A STUDY OF SHELL BEAD CONTEXT, DISTRIBUTION, AND USE WITHIN
A STUDY OF SHELL BEAD CONTEXT, DISTRIBUTION, AND USE WITHIN
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
Wendy Parker
B.A. California State University, Chico 2005
THESIS
Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF ARTS in
ANTHROPOLOGY at
CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, SACRAMENTO
FALL
2010
A STUDY OF SHELL BEAD CONTEXT, DISTRIBUTION, AND USE WITHIN
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
A Thesis by
Wendy Parker
Approved by :
__________________________________, Committee Chair
Mark Basgall, Ph.D.
__________________________________, Second Reader
Michael Delacorte, Ph.D.
____________________________
Date ii
Student: Wendy Parker
I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis.
__________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________
Michael Delacorte , Ph.D.
Date
Department of Anthropology iii
Abstract of
A STUDY OF SHELL BEAD CONTEXT, DISTRIBUTION, AND USE WITHIN
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA by
Wendy Parker
Although shell bead research within California has focused on a number of themes, the question of what social and cultural processes moved shell beads across the landscape remains unanswered. This study provides a refined assessment of these processes through a regional study of shell bead roles, distribution, and context within the
Pomo, Wintu, and Maidu regions of northern California. Changes in shell bead types and styles were shown to be a reflection of the various social systems, as well as changes in the roles beads held within these social systems. These divergent roles were shown to have different implications for how shell beads were moved across the landscape.
_______________________, Committee Chair
Mark Basgall, Ph.D.
_______________________
Date iv
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to my husband, Alax to whom I give my deepest expression of love and appreciation for the encouragement and support that he gave me during this graduate program. Thank you Alax for everything that you do. v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This thesis would not have been possible without the support of many wonderful people.
First, special thanks must be given to Greg White for imparting his passion for archaeology, as well as freely sharing his wealth of knowledge with me, as it was this that inspired me to be where I am today. Deepest gratitude is also due to my supervisors,
Kevin McCormick, Deborah Tibbetts, and Jamie Moore without whose encouragement and support I again would not be where I am today.
The author also wishes to express gratitude to the State of California Office of Historic
Preservation (OHP) North Central, Northeast Center, and Northwest Information Centers,
University of California, Davis, California State University at Sacramento
Archaeological Research Center, California State University at Chico Archaeology Lab,
Far Western Anthropological Research Group, and Pacific Legacy North Coast to
Cascades and Sierra Nevada/Central Valley Offices for providing access to many of the reports used within this study, as their assistance was essential to the success of this thesis. vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Dedication ............................................................................................................................v
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................. vi
List of Table .........................................................................................................................v
List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii
Chapter
vii
Clamshell and Macoma Disk Bead Typing and Dating........................................ 66
Margartifera
Disk Bead Typing and Dating .............................................................. 68
8. RESULTS………………………………………………………………………............74
Roles and Uses………………………………………….............................................74
Clamshell Disk Bead Context and Condition ....................................................... 98
Macoma Clamshell and Margartifera Disk Beads .............................................. 103
Clamshell Disk Bead Context and Condition ..................................................... 121
viii
Appendix E. Bead Types Associated with Burials Data ..................................................194
References .......................................................................................................................196 ix
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2. Expected Functional Role of Bead Type and Series Based on Size and Degree of
Table 7. Expected Bead Types for Political Roles Without Temporally Non-diagnostic
Table 9. Expected Bead Types for Ceremonial Roles Without Temporally Non-diagnostic
Table 10. Bead Series by Role in the Central Coast Range, Region A. ........................... 83
Table 11. Bead Series by Role in the Sacramento Valley, Region B. .............................. 84
Table 12. Bead Series by Role in the Central Sierra Nevada, Region C. ......................... 85
Table 13. Total Number of Beads Recorded by Type, Good Context, and Cubic Meters
Table 14. Bead Refuse, Manufacturing Debris, and Beads Blanks Excavated by Region.
Table 15. Average Number of Beads Per Burial from Each Region. ............................... 89
Table 16. Total Number of Olivella Beads by Context for the Entire Study Region. ...... 91
Table 17. Total Number of Olivella Beads by Context and Use Type for the Central Coast
Range (Lake and Mendocino), Region A. ........................................................ 92
Table 18. Total Number of Olivella Bead by Context and Use Type for the Sacramento
Valley (Colusa, Glenn, Yolo), Region B. ......................................................... 94
Table 19. Total Number of Olivella Beads by Context and Use Type for the Central
Sierra Nevada (Butte, Sutter, Yuba), Region C. ............................................... 97
Table 20. Total Number of Typed and Untyped Clamshell Disk Beads for the Entire
x
Table 22. Total Number of typed Clamshell Disk Beads by Context for the Central Coast
Table 23. Total Number of typed Clamshell Disk Beads by Context for the Sacramento
Table 24. Total Number of typed Clamshell Disk Beads by Context for the Sierra
Table 25. Total Number of Macoma and Margartifera Beads by Context. .................... 104
Table 26. Total Number of Macoma and Margartifera Beads by Context for the Central
Table 27. Total Number of Macoma and Margartifera Beads by Context and Region for
Table 30. Total Number of Beads Exhibiting Perforation Wear. ................................... 109
Table 31. Total Number of Beads Exhibiting Perforation Wear. ................................... 110
Table 32. Modified Bead Measures Predicted to Dictate Bead Roles. ........................... 130
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Counties from Which Shell Bead Data Were Recorded from Excavation
Figure 3. Ethnographic Map Based on Heizer (1966), Kroeber (1970); Powers (1976). . 30
Figure 4. Site Locations for Excavated Materials Used Within the Current Study. ......... 63
Figure 5. Length and Width of Olivella biplicata Shells, after Bennyhoff and Hughes
Figure 6. The Olivella biplicata shell, Showing Landmarks and Loci of Manufacture for
Various Classes of Beads (reproduced from Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987: 89).
xii
1
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose of the Study
Research on shell beads within California has focused on a number of themes: culture history and chronology building (Beardsley 1948, 1954a, 1954b; Lillard et al.1939); prehistoric economies and political organization, including social stratification and status differentiations (Arnold 1987; Arnold and Graesch 2001; Chagnon 1970; King
1974, 1990; Milliken and Bennyhoff 1993); as indicators of social system maintenance
(King 1981); and exchange networks between California and the Great Basin (Bennyhoff and Heizer 1958; Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). Although most bead studies consider at some level the processes that moved shell beads across the landscape, these questions have been examined in terms of individual sites or limited geographical areas; a large regional assessment of shell bead behavior has yet to be conducted. Despite the diverse theoretical and methodological approaches that have been employed, the question of what social and cultural processes moved these beads across the landscape still remains unanswered. This study seeks a more refined assessment of these processes through a larger regional study of shell bead distribution and context.
It is understood that Native California prehistoric, protohistoric, and early historic populations variously used shell beads as a form of currency, as well as tribal and status markers, and that beads were one of the most widely recognized items of exchange
(Arnold and Graesch 2001; Elsasser 1978b; Gifford 1947; Gould 1978b; King 1974,
2
1978, 1990; Kroeber 1970; Milliken and Bennyhoff 1993; Moratto 1984; Pilling 1978).
Shell beads from the Pacific coast have been widely traded for 10,000 years (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987; Basgall and Hall 1993; Erlandson et al. 2005), and have been recovered from prehistoric sites as far inland as eastern Nevada, Utah, and Arizona
(Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987; Fitzgerald et al. 2005; King 1981; McGuire and Howard
1987). While studies have demonstrated this wide geographic distribution, little attention has been given to the social and cultural processes that led to these beads moving across the landscape. This gap has inspired this study to focus on interpreting what social and cultural processes were involved in shell bead movement within northern California.
In order to examine the social and cultural processes involved in the movement of these beads, the roles beads held (i.e., as status indicators, ceremonial objects, or true currency) within prehistoric social systems must examined. Prehistoric social systems and shell bead roles will be examined through ethnographic accounts, archaeological data, and the use of Rational Choice Theory. Changes in shell bead types and styles will be shown to be a reflection of the changes within the roles held by beads in the social systems of prehistoric populations within the study region. These divergent roles and social systems will have different implications for how beads moved across the landscape.
This thesis is divided into nine sections, each covering different subsets of data pertaining to this research: (1) Introduction to the Study, covering past research and the need for the current study; (2) Context of the Study, covering the region selected and the ethnographic background of the area, including the varying shell bead roles and societal
organization; (3) Research Context, covering social system maintenance, artifact production, artifact characteristics, and information transmission; (4) Theoretical
Context, covering rational choice theory, rationality and social exchange, diffusion, and the age area concept, and limitations of the theory used, the models employed, and the data available; (5) Ethnographic Context, covering the three cultural areas, their basic culture structure, sociopolitical organization and bead uses and roles; (6) Methodology, covering the archaeological record, data sources, shell bead typing, and how the data were analyzed; (7) Expectations, covering shell bead roles and their implications for economic, political, and ceremonial systems and how bead roles influenced archaeological distributions are defined; (8) Results, covering the results of the study; and, finally, (9) Conclusions and Recommendations, covering the study findings and recommendations for further research.
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4
Chapter 2
CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
The Archaeological Record
Due to their consistent use, shell beads serve as important archaeological time markers that can provide valuable data on intergroup relations and communications through their geographic distributions and contexts. The most commonly recovered beads within California are made from the purple olive snail (Olivella biplicata) and clam
( Saxidomus spp., Tresus spp.
, and Macoma spp.) shells (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987;
King 1978). Olivella shell beads, in particular, exhibit a long stylistic evolution that has been well documented and classified (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). Shell bead manufacture during the Early Period involved production of whole shell, simple Olivella spire-lopped and thick rectangle beads. Manufacture during the Middle Period increased and diversified stylistically. The Late Period brought about a more standardized Olivella shell bead, which gradually increased in size (Bennyhoff & Hughes 1987; Erlandson
1988; King 1981). After A.D. 1500, clamshell disk beads appear as currency and became the most commonly used beads in northern California and were used well into the historic period (King 1978: 62). The size groups of clamshell disk beads have been hypothesized to have been small during the sixteenth century and to have increased in size as time passed, while in the historic period a wide range of bead sizes were manufactured
(Bennyhoff and Fredrickson 1967).
5
Shell beads provided a means of ornamentation and wealth that stratified prehistoric California native societies, and by the Middle Period (600 B.C.-200 B.C.) may have signified a hereditary system of social status and elite descent (King 1981).
Although changes in shell bead types may reflect migration, ethnicity, and adaptive diversity within prehistoric societies, tracking the movement of different shell bead types may provide valuable information on changes within prehistoric economies and the redistribution events that moved shell beads across the landscape.
Studies of prehistoric shell bead use provide details about the nature of economic interaction, as well as social and political organization. In studying the geographic distribution of shell beads within northern California, the occurrence of shell beads within the archaeological record must be examined; data such as shell bead quantities, type, and provenience must be gathered in a controlled manner. The current research focuses on identifying patterns of shell bead use in association with ethnographic data to establish the geographic distribution of shell beads, and bead types and roles within the region. By exploring the distances and directions that shell bead types and quantities moved across the landscape as well as where and how they were distributed within sites, it may be possible to show what kind of social system was in use, the nature of these social and cultural interactions, and how these beads moved across space. The relative importance of these interactions and their specific nature within northern California remain poorly understood at the present time.
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Region Selected
Previous archaeological attention given to the southern North Coast Ranges of
California (Marin, Sonoma, Solano, and Napa counties) has identified this region as the center of the “Central California Bead Exchange Network” or system (Bennyhoff and
Hughes 1987; Groza 2002) (see Figure 1). This network was fluid and subject to changes in organization, intensity, and purpose throughout various tribal areas. Bodega and
Figure 1. Counties from Which Shell Bead Data Were Recorded from Excavation Reports.
