Is This Enough Money?
Hardware Components
•
System unit
– Houses CPU and
memory
•
All other devices are
linked to the system unit
Figure 2.1: Computer System Components
Hardware Components (cont)
Processing Characteristics and
Functions
• Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction
phase and the execution phase
• Clock speed: electronic ______ produced at a
predetermined rate ( pc sales # 3 gigahertz )
• Wordlength: number of ______ that can be
processed at one time 4-8-16-32-64
• Physical characteristics of the CPU
– Digital circuits on chips
– Electrical current flows through silicon
Memory Characteristics and Functions:
Storage Capacity
Table 2.1: Number of Bytes
Types of Memory
• Random access memory (______)
– Temporary
– Volatile
• ______ (read-only memory)
– Usually nonvolatile
Multiprocessing
• Multiprocessing: simultaneous _________ of
two or more instructions
• Parallel processing: linking hundreds or
thousands of processors operating in parallel
• Grid computing: collection of computers
working to solve a _________ problem
Secondary Storage and Input and
Output Devices
• Secondary storage
– Also called _________ storage
– Nonvolatile
– Greater capacity and _________ economy than
memory
Secondary Storage Access Methods
• Sequential access: _________ must be retrieved
in order
• Direct access: records can be _________ in any
order
Secondary Storage Devices
• Magnetic tapes
• Magnetic disks
• Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks
(RAID)
• Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
• CD-recordable (CD-R) discs (CD-RW) discs
• Digital versatile disc (DVD)
• Memory cards
• Expandable storage
Input Devices
• Personal computer input devices
– Keyboard
– Mouse
•
•
•
•
•
Voice-recognition devices
Terminals
Touch-sensitive screens
Bar-code scanners
Optical data readers
Input Devices (continued)
•
•
•
•
Point-of-sale (POS) devices
Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices
Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices
Radio-frequency identification
Output Devices
•
•
•
•
Display monitors
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
Printers and plotters
Computer System Types
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Handheld computers
Portable computers
Thin client
Desktop computers
Workstations
Servers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
Overview of Software
• Computer programs: _________ of instructions
• Documentation: describes program functions
• Systems software: coordinates the _________
of hardware and programs
• Application software: helps users solve
particular _________
Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals
• Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and
opportunities addressed by a _________ organization
– Personal
– _________
– Enterprise
Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence
Systems Software: Operating Systems
Operating Systems
are also responsible for the execution of the
following activities:
• Performing common _________ hardware functions
• Providing a user _________ and input/output
management
• Providing a degree of _________ independence
• Managing system _________
• Managing _________ tasks
• Providing _________ capability
• Controlling _________ to system resources
• Managing files
Current Operating Systems
Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of
Influence
Types and Functions of Application
Software
• Proprietary software: unique _________ for a
specific application, usually developed and owned
by a single company
• Off-the-shelf software: _________ software
• _________ package
Personal Application Software
•
•
•
•
•
Word processing programs
spreadsheet programs
database programs
graphics programs
ETC
Workgroup Application Software
• Workgroup application software: supports
teamwork, whether _________ are in the same
location or dispersed around the world
• Groupware: software that helps groups of people
work together more _________ and _________
Enterprise Application Software
• Software that benefits an entire organization
• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software:
programs that manage a company’s vital business
operations for an entire multisite, global organization
Programming Languages
• Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules
for constructing statements
• Allow humans to communicate instructions to be
executed by a computer
• Syntax: a set of rules associated with a
programming language
• Different languages have characteristics that make
them appropriate for particular types of applications
Software Issues and Trends
• Software bugs
– Program defects that keep it from _________
correctly
• Copyrights and _________
• Global _________ support