EUROPE II
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Review
Questions?
Europe
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Industrial location
Cities
Supranationalism
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
‘industrial intensification’
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Developed 1st in the UK between 1750-1850
Evolved from technical innovations that
occurred in British industry
Proved to be a major catalyst for increased
urbanization
Diffuses outward into Western Europe
Heavy Industy:
Iron, coal,
heavy
industry
•
4 motors
Barcelona, Lyon,
Milan, Stuttgart
INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
THEORY
Alfred Weber 1909.
 Industrial location theory
 Focused on transportation costs
 Identified agglomerative and
deglomerative forces
 Relevant to early iron and steel:
heavy industries
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SPATIAL INTERACTION
What unifies Europe?
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Movement across geographic space
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Involves flows of goods, people or information
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Principles
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COMPLEMENTARITY
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TRANSFERABILITY
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INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
COMPLEMENTARITY
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Two places, through an exchange of goods,
can specifically satisfy each other’s demands.
One area has a surplus of an item demanded
by a second area.
Germany
Italy
COMPLEMENTARITY
TRANSFERABILITY
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The ease with which a commodity may
be transported or the capacity to move
a good at a bearable cost
Value of good per unit volume or weight
Rivers, mountain passes, road networks
may limit transferability
Advances in transportation technology
INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
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The presence of a nearer source of supply or
opportunity that acts to diminish the
attractiveness of more distant sources and
sites
Would Austrian beer
be cheaper to import
into Italy?
URBAN TRADITION
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URBANIZATION
RELATED CONCEPTS
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Central city
Metropolitan region
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Federation
Functional urban region
POPULATION DENSITY
EUROPE
Population Density: 265.2 persons per square mile
Urbanization: 73%
CITIES
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The term may be a political designation for a
uniform region
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Refers to an incorporated municipal entity that is
governed by some kind of council
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Megacity
Core district in a larger metropolitan region
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CBD may also be called “The City”
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E.g. “City of London” – mile square walled city
Metropolitan Region
Central City
Outer suburban
municipalities
Functional region
Metropolitan Region
Greater
London
Authority
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32
20
19
21
boroughs
= City of London
= Westminster
= Tower Hamlets
Metropolitan
federation
European versus North American Cities
Contrasts
•High population density
•Apartments or ‘flats’
•Public transportation
•Land scarcity
•Centralized urban planning
Alicante, Spain
Population of Europe
• Falling share of the world’s population
• Fertility at an all-time low
• Population Growth Rate: 0%
•Birth Rate: 10 births/1,000
•Death Rate: 11 deaths/1,000
•TFR: 1.4, Spain is 1.3
• Population implosion
• Aging
• Fewer young people
• Smaller working age population
Population of Europe
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Migration:
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In and Out
Emigration
Immigration
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Asylum seekers
Guest workers/excolonial immigrants
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France – Algeria
Spain – Morocco
Netherlands – Indonesia
Germany - Turkey
Britain – Caribbean/West Africa/
South Asia (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan)
WHAT DOES THE
FUTURE HOLD
FOR EUROPE?
•UNIFICATION?
•INSTABILITY?
Maastricht, City Hall
Supranationalism
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A venture involving three or more states
Political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote
shared objectives
“Euro” €
1 Jan 2002
European Supranationalism
1944
Benelux
Agreement
•Netherlands
•Belgium
•Luxembourg
Why would anyone want to give away international
autonomy, one of the most sought after goals in
this century?
History of European
Supranationlism
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1947 – MARSHALL PLAN
1948 - Organization for European
Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
1949 - Council of Europe
1951 - ECSC
1957 - Treaty of Rome (‘the six’)
1958 - EEC effective
1959 - EFTA signed
1965 - EEC-ESC-EURATOM
1973 – EEC
1993 - EU
History of European
Supranationlism
Primary function of
the OEEC
To accept and
distribute funds
allocated under the
Marshall Plan
Developed by the U.S. to assist
the rebuilding of European
countries at the end of WW II
European
Union (EU)
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Original Members: (12) Belgium, Denmark,
France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK
Effective: 1 November 1993
Aimed to coordinate policy among
the members in three fields:
-- economics
-- defense
-- justice and home affairs
• EU Members
• Non-members
• Prospective
members
• Unwilling
members
European
Supranationalism
Supranationalism Issues
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Loss of autonomy
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Disparities in levels of economic
development & transfer payments
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Technical barriers
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Cultural barriers
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Agricultural policy
European
Regions
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Western Europe
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The British Isles
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Nordic Europe
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Mediterranean
Europe
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Eastern Europe