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Monterey bays held an abundant source of shell materials and most coastal groups, regardless of the distance from the source, took part in the exchange of shell.
Shell beads manufactured from Olivella , Saxidomus , Tresus , Macoma , Haliotis, and
Mytilus , and other shells have been recovered from sites in this area. This system has been defined by Bennyhoff and Hughes as ''the most important source of shell beads and ornaments for the western and eastern sectors of the Great Basin" (1987:155), marking its influence and far reach across the landscape.
As shell beads moved across space and time, the worth, significance, and purpose of beads changed. In order to examine how beads moved across the landscape, areas on the fringe of the exchange system need to be examined. To the north of the Central
California Exchange Network lays the so-called “Northern California Exchange
Network,” described by Bennyhoff and Hughes as: "…the least known and at present has the shallowest time depth for types other than simple Olivella Spire-lopped beads"
(1987:154). Today, this network still remains the least known. Marked by smaller quantities of shell beads, diminishing levels of bead activity, and diverse ethnographic groups, the northern region provides an opportunity to study multiple aspects of shell bead behavior.
Three geographic zones will be studied within the Northern California Exchange system: Region A, the central Coast Ranges: encompassing Lake and Mendocino counties, traditional Pomo territory; Region B, the Sacramento Valley including Colusa,
Glenn, and Yolo counties, traditional Wintu territory; and Region C, the northern central
Sierra Nevada, covering Butte, Sutter, and Yuba counties, traditional Maidu Territory
(see Figure 2). By examining areas where shell beads are expected to occur in smaller numbers, it may be possible to show where shell beads amassed, where they begin to become less frequent, the extent to which they traveled, their placement within sites, and the identification of areas outside of this exchange system. Variations in shell bead type, style, and use-wear will be used to trace changes in the roles that shell beads held and to infer the social and cultural processes that moved beads across the landscape.
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Figure 2. Geographic Regions A, B, C.
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The Ethnographic Record
Ethnographic data from the study region will be used to demonstrate variation in the economic and social organization of the ethnographic cultures and to assess whether this variation had an effect on the shell bead dispersal process. While not all ethnographic parallels will apply equally to an explanation of prehistoric bead dispersal (see the Limitations section for further discussion), ethnographic data can be used to demonstrate that, at contact, the bead dispersal process took place by means of diverse sociopolitical processes.
Ethnographic data show that, at contact, shell beads served as status and prestige markers as well as currency (Heizer 1966; Kroeber 1970; Powers 1976). It is expected that post-contact conditions were somewhat different than their pre-contact counterparts and that different dispersal processes may have been in use. Shell beads used in earlier times may have also held roles that are not well represented in the historic record, and their dispersal processes may have been different. Ethnographic data pertaining to shell bead use and sociopolitical organization will be employed to assess the roles beads served within cultures of the study region.
The Models Used
Cultural diffusion occurs in a predictable fashion with traits tending to diffuse in all directions from a center of origin (Kroeber 1931a, 1931b; Wissler 1923). Diffusion of traits can occur at different rates, as well as in different directions. A time lapse has been shown between the age of a trait at its point of origin and its age in areas to which it
10 diffused; the center of origin will contain the highest frequencies of a trait and its frequency will decrease (Ford 1952; Kroeber 1931b). Thus, the more prevalent a trait is in a given area the greater the probability that it originated there and the further from the origin it is found, the older it is likely to be. Areas of origin can be inferred from high frequency distributions, while the antiquity of a trait can be gauged from peripheral distributions (Kroeber 1931a, 1931b; Wissler 1923). Wide trait distributions can be inferred to be older than narrow distributions (Kroeber 1931a; Kroeber 1931b). The direction of diffusion can be ascertained by the decreasing relative frequency of a trait the farther away from the area of origin one studies (Ford 1952).
Many theories of cultural diffusion are based on the distance to decay model , following the premise that cultural and spatial interactions tend to decline as the geographic distance between cultural centers and their peripheries increase. As cultural interactions decrease, so too will the spread of cultural traits. In general, distance to decay will vary according to the value placed on the objects being traded, with more valuable items spreading further from the source.
Models that assume the diffusion of cultural traits is the principle means of cultural change have been challenged by many scholars, and such explanations for cultural change were once commonly rejected (Binford 1962, 1965, 1968a, 1968b;
Lyman et al. 1997; Steward 1929; Trigger 1989:195). Diffusion by itself, does not explain the mechanisms for cultural change, nor does it get at the root of what cultural and social processes were actually behind the role, acquisition, or movement of artifacts
(Binford 1962, 1965, 1968a, 1968b; Lyman et al. 1997; Steward 1929; Trigger
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1989:195). However, when paired with a body of theory, such as rational choice theory, diffusion can be useful in modeling the spread of artifacts used within a social system.
There are many reasons why the occurrence of a cultural trait might drop in frequency with respect to distance. Transport costs are often thought to be the deciding factor, but as social boundaries, group gatherings, cultural interaction spheres, and the roles the artifact held may be equally important. The proposed research plans to integrate these possibilities in assessing dispersal patterns among archaeological shell bead data.
One of the most valuable aspects of these models relates to deviation from expected patterns. When data fail to meet expectations, an understanding of the cultural processes behind the movement of shell beads can often be attained.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH CONTEXT
Before outlining the theoretical framework used to examine the movement of prehistoric shell beads, a few basic concepts must be considered.
Social Systems and Artifact Change
Relationships between social behavior and material culture have long been studied by anthropologists, archaeologists, and sociologists alike. Many early studies posited that the material culture used by a population can be seen as a reflection of their social organization (Baker 1957; Binford 1972; Bunzel 1933; DeMarrais et al. 1996;
White 1989; Robb 1998; Spencer 1886, 1896).
Research has shown that when a social system becomes more complex its subsystems have corresponding changes in complexity.
“…artifacts … [are] the material elements having their primary functional context in the social subsystems of the total cultural system. This subsystem functions as the extrasomatic means of articulating groups capable of efficiently maintaining themselves and the technology.
Artifacts such as a king’s crown, a warrior’s coup stick, a copper from the
Northwest coast, etc., fall into this category. Changes in the relative complexity of the sociotechnic component of an archaeological assemblage can be related to changes in the structure of the social system which they represent.” (Binford 1972: 24)
Changes in dress and ornament style are often a direct result of changes in the social system. Change in the complexity and focus of social systems (ceremonial, political, or economic) induce change in the objects used to maintain that system. This can be
13 predominantly seen through the various forms of art used within a society. “The arts
[including dress and ornament]…have…shown a persistent tendency to differentiate: a) from religion, science and other major types of activity; [and] b) from each other”
(Munro 1963: 62). It has been shown that an increase in the complexity of one system will create a corresponding decrease in the complexity of the clothing or ornamentations that are produced in maintaining other social systems within the society (Baker 1957;
Bunzel 1933; King 1981; Spencer 1886). That is, when a society focuses on an economic system, the political and ceremonial systems may become less prominent in the everyday lives of the individual members of the society. Less time and effort are put into these subsystems and the complexity of these systems, and the artifacts used to maintain these systems decrease. Following this same reasoning, when a society focuses on a ceremonial system, the political and economic subsystems may become less prominent; with more time and effort put into the ceremonial components, the complexity of the other systems decreases. The same processes can be expected with increased interest in a political system. However, it is important to emphasize that time and effort expended are not necessarily reduced in the economic system. Because currency is used by many cultures in maintaining wealth and status, currency may appear to be the primary social focus.
Political systems increase complexity in clothing and ornamentation, producing various elaborate styles of art, marking increases in the costs of production. This proliferation of styles is used in establishing and maintaining wealth and status for its individual members.
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…with elaboration of political structure, differences of quantity, quality, shape and color, are united to produce dresses distinctive of class….The causes which have originated, developed, and specialized…dresses, have done the like with ornaments…(Spencer 1886: 188-189).
“In prehistoric California, beads were used to control flows between energy stores. Changes …in their size, number, distribution, degree of hierarchal ordering, number of differentiated flow…resulted in systemic changes in the form of beads…” (King 1974: 80).
Artifact Production
Production costs are the basic element behind all human and non-human production efforts; the costs of obtaining raw materials, manufacturing, and distribution stimulate all production decisions. The costs of obtaining raw materials include travel to and from the material source, including the costs of extracting the material from its matrix or searching for the needed resource. Manufacturing costs include reducing the material, use of different shaping techniques, the density of the material, and the degree of investment involved in forming and shaping the material. Manufacturing costs also include the creation and use of specialized equipment necessary to shape the material, as well as costs associated with assembling multi-component items.
Production costs can usually be determined through an understanding of an artifact’s features. With shell beads, these features include shape, size, coloration, and the location from which the bead was extracted from the shell. Round beads require more effort and attention in manufacture than square beads, while large beads are easier to hold and work than small beads. Whole shell beads undoubtedly required much less effort and
15 attention in manufacture than a bead extracted from the side wall, and spire-lopped beads require less to extract than shelf beads (see Figure 3, page 30). These features determine the level of difficulty in bead manufacture and thus contribute to production costs. The coloration of the object varies based on the material, and thus materials may be sought from different sources. Shell materials can have different densities and may be harder to work.
The location of manufacture can also indicate costs associated with production.
The farther away from raw materials (shell) the manufacturing locality is, the farther the raw materials have to be transported. Both finished and semi-finished shell beads, as well as raw materials, moved across the landscape increasing both transport and storage costs.
The time in which a bead is manufactured can help indicate its cost of production as well. As with any artifact class, its early stage of production produces relatively similar items that are undifferentiated with each holding many potential functions and roles. This early stage of production generally includes few tools and simple techniques that can be seen within the archaeological record. Later stages of production generally become increasingly specialized with artifacts dividing into distinct items with specialized functions, tools, and techniques (Munro 1963: 62). Changes in technology will also determine the level of difficulty in working raw materials; the introduction of metal drills and spindles after contact undoubtedly increased ease and reduced production time when compared to stone drills.
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Artifact Characteristics and Roles
Artifact characteristics can provide information regarding the purpose of artifacts, or the different roles artifacts might have held within a society or time period. Artifact features such as size, shape, and color can mean many different things to members of a society. The same kind of artifact may also have different purposes or roles within a society, and these roles may vary from one society to the next or between time periods.
“Differences in artifacts used by different societies should reflect differences in organization of societies and similarities likewise reflect the operation of similar control systems or subsystems” (King 1981: 18).
An artifact’s size, shape, color, and abundance can transmit information about the owner; this information can include membership in a society, rank within that society, religious affiliation, wealth, and the like. An artifact’s shape can also convey different things, as members of many societies associate a particular shape with particular aspects of social systems and organizations. For example, displays of particular shapes, such as sports team logos signals support of favorite teams, law enforcement badges represent safety and authority, luxurious headdresses (such as crowns or tiaras) indicate special status, and exotic items indicate distant connections; all represent conveyed meanings that are understood by most in today’s society (DeMarrais et al. 1996:16; Robb 1998:
332). When two competing systems develop the need to distinguish allegiance or affiliation may also arise, differentiating shapes or logos may be created (King 1981).
This has been suggested to be the purpose of "banjo-shaped" Kuksu Haliotis shell pendants within the Central Valley of California. Kuksu members are believed to have
17 introduced this during the Late Period and members wore the special shaped shell pendant as a sign of membership (Bennyhoff 1987; Heizer and Whipple 1971:179;
Kroeber 1970: 371). Shell bead roles may be what define the size, shape, color, and quantities of the beads needed.
Artifacts worn on the body (such as shell beads or ornaments) are visible to other members of a society, thus this information transmission can be considerable compared to artifacts that are kept in the home and only seen by a few chosen members of society.
