Asian education systems in red)
Reading
Mathematics
Science
Shanghai China 570
Shanghai China 613
Shanghai China 580
Hong Kong SAR 545
Singapore 573
Hong Kong SAR 555
Singapore 542
Hong Kong SAR 561
Singapore 551
Japan 538
Taiwan 560
Japan 547
South Korea 536
South Korea 554
Finland 545
Finland 524
Macao SAR 538
Estonia 541
Taiwan 523
Japan 536
South Korea 538
Canada 523
Liechtenstein 535
Vietnam 528
Ireland 523
Switzerland 531
Poland 526
Poland 518
Netherlands 523
Liechtenstein 525
Vietnam 508
Vietnam 511
Canada 525
UK 499
UK 494
UK 514
USA 498
USA 481
USA 497
PISA performance at top and bottom
One kind of civilisation: The Maya
Chichen Itza
Observatory, Chichen Itza
Uxmal
Palenque
Another kind of civilisation
things change
The higher education world:
Global, national, local
national
global
local