Smaller artifacts, such as small beads, will be less visible from a distance. These smaller beads will have less information transmission in larger gatherings and more in smaller gatherings where they can be seen easily. Robust artifacts, such as larger beads and pendants, can be recognized from a distance and have greater visual influence in larger groups. Grouping smaller artifacts, such as making a necklace from beads, can help aid in the recognition of these smaller artifacts over a greater distance. The size of the artifact can convey many things: cost of production (smaller being more difficult to produce, larger more costly to produce); rarity (smaller and larger being difficult or more costly to produce); affiliation (a specific size may represent a specific affiliation); or rank and wealth (different sizes representing different ranks and wealth level based on cost of production and rarity).
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Chapter 4
THEORETICAL CONTEXT
Rational Choice Theory is a framework used to understand and model both social and economic behavior and is used as a framing device in interpreting the archaeological data. This section begins with a discussion of the basic premises underlying rational choice (Chong 2000; Zey 1998); it then moves into a discussion of Methodological
Individualism and Rational Choice Theory, including individual choices and their roles in collective actions, and social negotiation (Carling 1992; Coleman 1973; Elster 1989;
Heath 1976). The use of rational choice models in studying human behavior is then evaluated, followed by a discussion of its application in archaeological studies. The present research follows a rational choice model that takes into account individual choice, collective outcomes, and causal mechanisms. By using a model that includes these aspects, many of the critiques that rational choice models have received can be addressed.
It is shown that such a theory can provide a better explanation of material exchange.
Rational Choice
Rational choice postulates that individuals act rationally in choosing the best means available to obtain what they believe is in their best interest. Rational decisions requires three factors: 1) the actions one could take; 2) expectations of the outcomes of these actions; and 3) individual preference. Rational choice maintains that individuals
19 must foresee the outcomes of alternative decisions and decide which choice is in their best interest.
“Individual actions are seldom perfectly rational, but there is an essential degree of rationality in most behavior. We [humans] are rational in the sense of doing the best we can for ourselves within the confines of our knowledge and beliefs about the way the world works.” (Chong 2000: 11)
Individual decisions are made within specific constraints (environment, technological, social, etc.), under which the individual will act based on what they perceive is the best action, and based upon the best information they have about the conditions under which they are acting (Carling 1992; Chong 2000; Coleman 1973; Elster 1989; Heath 1976).
Rational behavior is limited by things such as: scarcity of resources; costs associated with forgoing the most beneficial course of action; family norms, formal organizations, and societal laws; and information access (Zey 1998: 2-3). Having differential access to resources will cause two individuals to make different decisions based on the costs associated with forgoing the most beneficial course of action, individuals will also make different decisions based on differing societal constants. An individual may also choose not to pursue the most highly beneficial course (maximizing behavior). Information, and lack of information, also affects an individuals decisions,
Rational choice models traditionally assume that actors have adequate information in choosing among alternative actions (Zey 1998: 2-3). Rational individuals choose the alternative that is likely to give them their greatest desired results (Carling 1992: 27;
Coleman 1973; Heath 1976: 3), and thus individuals who act irrationally will receive results less then desired.
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Rational Choice Theory’s central concept is that all social interaction is an economic transaction (Zey 1998: 2). This transaction is directed by the individual’s rational choice among alternative outcomes and action is taken only after the costs and benefits of the action have been calculated. Rational Choice Theory relies on assumptions about an individual actor’s goals, knowledge, and beliefs about their environment. It is assumed that: individuals can and do participate in utility maximizing behavior; if an action is in an individual’s interest, then the individual will pursue that interest; that individuals can foresee and calculate the consequences of their behavior; and that the individual will make their decisions based on these criteria. Without these assumptions, no specific predictions or deductions can be made.
Rational action is goal-oriented behavior, behavior that is based on rational beliefs about the means of achieving goals. Because rational assessments can be made from irrationally formed premises, a rational belief must have been developed from a process of information gathering and analysis (Nozick 1993: 64). On the surface, a choice may seem to be irrational, but when the beliefs and knowledge of the individual are taken into account, the decision may actually be rational.
Rational choice models that incorporate individual self-interest and social pressures and incentives have greater explanatory power then models without (Chong
2000: 13-14). An individual’s actions influence how that individual is viewed and treated by the social group of which they are a part. Social relationships often play a large role in decision making, an action taken by an individual can affect their reputation and standing within that social group, and even influence the groups external social relationships.
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Rational decision making not only includes decisions concerning the most efficient means of pursing goals, but also decisions concerning how their decisions and actions might affect the social group or their standing within that group.
Social groups often provide individuals with power or capabilities they would not normally have in obtaining their goals; thus, maintaining good relations with other individuals often increases ones utility maximization success and goal attainment. Group membership also provides the ability to share ideas with other people. Individuals are expected to pursue self-interest before they pursue the interests of others; however, group membership often requires individuals to pursue group-oriented goals, which may or may not provide the individual with direct benefits. Individual actions that support group interests in spite of individual costs are considered "extrarational," while actions that benefit neither the individual nor the group interests are "irrational" (Hardin 1995: 46).
Decisions are also influenced by past experience, these experiences have an affect on both an individuals current and future decisions as poor decisions are rarely repeated.
Decisions to acquire a craft or skill will limit individuals to that field and reduce the time available to gain other knowledge and skills. Similarly, the decision to acquire membership within a group affects subsequent decisions based on that membership.
Many past decisions can affect an individual's aptitude and ability to benefit from future opportunities that may arise. Decisions made early in life can either create or preclude opportunities later in life. Decisions can also have an increasing or decreasing affect on an individual’s ability to adapt to changing social conditions (Becker 1996). The skills and knowledge gained under one social setting may or may not be applicable or adaptable
22 to new or changing social conditions. Changing social conditions (norms, institutions, and technologies) can be received by individuals to varying degrees. Although current and future decisions are dependent on past decisions, this dependence can be ignored and a new direction taken. However, there may be a point in an individual’s life when it is no longer cost-effective to adapt to changing conditions, the rational choice being to continue as before and not invest the time and effort to change.
Individual Choice and Collective Outcomes
Rational Choice Theory follows the assumption that complex social and cultural phenomena can be explained in terms of individual actions (Carling 1992; Coleman1973;
Elster 1989; Heath 1976). By associating the actions of individuals to social institutions, social change, and collective action, Rational Choice Theory follows a model of methodological individualism.
This approach assumes that social situations or collective behaviors are the result of individual actions (Carling 1992; Coleman 1973; Elster 1989;
Heath 1976). Under methodological individualism the actions of the individual are the focus of study and all other social phenomena are reducible to these individual actions.
Methodological individualism holds that:
“The elementary unit of social [and cultural] life is the individual human action.
To explain social institutions and social change [as well as cultural institutions and cultural change] is to show how they arise as the result of the action and interaction of individuals” (Elster 1989: 13).
Rational Choice Theory seeks to address how rational individuals would act in different environments, as well as what the collective outcome of those choices would be.
23
This model was fundamental in drawing attention to the difficulty in motivating selfinterested individuals to expend energy on collective action (Chong 2000: 14; Olson
1971). Earlier group theories assumed that individuals would contribute to collective action regardless of its individual costs, because of the benefits they receive from the collective action. Rational Choice Theory proposed that individuals would often not contribute despite these benefits. This is because the individual could potentially still gain the benefits without contributing.
For collective action to be rational, cooperation must be explained in terms of the individuals, not the group’s cost-benefit calculation, since the group is made up of rational individuals (Olson 1971). In collective action, group members gain when all individuals contribute a share, but the benefit of a single contribution is outweighed by its cost. Therefore, what is best for the group is not necessarily best for the individual.
Causal Mechanisms
Although some rational choice findings may appear obvious, models that reproduce known phenomena are valuable in identifying the causal mechanisms responsible (Chong 2000: 16; Elster 1989). Further consideration of these causal mechanisms helps to identify when an action will be taken and when it will not.
The study of social movements has shown that collective action and community organization go hand in hand (Chong 2000: 16). Participation in group organizations has been linked to participation in collective action. This participation is encouraged by the
24 status ranking within organizations. Individuals in organizational groups serve different roles and have differing status within the group. In smaller group organizations the contribution of individuals is easily measured and punishment or reward easily assigned.
An individual who does not contribute to collective action may lose status and other benefits.
Like any useful good theory, Rational Choice Theory advances issues for study and outlines a methodology and course of research. Although primarily used in sociology and political science, Rational Choice Theory has begun to be employed by many social sciences other than economics. Despite certain criticisms that the theory lacks an empirical basis, the use of experimental economics and experimental game theory have demonstrated its utility (Carling 1992; Coleman 1973; Elster 1989; Heath 1976). Rational choice models have also been criticized for having limited application beyond economic context, that they assume that individuals were motivated by both material goals and a desire for social status (Harsanyi 1969). Thus, if the goals that rational individuals pursue are restricted to material benefits, rational choice models are likely to generate prudent and testable expectations.
While portraying the decisions made by individuals as rational and utility maximizing may seem tautological, there are many advantages to a Rational Choice
Theory approach. Unless it is assumed that humans act in a rational manner, researchers have limited ability to predict or make sense of actions (Davidson 1986). If we assume humans make decisions in a rational, rather than stochastic manner, their behavior and
25 actions can be modeled and predicted. These explanatory models have been shown to correspond with actual behavior, and have provided valuable knowledge that can be applied to archaeological data (Popper 1961). Using these models and predictions as a framing device in archaeological research, archaeologists may be able to derive results that would be otherwise overlooked.
Rationality and Material Exchange
Applying Rational Choice Theory to the study of material exchange provides the opportunity to examine the social and cultural processes that influenced how material objects (such as shell beads, one of the most widely recognized items of exchange) moved across the landscape. Changes within social systems often result in changes in the contextual placement of material artifacts used by a society; thus, changes in the contexts of artifacts over time and space may be indicative of changes in the underlying social systems. As an artifact’s role changed so too should the type and style of the artifact.
These changing roles will have differing implications for how such objects are distributed in the archaeological record.
Rationality and Shell Beads
Shell beads in northern California have many values that fall within a large spectrum of rationality. At one end of the spectrum is the bead’s labor value, the caloric or energetic value placed on each shell bead based on its manufacturing costs. The labor value placed on shell beads is a direct result of the manufacture process. The energy
26 expended in obtaining the shell from the coast, the energy expended to fashion the bead, and market costs are equivalent to the costs sought in trade. Thus, the number of calories expended in this process is equal to the calories traded for in resource acquisition. At this end of the spectrum, access to raw material sources and the relative abundance of shell beads also play a factor in cost. These uses of shell beads are rational; they have a directly measurable trade value, a value using the currency of energy investment to objectively assess the costs of making and transporting the artifact. These sorts of relationships are, in theory, fairly straightforward when modeling shell beads against acorns (or similar foodstuffs), but are more difficult when considering the other end of the spectrum with things like bride price (though the economic value of a women could be, in principle, reduced to productive capacity). At the other end of the spectrum is the highly abstract value placed on shell beads. Large numbers of shell beads were gifted at marriage, for access to streams, to end feuds, and on other occasions where no measurable caloric equivalent was received in return. The rationality behind the use of beads here is not directly measureable as the beads do not have direct trade values, but highly complex values that vary based on their use. Here, individuals receive multidimensional payoffs, things such as banked resources, future obligations, alliances, and defense.
Limitations in the Theory Used
One of the main arguments levied against Rational Choice Theory is that since neither preference nor utility are directly measurable, the explanations or conclusions
27 reached on the basis on the model are either post-hoc or tautological (Friedman and
Hechter 1990: 225). Theories involving intentional action view actors as utility maximizing wherein individuals rank preferences but what those preferences are is unclear (Friedman and Hechter 1990: 225).
The question of whether a researcher can actually see or recognize an individual’s action or choice in the archaeological record has been raised, inasmuch as individual behavior is difficult to identify. Whether it is possible to connect artifact to an individual is questionable, as even idiosyncratic identifiable artifacts such as decorated pottery may have been fashioned by an entire family or all of even a teacher’s pupils.
Since Rational Choice Theory focuses on decisions made by weighing options and calculating outcomes, it may have limited application to questions concerning activities that do not have an economic basis. The theory has no tests that can empirically prove its validity; it may also ignore other important dimensions of the problem as well.
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Chapter 5
ETHNOGRAPHIC CONTEXT
Northern California societies were ethnographically organized in small groups or bands, living in settlements that spanned a varied landscape. Cultural and social interactions and exchanges took place when large groups of people congregated in one location at events such as feasts, dances, and annual gatherings associated with resource procurement (such as salmon runs). Because California had no beasts of burden or wheeled transportation, the nature and extent of social and cultural interactions and exchanges were limited geographically and took place via the use of foot traffic.
Ethnographic data suggest that host villages would supply food to visiting villages and receive shell beads and other cultural goods in return. Due to the nature of these social interactions, both direct and indirect material diffusion were occurring simultaneously. Ethnographic data indicate changing roles and uses for shell beads as they moved across the study area.
Ethnolinguistic Composition
The region under study contains two ethnolinguistic phylla: the Hokan
(i.e., Pomo) and Penutian (i.e., Wintu and Maidu) languages (Dixon and Kroeber
1903; Heizer 1966; Kroeber 1970; Powers 1976; Stewart 1985: 13-15). These language phylla are theoretical constructs comprising smaller language families that appear to be related to each other, although their most grammar, syntax, and vocabulary differed significantly. The time, distances, and geography that
29 separated these populations allowed for many mutually unintelligible dialects to develop.
Linguistic reconstructions have placed the Pomo as descendents of Hokanspeaking people (Dixon and Kroeber 1903; Heizer 1966; Kroeber 1970; Powers 1976;
Stewart 1985). The Hokan language family is one of the oldest language phyllum in
California; dating around 9000 B.P.. Hokan-speaking people are believed to have migrated into the valley and mountain regions of Clear Lake, where their language diverged into three dialects known as western, southern, and central/northern Pomo
(Basgall 1982; Dixon and Kroeber 1903; Heizer 1966; Kroeber 1970; Powers 1976;
Stewart 1985).
The Wintu and Maidu have been classified as part of the Penutian language phyllum (Dixon and Kroeber 1903; Heizer 1966; Kroeber 1970; Pitkin 1984; Powers
1976). Dixon and Kroeber (1903) placed the Wintuan language as part of the Oregon
Penutian family. Three Wintuan languages were known to have existed at contact: Wintu,
Nomlaki, and Patwin. Based on the fact that the Wintuan languages were very similar,
Pitkin (1984) hypothesized that they diverged from a common language around 2000
B.P. This suggests that the Wintu moved into the area 2000 years ago, 7000 years after the Pomo are believed to have entered into the region.
Four Maiduian languages were known at contact: Northeastern Maidu (Yamonee
Maidu), Southern Maidu (Nisenan), Northwestern Maidu (Konkow), and Valley Maidu
(Mechoopda) (Dixon and Kroeber 1903; Heizer 1966; Kroeber 1970; Pitkin 1984;
Powers 1976). It is believed that the Maidu migrated into the region from the Great Basin
30
Figure 3. Ethnographic Map Based on Heizer (1966), Kroeber (1970); Powers (1976). approximately 3000 B.P. (Moratto 1984; Shipley 1964), or 6000 years after the Pomo and
1000 years prior to the Wintu.
The Pomo
The Pomo inhabited today’s Mendocino, Sonoma and Lake Counties and were divided into three regions; coast, valley, and lake (Barrett 1908: 23, 121; Kroeber 1970:
31
225). Pomo village and population levels were unevenly distributed across this varied landscape, with the lowest population levels occurring along the coast, and the highest in the Clear Lake region (Kroeber 1970: 234). It is likely that within this region population levels within villages fluctuated throughout the year, with larger populations congregating during the winter months and dispersing during the summer months (Barrett
1908: 25; Kroeber 1970: 229).
Pomo villages consisted of small kin groups connected by geography, lineage, and marriage. Small villages were grouped into large village complexes that included a primary village that housed a widely accepted headman (Gifford 1919; Kroeber 1970:
228). Many smaller seasonal and year-round hunting and fishing camps radiated out from these settlements (Kroeber 1970: 234). This type of village structure created cultural centers that allowed material and behavioral traits to diffuse into surrounding Pomo villages and beyond.
The Pomo have been described as "the money makers" of northern California.
They were believed to have gathered the clamshells and produced and produced the rough disk-shaped bead blanks. The Eastern Pomo gathered clamshells from the Bodega
Bay region and returned them to their villages for bead manufacture; the Southeastern
Pomo received their shells from the Coast Miwok through trade (Gifford 1926). Shell beads were manufactured to different widths and diameters, and were kept on strings so that the number of beads could be measured or counted (Barrett 1952: 289; Kroeber
1970: 249). When traded or gifted, beads were counted off and restrung (Barrett 1952:
289). At contact, shell beads served as money and had a relatively standardized value that
32 increased the further they traveled from their place of production. This was in part due to a decrease in the number of shell beads available as they traveled across the landscape
(Dixon 1905; Kroeber 1970: 249).
Exchange among the Pomo occurred through gifting practices; wherein gifts have reciprocated gifts (Barrett 1952: 282). The more valuable the gifts, the greater the prestige was for both parties (Barrett 1952: 282). Gift were exchanged at events such as religious ceremonies, social gatherings, marriage, and feud resolutions (Barrett 1952:
289). Shell beads made up the majority of the value given as gifts. Baskets were also widely exchanged and were one of the mechanisms by which beads were traded, many elaborately constructed baskets were finished with a solid edge of shell beads (Kroeber
1970: 245). Small non-utilitarian baskets were manufactured for trading at both social and ceremonial gatherings. Baskets were also dedicated to the mourning of the dead and were destroyed in the deceased honor (Kroeber 1970: 245-250). The Yuki, Lake Miwok,
Wappo, and Wintu received shell beads from the Pomo through these trade and gifting practices (De Bois 1935: 21; Kroeber 1970: 166-167, 257, 399).
Shell beads conveyed across the ethnohistoric Pomo landscape through exchange events centered around the many Pomo religious ceremonies. These events typically consisted of four days of dancing and feasting (Kroeber 1970: 260; Barrett 1917: 401), with shell beads being utilized in all areas of the village. Invitations to these events consisted of sticks tied to a sting, each of which represented the number of days until either the opening or closing of the ceremony (Barrett 1917: 402; Kroeber 1970: 260). A runner delivered these invitations to the headman of each invited village; if the runner
33 was to travel a great distance to deliver it, he broke off a stick for every day that he traveled (Barrett 1917: 402).
Guests typically arrived on the outskirts of the host village one day prior to the ceremony and did not enter the village until the first day (Barrett 1917: 402-403). Before leaving their villages visiting headmen had collected shell beads from their people to be given to the hosting village. This gift was displayed as guests danced their way into the village (Barrett 1917: 403). Each visiting headman would offer a short speech and present the host headman with the gift of beads (Barrett 1917: 403). After all visitors had presented their gifts, the host headman would give a longer welcome speech, and depending on the occasion, a number of dances and feastings followed (Barrett 1917:
401-403). Upon completion of the ceremony, the beads were divided among the people of the host village and gifts of equal value (often fish, acorns, seeds, and beads) were given to the visiting villages (Barrett 1917: 403; Kroeber 1970: 260).
A second context of exchange occurred as part of Pomo social events or Big
Feasts. These worked in much of the same manner as religious ceremonies, with the exception that visiting villages could request an invitation to visit (Brown and Andrews
1969: 40). Big feasts were much less structured and were also used as an opportunity to form marriage alliances (Brown and Andrews 1969: 40; see below). The neighboring
Wintu (Loeb 1926:192-194), who both accepted and extended invitations to these events held similar big feast events.
When a village had an abundance of a resource, usually fish, acorns, or seeds, the village headman would extend an invitation to another village to come and feast (Loeb
34
1926:192-194). Invited headmen would then call on his village members to contribute as many beads as possible to a communal fund that would be presented to the host headman upon arrival (Loeb 1926: 192-194). These social events would last several days and emphasized singing, dancing, gambling, feasting, and individual trading opportunities
(Brown and Andrews 1969: 40; Loeb 1926:192-194). The principal trade and gambling mediums consisted of shell beads and subsistence resources. However, many beads and baskets (often elaborately decorated with beads) were brought to the events for these purposes (Brown and Andrews 1969: 40). Prior to the conclusion of the event, the host head man would divide the beads into strings of one hundred and set an amount of resources that would be paid for each string (Loeb 1926: 192-194). The beads would be laid out and each string assigned to one of the host village families that would present subsistence resources in the set value (Loeb 1926: 192-194). The family would take the string of beads as payment and if they wanted additional strings, could produce a second, equivalent quantity of resources, which could continued until the bead strings were exhausted (Loeb 1926: 192-194). Up to this point, the invited village was not involved in the transactions, but once the host village had completed their exchange the invited guest headman would collect the offerings and divide them equally among his people (Loeb
1926: 192-194).
In Morgan Valley, this trading event was reported in a slightly different manner
(Barrett 1952: 285; Loeb 1926: 192-194). Here, Lower Lake visitors traded shell beads and gifts for the right to fish in the creeks following the feasting events. Beads were
35 delivered to the host headman and distributed among the people based on how many fish came from their private sections of the creek (Barrett 1952: 285; Loeb 1926: 192-194).
A third exchange event, the Pomo marriage, moved many shell beads both within and out of the Pomo region (Kroeber 1970: 255). Although amounts varied, prospective groom’s presented beads and deer skins to the bride’s parents; if they approved, the groom would receive baskets in return (Barrett 1952: 394; Kroeber 1970: 254-255). This exchange brought the husband into the bride’s home, where he resided for one to two months, after which the married couple was escorted by the bride’s parents to the husband’s parent’s house with gifts for his family. The couple resided with the groom’s family for a short period and then returned the bride’s parents bringing with him additional gifts. This gifting process was repeated many times. The greater the distance between the two villages the longer it continued and the greater the number of gifts exchanged (Kroeber 1970: 255). The only marriage restriction related to kin, there bing no rules of either village exogamy or endogamy (Gifford 1926: 319; Kroeber 1970: 254-
256). Marriage could take place between Pomo villages or with neighboring tribes.
In short, the ethnographic data for the Pomo suggest that beads served as a form of standardized currency for securing needed resources. They were directly manufactured and distributed via ceremonial and social gifting and exchange processes for this purpose
(Barrett 1917: 402; Barrett 1952: 289; Brown and Andrews 1969: 40; Kroeber 1970: 249;
Loeb 1926:192-194). Shell beads from this region held an exchange value and were primarily used as an exchange medium. There is no mention in the ethnographic literature of shell beads being used as political or ceremonial decorations or objects.
36
Since the Pomo were believed to have manufactured shell beads (Barrett 1952:
289; Gifford 1926; Kroeber 1970: 249), it is likely that wealth was uniformly accessible to the people, but not necessarily evenly distributed among them or even throughout the region. Wealth could be acquired differentially based on individual choices or circumstances. Shell beads were involved in many aspects of daily life. This includes the manufacture, storage (via bead strings), and ornamental use of beads on gift baskets.
These activities are believed to have contributed to a concentration of wealth within the
Pomo region that would have conveyed beads across the landscape from this center.
Beads used for currency are expected to appear throughout villages though not necessarily in equal frequencies.
The Wintu
The Wintu, to the east of the Pomo, are divided into three language groups: the northern, Wintu; the central, Nomlaki; and the southern, Patwin (Kroeber 1970: 353-355;
Lapena 1978: 324, 341, 350). They inhabited the west side of the Sacramento Valley from the coast ranges to the Sacramento River. Because the study area excludes the northern part of this region the term Wintu refers here after to the Nomlaki and Patwin
Wintu. The Patwin Wintu inhabited the riverine environments near the Sacramento River and the hills and valleys within the Coast Ranges (Powers 1976: 219). Patwin neighbors included the Yuki to the northwest, the Nomlaki to the north, the Konkow Maidu to the northeast, and the Nisenan Maidu to the east. The Nomlaki Wintu inhabited the
Sacramento Valley, west to the North Coast Range (Goldschmidt 1951: 314; Kroeber
37
1970: 354, 341). Nomlaki neighbors included a Wintu group to the north, the Yana to the northeast, the Konkow Maidu to the east, the Patwin to the south, and the Yuki to the west (Goldschmidt 1951: 316).
Wintu villages varied greatly in size, but were generally large, permanent settlements that consisted of many small familial groups (De Bois 1935: 29; Goldschmidt
1951: 303, 317; Lapena 1978: 325, 326, 343). As in the Pomo region, villages were clustered into village complexes that included a primary village that housed a semihereditary head man (De Bois 1935: 29; Goldschmidt 1951: 318, 324; Kroeber 1970:
228). The Wintu were organized into so-called “functional families,” each of which had a specialization (deer hunting, bead manufacturing, or ceremonial dance) (De Bois 1935:
21).
Village composition fluctuated throughout the year, due to seasonal movement from one village to another. Villages along the river and marshes of the Sacramento
Valley were occupied during winter months, while coastal hill settlements were occupied during the summer (Gifford 1919: 80; Kroeber 1970: 354). This village structure created cultural centers along the rivers and marshes in the winter and more diffuse organization during the summer. This allowed for villages to interact and exchange with neighbors to the east and west, providing an opportunity for traits to enter and spread beyond the
Wintu cultural interaction sphere.
Given their position between two large commodity production areas (the central
California beads and Shasta fur pelts areas), the Wintu are believed to have profited and contributed to the conveyance of both as middle men (Goldschmidt 1951: 336-337). The
38
Wintu received shell beads in both finished and unfinished form that were worked by local craftsmen into finished beads with high level of polish (Goldschmidt 1951: 334,
337). Beads were strung and measured from finger tip to shoulder, not counted which was seen as a sign of impoverishment (Goldschmidt 1951: 334). Basket ornamentation was not practiced (Kroeber 1970: 415), nor was Wintu gatherings done for ceremonial purposes, but rather social purposes (De Bois 1935: 40). The primary movement of shell beads within and out of the Wintu region was through gift exchange and gambling at social feasts and dances held when villages had a surplus of subsistence resource (De
Bois 1935: 24, 40). Although the Wintu distinguished between trading and gifting, custom required that trade items be offered as gifts. All exchange occurred by means of gift giving and reciprocation of comparable value (De Bois 1935: 24; Goldschmidt 1951:
335, 338). The Wintu received shell beads from the south (i.e., the Patwin from the
Pomo, the Nomlaki from the Pomo and Patwin, and the Wintu from the Nomlaki and the
Pomo), and supplied beads to the Maidu and Shasta on their eastern and northern borders
(Beals 1933: 355-356; De Bois 1935: 21; Dixon 1905: 141; Goldschmidt 1951: 329-335,
418; Kroeber 1970: 399).
For social gatherings, Wintu headmen invited both distant and surrounding villages in the traditional manner. A runner from the host village was sent to the neighboring village from which another runner was sent to the next and so on until all villages had been invited (De Bois 1935: 40-41; Powers 1976: 235). Tasks were assigned among the host villagers and guests were told what provisions to bring (De Bois 1935:
28-29). Guests typically arrived two to three days before the gathering and usually
39 included Pomo, Maidu, and Shasta peoples (De Bois 1935: 28-29). Gatherings lasted for three to five days and emphasized gambling, dancing, and singing, with feasting more an intermission to gaming activities (De Bois 1935: 43).
A second social event that moved shell beads across the Wintu landscape occurred at gift dances held between tribes. One of these dances documented between the
River Wintu villages of Nummok and Norbos (De Bois 1935: 41; Powers 1976: 238). A runner invited the guest tribe in the traditional manner. The master of ceremony greeted the visiting tribal members by name as they danced down the hill and placed their gifts at the base of a pole (Powers 1976: 238), the visiting tribe later reciprocating with a gift dance at their village. Visitors brought with them as much wealth as they could, striving to bring more then the previous village had given them (Powers 1976: 238). This gift dance has been reported for many villages within the Wintu territory (De Bois 1935: 41) and likely involved villages outside their territory as well.
A third event that moved shell beads across the landscape took place when a wealthy Wintu girl reached maturity. A ceremonial maturity dance was held in her honor and all of the surrounding villages were invited to celebrate this occasion (De Bois 1935:
40-41; Powers 1976: 235). The girl fasted for three days, eating only acorn meal, after which she feasted on a sacred broth as the visiting villages began to arrive (Powers 1976:
235). Visitors arrived as they would for all ceremonial occasions. They arrived on a summit that overlooked the village and dance down the hill and around the village singing and chanting in a line that was single, double, or triple wide. Gifts were presented to the master of ceremony (Powers 1976: 235). When all visitors had arrived, the entire
40 congregation danced around the village, with the dancing, feasting, and gambling continuing for two to seven days (Goldschmidt 1951: 375). The ceremony concluded with the host headman dancing with the newly appointed woman (Powers 1976: 235); if the father could afford it, a second dance was held the following month (Goldschmidt
1951: 375).
Ethnographic data for the Wintu suggest that shell beads served as both nonstandardized currency and as wealth markers (Goldschmidt 1951: 375; Gifford 1919: 80;
Kroeber 1970: 354; Powers 1976: 235). Shell beads were acquired and distributed via social gatherings, exchanged for subsistence resources, and were used in maintaining social alliances (Goldschmidt 1951: 375; Gifford 1919: 80; Kroeber 1970: 354; Powers
1976: 235). The emphasis on social gatherings within this region shows an increased emphasis on maintaining social alliances and demonstrating wealth. Because the Wintu were not believed to manufacturer shell beads, they obtained them from their Pomo neighbors with supplies becoming increasingly limited across the region. This is supported by the fact that shell beads were not employed in all aspects of Wintu life; they were not employed for basket ornamentation, nor for ceremonial practices. Shell beads were used as exchange and gifting to procure resources and maintain alliances. Although shell beads within the Wintu region were also used as currency, their role changed to encompass wealth and status, as well as alliance building and marriage. Beads used for currency are expected to occur in many village contexts, while beads used for wealth and status are expected to be restricted to select residential areas.
41
The Maidu
The Maidu inhabited three environmental zones within the Central Valley and
Sierra Nevada. In the northwest were the Konkow Maidu who live from the Sacramento
River east to the foothills; in the northeast were the Northern Maidu who inhabited the foothills east to the Sierra Nevada; and in the southern valley and foothills lived the
Nisenan (Kroeber 1970: 391).
Although the Maidu lived in numerous settlements, their political organization was more centralized (Kroeber 1970: 397-398). Maidu organization consisted of many small villages comprising a larger village complex with a single headman (Dixon 1905:
223; Kroeber 1970: 395, 402). Villages, of kin-related individuals were discrete units led by a non-hereditary headmen selected for his aptitude, reasoning, and affluence as a spokesmen and advisor (Dixon 1905: 224). Maidu territories in the Sierra foothills were vaguely defined and settlement placement determined by topography (Kroeber 1970:
395, 397-398, 402). In the valley, Konkow and Nisenan villages were clustered along the main waterways of the American, Feather, Sacramento, and Yuba rivers (Dixon 1905:
223; Kroeber 1970: 395). In the foothills, Nisenan and Northern Maidu villages were scattered along ridges and knolls of the narrow river canyons (Kroeber 1970: 395).
Villages were permanent, with seasonal shifts between locations (Dixon 1905: 223). This village structure created cultural centers along the main waterways and at permanent village locations, such that cultural traits diffused out to smaller, surrounding villages.
The Maidu rarely ventured far from their villages, traveling no more than 20 miles, except for hunting expeditions (Dixon 1905: 201). The Hill and Mountain Nisenan
42 had limited contact with outside groups apart from trade, warfare, and ceremonial gatherings (Beals 1933: 365). Contact between villages occurred along major waterways
(Wilson and Towne 1966:387).
Shell beads among the Northwest Maidu were used as ornamentation and currency, but not for basketry ornamentation (Kroeber 1970: 415). As with the entire study area, the Maidu kept their beads on strings; however, counted rather than measured during exchange (Dixon 1905: 202). By the time beads reached this region, they were highly finished and of considerable value (Dixon 1905: 189; Goldschmidt 1951: 337).
Beads were found in every village to some degrees and acquired through inter-village religious, mourning, and marriage ceremonies and the gambling associated with these events. The Maidu received shell beads from their western Wintu neighbors (Barrett
1917: 14; Beals 1933: 355-356; De Bois 1935: 21; Dixon 1905: 141; Goldschmidt 1951:
316, 418; Kroeber 1970: 399).
Maidu marriage celebrations moved many beads across the Maidu landscape
(Dixon 1905: 239; Kroeber 1970: 401-402). Maidu marriages entailed a bride price. The groom sent a messenger to the girl’s family with a payment of shell beads. The family discussed the price offered and either accepted, returned, or requested a high payment
(Dixon 1905: 239; Kroeber 1970: 401-402). A bride could be selected from any village as long as she was not of familial relation (Kroeber 1970: 401-402). Bride purchase decreased gradually as one approached the Sierran foothills, with most marriages in the upper foothills and mountain Maidu territories conducted without payment (Dixon 1905:
239-240; Kroeber 1970: 401-402) given the difficulty in obtaining beads. Some foothill
43 bride purchases did occur, though the medium of exchange was game meat (Dixon 1905:
239).
A second event that included exchange activities was the annual burning ceremony in late September or early October to honor the dead (Dixon 1905: 248-257).
Villages were invited from near and far with a knotted string from which one knot was removed for each day until the ceremony began (Dixon 1905: 248). Visiting villages arrived one to two days prior to the ceremony, although visitors did not participate in the first day of the ceremony unless they had received a membership string (Dixon 1905:
248). An explanation of these strings and how they were received is provided below. On the first night of the ceremony, all eligible members would cry as they covered the graves with flour and earth (Dixon 1905: 247). This alerted the deceased to the burning that was going to follow the next day (Dixon 1905: 249). On the second day, poles were erected around the burning ground, one for each deceased person to be mourned. Goods were placed on and around the poles for sacrifice (Dixon 1905: 249). On the evening of the second night, a central fire was lit and goods were burned one or two at a time. This continued until all the goods and poles had been consumed (Dixon 1905: 252). After the goods were burned, all in attendance would adjourn to the dance house to rest and prepare for the following day (Dixon 1905: 252). Ceremonies ended with a day or two of games, gambling, feasting, and visitors slowly returning to their home territories (Dixon
1905: 252).
The dead could be buried in any village burning ground, but families could not take part in the ceremony until they received a membership necklace (Dixon 1905: 246).
44
Membership strings consisted of bead necklaces given when the deceased were buried
(Dixon 1905: 246). Among the Hill Maidu, a body would be buried in the burning ground, after which the family would request a membership string from the grounds keeper (Dixon 1905: 247). This string was purchased for an equivalent to its value, and entitled the family to use the burning ground for a five-year period (Dixon 1905: 246).
After five-years the necklace was returned to the grounds keeper in exchange for an equivalent its value (Dixon 1905: 247). Among the Sacramento Valley Maidu, the membership strings were made by the brother of the deceased and given to a female family member (Dixon 1905: 257). At the burning, the brother cut the necklace from the female’s neck and burned the beads, repaying the female with an equivalent value of shell beads or other goods (Dixon 1905: 257). New membership strings were acquired each year (Dixon 1905: 257). In both regions, the mourning period lasted from four to five years (Dixon 1905: 254).
A third event in which exchange took place among the Nisenan Maidu was a oneday ceremony to ward off rattlesnake bites (Powers 1976: 324-325). Many villages gathered and the ceremony opened with a dance preformed by the women and girls. This was followed by a sporting event (Powers 1976: 324-325), and a second dance preformed by the men. Upon completion of the dance, the women circulated baskets to gather gifts of acorn bread, fish, and shell beads for the dancers (Powers 1976: 324-325). The amount of gifts offered represented the level of protection individuals would receive against snake bites (Powers 1976: 324-325). A third dance followed, with young women dancing and singing around two young men. Elderly men then took around baskets to gather gifts
45 for the women in the same fashion as the second dance (Powers 1976: 324-325). These gifts were presumably distributed among the dancers who took them back to their villages.
The ethnographic data for the Maidu suggest that shell beads served as currency, ornamentation, and held ceremonial value. They were acquired and distributed through ceremonial activities, gambling, and exchange (Dixon 1905; Kroeber 1970; Powers 1976:
324-325). The Maidu obtained shell beads from their Wintu neighbors. Shell beads within the Maidu region were highly valued, being counted rather then measured. They were primarily used in important life events such as marriage, death and other ceremonial rituals. Areas within direct influence of the neighboring Wintu neighbors used shell beads in much of the same manner for obtaining subsistence resources and maintaining social alliances. In the foothills, other resources were used for these latter purposes and shell beads exclusively for ceremonial purposes. In the foothill region, shell beads held greater value than currency, and served a different role the farther they were conveyed.
Variability in Sociopolitical Organization
Although similar, northern California societies exhibited a great deal of variation in group organization. The Pomo lived along the coast and around lakes, with large populations congregating during the winter months and dispersing to smaller hunting and fishing camps during the summer. Villages consisted of small kin groups connected by geography, lineage, and marriage. The primary villages housed widely accepted headmen, who were chosen and could be removed anytime the village decided. The
46
Pomo did not practice hereditary descent; their organization was one of achieved status.
Many, if not most, Pomo gathered clamshells and manufactured shell beads regularly.
Wintu organization differed from the rest of the study area. The Wintu moved their villages seasonally from river and marsh settings in the winter to the coastal hills in the summer. A semi-hereditary headman, who served as a liaison for the many social gatherings and mediated feuds, headed each village complex. The Wintu were also organized by functional occupation, with each family specializing in one aspect of Wintu culture (DuBois 1935; Lapena 1978). This created the need to rely on other members of society, with individual social alliances critical in obtaining needed resources and protection. Individuals were limited to the specialty of their family, although a headman might be selected from any family by village consensus. This organization was one of ascribed position, though individual status could be achieved.
Maidu political organization was more communal, consisting of many small villages that were formed of kin relations. Maidu villages were permanent and members would continually return to the same villages after their seasonal movements. These villages were grouped together, forming one large village cluster. These village clusters were discrete units led by a nonhereditary headman appointed for his aptitude, reasoning, and affluence. The headman served as a spokesmen and advisor for his people. Like the
Pomo, the Maidu did not practice hereditary decent, with their organization one of achieved status.
47
Variability in Shell Bead Uses and Roles
Shell beads took served various social and economic roles across California, with different implications for how beads were obtained and circulated within societies. As these beads traveled away from their point of manufacture, their roles and values changed.
At contact, shell beads within the Pomo region were primarily used as currency, serving as an exchange medium used to gain access to needed food supplies. Beads were traded based on their direct manufacturing costs (raw material acquisition and manufacture) and their expected return for traded goods. They were used in all aspects of daily life, including ceremonial offerings. In this region, finished beads, unfinished beads, and bead blanks were manufactured (Barrett 1952: 289; Kroeber 1970: 249). Currency beads were used throughout the village, while ceremonial beads were restricted to ceremonial locations such as round houses and cemeteries.
While the Wintu also used shell beads to gain access to needed resources, their increased dependence on social gatherings and stored resource acquisition marks an increased reliance on the need to form social alliances. Beads were traded for needed subsistence resources, marriage, protection, and alliances (Barrett 1908; Heizer 1978;
Kroeber 1970; Powers 1976). The fact that the Wintu did not use shell beads within their ceremonies marks the importance of beads as a form of currency and for maintaining social alliances. This is further supported by the fact that shell beads were not employed in all aspects of life or in basketry ornamentation. Although beads were used as currency, they also had a more abstract role in banked resources and in maintaining social alliances.
48
The role of beads changed to encompass wealth and status, as well as alliance building and marriage. Wintu currency beads were used throughout the village, and were not restricted to specific contexts.
As shell beads reached the Maidu region their value greatly increased, along with their use and roles. Shell beads served as a highly valued currency and as offerings in important life events, and began to be used in ceremonies. In this region shell beads were relatively rare, and while occasionally used for resource acquisition, were more commonly employed in marriage, annual burning ceremonies, and for protection. Shell beads were generally highly finished by the time the Maidu used them and the greater the polish, the higher their intrinsic value became. The fact that ceremonial use of shell beads is common in the Maidu region marks the importance of shell beads not as a form of currency, but in serving a more abstract role within the society. Support for this is evident in the fact that shell beads were not used in basket ornamentation or other aspects of life, and were in many cases destroyed during the burning ceremony. While beads were used as currency in this region, as they moved progressively east, they assumed an increasingly abstract role in ceremonial contexts. Among the Maidu, shell beads appear primarily in ceremonial locations such as round houses, burning grounds, and cemeteries, not secular villages contexts.
The primary modes of bead dispersal at contact were closely linked to sociopolitical organization. Shell beads were conveyed across the landscape through the many feasts, dances, and gatherings that were held across the region. As shell beads traveled inland their roles changed from general currency and ceremonial use to general
49 currency and alliance building and, later, highly valued currency, ceremonial use, and offerings to individuals at important life events. As these roles changed, so too did the degree of finish and polish, which increased as beads moved inland.
Changes in shell bead roles and the social contexts in which they participated can be identified in the distribution of artifacts. Thus, changes in shell bead style and contextual placement may be used to help identify changes in the social system of use, as well as the processes that moved beads across the landscape.
Limitations of the Ethnographic Data
When using ethnographic data to draw analogies with the archaeological record, the former must be viewed as incomplete when the deeper past is concerned. There is little doubt that post-contact conditions were somewhat removed from their pre-contact counterparts, and the patterns observed in the historic era different from those in prehistoric times. Beads in the prehistoric period may have served in different capacities that are not well represented in the ethnographic record.
In studying and comparing different cultures, the use of ethnographic data may be difficult due to uneven coverage in data. Ethnographic details were not always covered with the same intensity in different regions or by different researchers. One is forced to infer more in some than in other cases or to accept data based on only a few observations or informants. Furthermore, ethnographic data were collected by European outsiders and are likely biased toward a western point of view. Many ethnographic accounts may not
50 accurately reflect the activities they are reporting, and it is extremely likely that ethnographic accounts do not capture all of the contexts in which shell beads were used.
Finally, a more problematic issue with ethnographic data is the lack of detail provided on shell beads. Most of the data relate to clamshell disk beads and only a few references to square beads are noted in ethnographic accounts. Limited data concerning beads other then the clamshell disks could be a by-product of the period in which the ethnographic information was collected, a bias of the data collector, or a host of other issues. There are also few data pertaining to the contextual placement of shell beads or of beads used for things other then currency. It is left to the archaeologist to extract these roles and contextual placements, where the ethnographic data are mute.
51
Chapter 6
EXPECTATIONS AND PREDICTIONS
Expectations
The role that shell beads held within a society should be reflected, at least in part, by the contexts in which they occur, whether in burials, houses, communal structures, or residential middens. Beads used as ceremonial objects may have been used in, around, and cached within ceremonial dance houses (Heizer 1966; Kroeber 1970; Powers 1976).
Ceremonial beads would not have been used in everyday life, and thus would have been stored much of the year. Beads used to mediate political interactions would have been used in everyday life since they functioned mainly as emblems of wealth and status.
These beads might be expected to appear in residential areas and in burials; they would be sewn on clothing, strung into necklaces, and publicly displayed wherever people could see them. Currency beads are expected to have been entrenched in all aspects of life.
These beads, often used for resource acquisition, might be strung on strings and necklaces or sewn on basketry. Currency beads are expected to appear in all parts of the village.
If the degree of bead finish offers measure of their role, it ought to be reflected in the historic sequencing of types, with a currency role emerging later in time. Earlier shell beads are expected to comprise more common, easy to manufacture forms that served multiple functions or roles, while later types should be more ornate and diverse, serving more specific functions.
52
Shell beads should have been manufactured in areas where raw materials were easily accessible (i.e., coastal regions), and eagerly sought by inland populations as either raw material or finished beads. Areas of primary manufacture should have more bead blanks and manufacturing debris.
Beads are likely conveyed into the interior by traveling, trade, barter, and theft by inland populations. The acquisition of raw materials and unfinished products are expected to diminish the farther from the source the consumer population resides, increasing the value of beads the farther inland they traveled. Thus, bead blanks and manufacturing debris should be more abundant near the coast and diminish with distance inland.
Given the above, coastal populations should have been intrinsically wealthier than inland groups. This is, of course, relative and not strictly dependent on bead numbers.
People close to the coast are expected to have numerous beads of many kinds , while areas further inland should have fewer beads of more limited kinds. In general, populations along the coast are expected to have greater wealth than inland groups.
Evidence for this should be apparent in the diminishing number and bead diversity as one looks inland across the study region. In areas of greater wealth, shell beads are expected to appear in generic midden deposits, from which they disappear as wealth diminishes inland.
Access to shell beads will influence both their roles and discard patterns, even during the same temporal periods. In areas with greater access to shell beads, large numbers of beads should be placed in burials, with few, if any beads found in inland burials, where beads were rarer.
53
Bead Roles
Bead roles will be defined by where and how they appear in the archaeological record. The size and shape of the shell beads used by a population are expected to correlate with the social system. Thus, changes in bead distribution within and shifts in bead morphology should reflect changes in the social systems (see Table 1).
Economic Uses
Beads used as currency were employed to acquire basic resources and generally not displayed. Thus, there was no need for small ornate working, with large dull, mattefinished beads expected to fill this role. Currency beads are expected to be large, quickly made forms (not highly finished or even finished at all), including clamshell, Macoma disk, and various Olivella series beads’ e.g:
A1 A2 A3 A5 B1 C8 F3a G6
These should have been produced in large numbers and should be widespread throughout the study region. Indeed, some of these types (e.g., A, B, and G1 series) show a more or less continuous geographical and temporal distribution across the region. Olivella series
C8 is the only series that is not expected to be employed for other purposes. Clamshell disk beads, which only appear after A.D. 1500, should also enter the record and have a continuous geographic and temporal distribution across the study area.
Cultural centers are expected to contain the majority of these beads, but they will occur throughout the region and are expected to decrease as one progress’ inland. These
54
Table 1. Bead Measures Expected to Dictate Bead Roles.
Bead Measure Economic Political Ceremonial
Context
Condition
Generic Midden
Deposits
Whole
Broken (discarded)
House pits
Hearth/Fire Pits
Whole Broken
(discarded)
Burials
Roundhouses
Burning grounds
Shaman’s House pits
Hearth/Fire Pits
Whole Broken
(discarded)
Size
Polish
Center
Perforation
Wear
Edge Wear
Large Medium
Uniform both sides Ventral
Uniform*
None
Teardrop one side Teardrop one side
None
Basketry Lines*
Degree of Finish Rough Medium
Note: Bead attributes may not be present at the same time.
Small
Ventral
None
Fine beads are expected to be the latest in time and greatest in number. They will date from the
Late to Historic periods and will match the ethnographic data most closely.
It is expected that currency beads will occur in many archaeological contexts that are not limited to mortuary, ceremonial, or ornamental purposes. Beads of this nature should be found in locations such as middens, house pits, and other village locations. Due
55 to their role as currency for the acquisition of resources, little time was taken to finish these beads before they were used in exchange, and numerous blanks are expected to be found.
Shell beads used as currency are likely to show evidence of wear. This wear is expected to be seen primarily in the central perforation. The perforation should be worn relatively uniform from the constant stringing, restringing, and carrying of beads. Both the dorsal and ventral sides of the beads should exhibit, to differing degrees, smooth worn walls from rubbing together while strung. Shell beads sewn into baskets should exhibit wear from the basket material securing the beads.
During the transition period from beads as status makers to beads as currency, existing bead types are expected to be used as currency. With the advent of clamshell disks, however, earlier types are expected to have served mainly non-currency purposes.
Due to their temporal significance, size, and reduced ornate levels, Olivella F3a and G6 series beads are expected to occur during the transition from political use to currency use.
Political Uses
Beads used as wealth and status markers are expected to be less abundant than currency beads. These beads were not used for resource acquisition, and their visual importance increased. Most are expected to be smaller and more ornate than currency beads, given their use as display items. Beads falling into this category include smaller
Clamshell and Macoma disks and more ornate Olivella series beads:
56
A1 A2 A3 A5 B1 B2 B5 C1 C2 C7 D1a
D2 E3a E3b F1 F2a F2b F2c F2d F3a G3b G4
G5 G6 H2 L1 L3 M1a M1b M1d M2b M3 M4
The distribution of these political beads should be concentrated around cultural centers, locations that would house headmen and people of wealth. These beads are expected to occur primarily in Middle Period contexts, with many of the types with many of the beads used for no other purpose (e.g., C1, D1a, F1, F2a, F2b, F2c, F2d, G3b, G4, M1d,
M2b, M3, and M4).
It is anticipated that status indicator beads will appear with burials, as individuals were buried with their possessions. Status beads were not left as inheritance, but kept with the deceased as a sign of their wealth and status. Indeed, some have suggested that the relative number of grave goods can be used to infer status and rank within a society
(King 1981; Arnold 1987; Milliken and Bennyhoff 1993). Status beads are expected to be ornate and well finished.
Shell beads used as wealth and status markers ought to show evidence of wear, but probably less so than currency beads. As before, use-wear is expected primarily in the central perforation. This wear should be less uniform than currency beads and tear drop shaped. This shape is created from the stitching used to sew beads onto clothing. Beads used in appliqué fashion would have displayed wear only on one side of the perforation.
The ventral sides of the beads are expected to show smoothing wear from constant rubbing against clothing. Shell beads worn as necklaces are expected to exhibit the same tear drop wear pattern, as the string used to wear the beads would have worn down only
57 one side of the perforation. Both the ventral and dorsal sides of necklace beads are expected to exhibit the same smooth surfaces as currency beads, from constantly rubbing together while strung. Beads used as wealth and status markers should exhibit a great deal of use wear, as they were worn on many occasions throughout the year.
Ceremonial Use
Beads used as ceremonial objects and regalia are expected to be the smallest and most ornate Olivella series beads, given their ceremonial functions. Beads falling into this category include Olivella series:
A1
E2a
H1b
A2
E2b
K1
A3
E3a
K2
A5
E3b F3b G1
L1
B1
L2
B2
L3
C3
G2a
M1a
D2
G2b
D1b E1a
G3a G5
M1b M1c M2a
E1b
H1a
M2c
Beads that are expected to occur during the transition from ceremonial to political use include Olivella E3a, E3b, M1a, M1b, and L3 series based on their temporal significance.
Olivella C3, D1b, E1a, E1b, E2a, E2b, F3b, G1, G2a, G2b, G3a, K1, K2, L2, M1c, M2a, and M2c series beads are not expected to crosscut functional categories.
Ceremonial beads are expected in Early Period contexts and differ most from the ethnographic period. Shell beads used as ceremonial objects and regalia are expected to have the narrowest distribution and correspondingly the least data.
Because ceremonial regalia and attire were kept in the ceremonial round houses and cemeteries, they should be found primarily in and near round houses and possibly in
58 shaman’s dwellings and burials. Beads used for these purposes will be of limited quantity, size, and shape.
Shell beads used for ceremonial purposes are also expected to exhibit use wear.
As with currency, wealth and status bead use wear on ceremonial beads is expected to be seen primarily in the central perforation. It too should consist of tear drop shaped perforations caused by the stitching used to sew the beads onto ceremonial objects and clothing. Beads used on ceremonial implements are expected to exhibit much the same use wear as wealth and status beads, albeit less extensive given the forms restricted uses.
Beads employed in burial contexts can also be considered as wealth and status beads. The dead did not place goods in their own graves, but rather their family members.
Families that could afford to provide these items and/or large numbers of goods may have been viewed as wealthy and/or of higher status. Beads used in these contexts can be placed into both the political and ceremonial categories, clouding the distinction between them (see Table 2).
Predictions
It is predicted that different series or classes of shell beads will have divergent geographic, temporal, and spatial distributions. These patterns should be the result of different social and cultural processes in effect during specific periods of northern
California prehistory. Early beads are predicted to be simple forms that served many roles, while later beads are expected to be more ornate and diverse, with each type serving specific roles and functions.
59
Table 2. Expected Functional Role of Bead Type and Series Based on Size and Degree of
Finish.
Clamshell Disk
A1a-c
A2a-c
A3a-c
B1a-c
B2a-c
F2a-d
F3a
F3b
G1
G2a-b
G3a
G3b
G4
G5
G6
H1a-b
H2
K1
K2
L1
L2
L3
M1a
M1b
M1c
C2
C3
C5
C7
C8
D1a
D1b
D2
E1a
E1b
E2a
E2b
E3a
E3b
F1
M1d
M2a
M2b
M2c
M3
M4
Economic Role
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
-
Political Role Ceremonial Role
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
X
-
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
-
X
-
60
Shell beads are predicted to have been directly manufactured in areas where raw materials were easily accessible (i.e., near the coast), such that sites in coastal regions should show clear evidence of bead manufacture. Inland sites are predicted to show little, if any, manufacturing debris. Manufacturing debris should diminish as one travels inland.
Bead blanks can be expected in higher numbers near the coast and in reduced quantities inland.
The social systems and distribution processes that conveyed beads are predicted to occur in or near consistent water sources and resource-rich areas. Bead centers are predicted to cluster around waterways and dissipate in more peripheral areas. These centers should be located in the vicinity of large villages, where complex social structures allowed for the construction of round houses. As tribal boundaries within the study region often follow these waterways, it is expected that bead concentrations should be high along these borders and diminish outward. The number, shapes, and sizes of shell beads should also diminish as one moves away from these centers and travels farther east. In areas of greater wealth, shell beads will appear in generic midden deposits. The numbers of beads within these deposits should decrease in areas of reduced wealth, as should the shapes and sizes (types) of beads.
Shell beads will have served different functions within the various regions of the study area. Bead types are also predicted to have had different roles at various times in the past. Early in time, shell beads were ceremonial objects, often attached to rattles and other ceremonial objects and attire. Beads of this kind should be small, ornate forms used as decoration and should occur primarily in ceremonial contexts such as round houses
61 and cemeteries. Bead roles later shift to political uses marking individual status, rank, and group affiliation. Beads of this sort were sewn onto clothing, baskets, blankets, and worn as necklaces; evidence of which should occur in household locations. The primary role of shell beads shifted yet again, to one of general currency to acquire goods and services.
Currency beads are predicted to occur throughout villages.
The primary role of shell beads in the Pomo region at contact was as currency.
Prior to this shell beads should have served political roles. It is further predicted that within the Pomo region early shell beads served as ceremonial objects. Indeed, the sociopolitical role of shell beads is predicted to have originated in this coastal region and radiated outward to the east.
Shell beads were ethnographically used in the Wintu region as currency, but their primary role was political. Given their position east of the Pomo, it is expected that
Wintu bead functions will change later than that of the Pomo. Wintu social organization is predicted to restrict the role of shell beads to both currency and political functions, with little ceremonial use.
The primary role of shell beads within the Maidu region during the historic was both monetary and ceremonial. The function of shell beads in this region is predicted to change in concert with that in the Wintu region. Given their location on the eastern edge of the study area, the Maidu are predicted to be the last to adopt changes in bead roles.
62
Chapter 7
METHODS
Differences in the definitions of shell beads, their classifications, and interpretations of these typologies make comparisons between studies difficult. In an effort to reduce these problems, bead data were collected from excavation reports where trusted California bead specialists (i.e., James Bennyhoff, Richard Hughes, Randy
Milliken, Greg White, and Jeff Rosenthal) had identified, and typed the shell beads using the Bennyhoff and Hughes typology (1987; see below). Type assignments by these specialists were accepted and were not reviewed. In areas where beads were identified by non-specialists, measurement and photographic data were used by the author to assign beads to types in Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987) classification.
Excavation reports from the study area were gathered from the specialists, the
State of California Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) North Central, Northeast
Center, and Northwest Information Centers, University of California, Davis, California
State University at Sacramento Archaeological Research Center, California State
University at Chico Archaeology Lab, Far Western Anthropological Research Group, and
Pacific Legacy North Coast to Cascades and Sierra Nevada/Central Valley Offices. To ensure good geographical coverage, two sites within the Yuki territory were incorporated into Region B (see Figure 4).
63
Figure 4. Site Locations for Excavated Materials Used Within the Current Study.
Data, including provenience, site sketch maps, volume excavated, the occurrence and number of beads, bead type and/or metric data (for specific data see Bead Typing), bead wear, stratigraphic data, direct dates, and associated dates, were collected for each site or location.
Olivella Shell Bead Typing and Dating
Bead type data collected from excavation reports included, shape, maximum
length, width, thickness (see Figure 5), diameter, perforation, size and style (conical, bi-
conical, or cylical), growth lines, and location from which the bead was cut from the shell. These data are necessary to assign beads in the Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987) typology (see Figure 5).
64
Figure 5. Length and Width of Olivella biplicata Shells, after Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987).
Over the past two decades several problems have come to light over the use of
Scheme B1 (see Groza 2002). First, the radiocarbon dates used to construct Scheme B1 were based on different sample materials, including charcoal, bone collagen, and shell, and were derived from both burial and midden contexts (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987;
Groza 2002:27-39). Second, use of mixed charcoal and shell samples may have provided imprecise dates, by mixing material of different age. Third, Bennyhoff’s radiocarbon
65
Figure 6. The Olivella biplicata Shell, Showing Landmarks and Loci of Manufacture for
Various Classes of Beads (reproduced from Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987: 89).
66 dates were uncalibrated. In 2002, Groza recalibrated 162 of the 180 dates used to construct Scheme B1, and AMS-dated 103 time-sensitive Olivella biplicata beads in order to test the scheme’s validity. Groza (2002) found support for most of the timesensitive bead types defined by Bennyhoff and Hughes (1987), although the new AMS dates altered the calendrical ages for some of the phases. In particular, Groza (2002) found that Bennyhoff had reversed the “Late Middle” and “Terminal Middle” phases, and that the Late Period began later than originally thought. Groza (2002) introduced Scheme
D as an alternative to Scheme B1.
The chronological framework used in the present study follows Groza’s Scheme
D (2002). This classification and chronology builds on Bennyhoff and Hughes’ Scheme
B1 (1987).To address temporal changes, bead types were placed into their respective temporal phases according to Groza’s Scheme D and Bennyhoff’s Scheme B1. Five phases were defined for this study: Late (also encompassing the Historic Period);
Middle/Late Transition; Middle; Early/Middle Transition; and Early (see Table 3). A and
G1 series beads were excluded from these temporal assignments due to their prolonged temporal intervals.
Clamshell and Macoma Disk Bead Typing and Dating
Clamshell disk bead data collected were used to study the movement of this artifact class as well as to support data recovered from the Olivella biplicata beads. Bennyhoff and
Fredrickson (1967) made important typological and size-age distinctions among clamshell disk beads. Few, excavation reports have however incorporated their
Table 3. Dating Scheme.
CAL
AD/BC
<1720
1720
Scheme B1 Scheme D Beads From
AMS Results
Scheme B1 placement of bead series
B5, M3, M4
210
500
735
575
445
420
0
1265
1210
1010
1700
1510
1390
E1a E2a E2a2 E3a E3b
K1 M1a M2a
M1a M2a
M1a
C2 C3 C7 D1a D2
F3a G5 M1a
F3a F3a/wide F3a2
F3a2/wide F3b F3b2 G5
F3a F3b
F2a F2b F3a G2a G2b
A series expected C2 C3
F2b G2a G2b G3 G5
B5, E2b, H1a, H1b, H2, K2, M3,
M4
B5, E1b, E2b, K2
B1, B2, B5, M2b
B1, B2, B5, M1c, M1b, M2b, M2c
B1, B2, B5, M1b, M1c, M2c, M2b
C8, D1b, M1d
F2c F2d G6
C1 F1 G4 G6 L3
>1500
L2 B2, L1
Note: Dating scheme based on Groza (2002), dates from scheme B1 were substituted when Groza provided no dates (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). Series A and G1 were excluded due to their appearance in all periods.
67
68 typological assignment, making CSBDs difficult to address. In instances were typological data were assigned, the type, quantity, condition, finish, and provenience was collected.
Where Bennyhoff and Fredrickson’s 1967 typological data were not reported, the researcher did not assign type or classification. In these instances, the only data collected was on bead quantity, condition, finish, and provenience were collected. Dating of clamshell disk beads has also been of little practice, thus the assumed date of post A.D.
1500 was assigned to all CSDBs. Perforation wear on CSDBs is another field that has seen little practice over the years and is not commonly reported, it was collected where this data were available.
Margartifera Disk Bead Typing and Dating
Little research has been conducted on freshwater shell beads; thus the only data collected from excavation reports was on bead quantity, condition, finish, and provenience.
Roles and Uses
To address variation in bead roles, the numbers of beads believed to have held each use type were totaled per region. The total bead sample from each region was divided by the total number of beads with good contextual information. This produced proportions of beads per use type for the three regions. Forms that appear across all temporal periods and that are thought to have had multiple roles were included in all use type calculations.
69
Within each region the percentage of each bead use type to the total number of beads from the regions’ bead use type role was calculated, missing bead types from each region were noted. These percentages were then used to calculate the relative density of each bead use type across the study region. Changes in percentages between regions were compared to address bead use for each area.
For each bead use category, forms were divided into size categories (small and medium/large) to compare changes in size across the study region. The percentages of bead size were calculated by dividing the total number of each size per region by the total number of each size from the entire study region.
The numbers were then calculated without CSDB, Macoma , and A and B series
Olivella forms to reflect what the figures would be without temporally non-diagnostic beads; these counts were then compared to the previous data to assess whether the pattern would hold true without this information.
To address temporal changes in use type, bead types assigned to each role were placed into these temporal phases (see Table 4). Bead types from each region were then placed into this dating scheme to assign periods of bead use, all Olivella beads within typological data were included in these figures.
Bead Density and Wealth
To address overall densities and relative wealth per region, beads were first broken down by type for the entire study region. These numbers were adjusted to reflect only those sites having good contextual information and volumetric data in
Table 4. Bead Series by Role and Dating Scheme.
CAL
AD/BC
<1720
1720
1700
1510
1390
Scheme B1 Ceremonial
H1a, H1b, K2
E1a, E1b, E2a, E2b, E3a,
E3b
B1, B2, K1, M1a, M2a
Political
M3, M4
H2, M3, M4
E3a, E3b
B1, B2, B5, M1a, M2b
Economic
B1
735
575
445
420
1265
1210
1010
B1, B2, M1a, M1b, M1c,
M2a, M2c
B1, B2, M1a, M1b, M1c,
M2c
C3, D2, D1b, M1a
F3b, G5
B1, B2, B5, M1a, M1b,
M2b
M1a, M1b, M2b
C2, C7, D1a, D2, F3a,
M1d
F3a, G5
F3a
B1
B1
C8
F3a
F3a
0
210
500
G2a, G2b
G2a, G2b, G3a, G5, L3
F2a, F2b, F2c, F2d, F3a,
G6
C1, F1, G3b, G4, G5,
G6, L3
F3a, G6
G6
L1, L2 L1
>1500
Note: Dating scheme based on Groza (2002), dates from scheme B1 were substituted when Groza provided no dates (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). Series A and G1 were excluded due to their appearance in all periods. Eight out of 26 match predicted ceremonial dates, 31%, 7 out of 28 match political dates, 61%, and 3 out of 4 match economic dates, 75%.
70
71 excavation accounts; four large burial sites were excluded due to lack of volumetric data. The average number of beads per site per region was then calculated by dividing the bead total by the total number of sites. This figure was divided by the combined cubic meters excavated from the region to provide a measure of average density.
The amount of unidentifiable refuse, manufacturing debris, and bead blanks reported were determined for each region, including sites lacking volumetric data.
Regional percentages were then calculated as a basis for comparing average percentages between regions.
To address densities and wealth in burial contexts alone, the number of burials from the study area were compared to the bead frequencies from burial situations alone.
These numbers were then adjusted to reflect only sites that provided bead typological data per individual; this excluded 158 burials from across the region, 142 of these from
Region C. The average number of beads per burial per region was then calculated by dividing the total number of beads by the total number of burials, providing the information necessary to compare average densities across regions.
Context and Condition
To address variation in bead context, the number and types of beads from the study area were totaled according to their association with burials, house pits, communal structures, and midden; notation was also made regarding bead condition, whether the specimen was whole or fragmentary. These numbers reflect all sites with good contextual
72 information and bead typological data. In situations where bead types could be counted in more then one use type, the primary role was assigned. The data examined were Olivella beads, Clamshell disk beads (CSDB’s), and
Margartifera (freshwater clam) beads.
Olivella bead context was examined first for the entire study area and then according to each region. For this purpose Olivella A, B, and G6 series beads are only examined under economic use types, even though A and B series beads were used for a prolonged temporal intervals and may not be strictly economic forms. Olivella series
M1a and M1b are examined under political use types, E3a and E3b as ceremonial markers, although they are all expected to occur during the transition from ceremonial to political roles.
Clamshell disk beads are generally thought to have had economic roles and uses
(King 1978: 62); however, in order to examine the different roles and uses that clamshell disk beads may have held these beads were examined by typological class. Clamshell disk bead contexts were examined by typological class for the entire study area and then by each region. Macoma clamshell disk beads were examined by context for the entire study area and then by each region.
For clamshell disk and Margartifera beads, manufacturing debris numbers were in most cases not definitive enough to quantify and were thus not a useful measure across the study region. The only data that were collected for manufacturing debris related to its presence or absence and context for the entire study area and then by each region.
73
From within the study area no reports were found containing information regarding beads in communal structures. This category was thus excluded from all subsequent analysis.
Use Wear
To address use wear specimens exhibiting wear were totaled and divided into four categories: ventral, dorsal, perforation, and edge wear. Within the ventral and dorsal wear categories, the number of beads exhibiting well worn, slightly worn, and worn near the perforation were tallied by bead type. For the perforation wear category, the number of beads exhibiting: uniform perforation wear, lines rubbed on one edge, slight wear on one side, an oblong shape, and a teardrop shape were totaled by bead type. Data assembled under the edge wear category include the number of beads reported as well worn or polished, as partially worn or polished, and as being rough or unworn. The count of beads exhibiting use wear was divided by the total number of beads from the study region to arrive at the percentage of beads exhibiting these kinds of wear. To address whether expected bead use wear corresponds with expected bead use each use category was divided by the total number of beads exhibiting the corresponding wear. Proportions established for each category were then compared.
74
Chapter 8
RESULTS
Roles and Uses
Economic beads accounted for 0.5% (217/45,544) of the total bead sample in
Region A, 96.9% (44,138/45,544) in Region B, and 2.6% (1189/45,544) in Region C (see
Table 5).
CSD
Macoma
A1a
A1b
A1c
A3
B1a
B1b
B5
F3a
G6
Total
Table 5. Expected Bead Types for Economic Forms.
Total
Number
Total in
Good
Context
Number in
Central Coast
Range (Lake and
Mendocino)
Number in
Sacramento
Valley (Colusa,
Glenn, Yolo)
Number in
Central Sierra
Nevada (Butte,
Sutter, Yuba)
44,241
114
73
149
543
1
3
53
1
845
1
46,024
43,773
114
70
148
542
1
3
53
1
838
1
45,544
12
-
-
-
-
95
107
3
-
-
-
217
43,554
7
10
88
420
1
3
53
1
1
-
44,138
124
-
57
60
110
-
-
-
-
837
1
1189
Region A had 5.4 times less economic beads than Region C, and 201.0 times less than Region B. In Region A, 49.3% (107/217) of the economic beads were reported as
Macoma , 43.7% (95/217) as CSDB, and the remaining 7.9% (15/217) as A1a and A1c.
75
No B, F3a, or G6 series beads were reported in Region A. All but three beads reported from Region A were the larger economic forms (i.e., CSDB, Macoma , and A1c), and the three remaining beads A1a.
Region B had 37.2 times more economic forms than Region C, and 201.0 times more than Region A. In Region B, 98.6% (43,554/44,138) of the economic beads were
CSDB, <0.1% (7/44,138) were Macoma beads, 1.0% (439/44,156) were A series types,
0.1% (57/44,156) were B series forms, and <0.1% (1/44,138) were F3a beads. Region B contained 98.9% (44,124/44,629) of the larger economic types (CSDB, Macoma , A1b,
A1c, A3, B1b, G6) and only 1.5% (14/911) of small forms (A1a, B1a, B5, and F3a).
Region C had 5.4 times more economic beads than Region A and 37.2 times less than Region B. Region C produced 70.3% (837/1189) F3a beads, 10.4% (124/1189)
CSDB, 19.0% A series beads (227/1189), and 0.1% (1/1189) G6 series forms. Region C contained no Macoma , A3, or B series beads. Region C yielded 98.5% (894/908) of the smaller currency beads (A1a and F3a) and <0.1% (1/44,629) of the larger (i.e., G6) bead categories.
The overall distributions change when CSDB, Macoma , and A and B series
Olivella beads are excluded. The proportion of economic beads from each region become
0.1% (1/839) in Region B, 99.9% (838/839) in Region C; and none were attributed to
Region A. Placing the largest percentage of economic beads in Region C where all of these beads are of the smaller currency size.
F3a and G6 beads are expected to occur, however, during the transition from political to currency use, and thus may reflect either role depending on context.
76
E3a
E3b
F2a
G6
M1a
M1b
M1d
M3
M4
Total
A3
B1a
B1b
B5
D1a
CSD
Macoma
A1a
A1b
A1c
Region A contained 0.5% (219/45,422) political beads, Region B 97.4%
(44,247/45,422), and Region C just 1.7% (776/45,422) (see Table 6).
Region A has 202.9 times fewer political beads than Region B, and 3.7 times less than Region C. Within Region A, 48.8% (107/219) of the political beads were Macoma ,
Table 6. Expected Bead Types for Political Roles.
Total
Number
Total in
Good
Context
Number in
Central
Coast Range
(Lake and
Mendocino)
Number in
Sacramento
Valley
(Colusa,
Glenn, Yolo)
Number in
Central Sierra
Nevada (Butte,
Sutter, Yuba)
5
2
1
1
522
1
3
5
171
45,422
1
3
53
1
6
43,773
114
70
148
542
5
2
1
1
540
2
3
5
171
45,914
1
3
53
1
6
44,241
114
73
149
543
1
1
5
171
4
2
1
-
5
44,327
1
3
53
1
-
43,554
7
10
88
420
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
219
-
-
-
-
-
95
107
3
-
12
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
1
515
876
-
-
-
-
6
124
-
57
60
110
77
43.3% (95/219) CSDB, 6.8% either A1 or A1c Olivella , and 0.9% (15/219) M1a.
Political bead size in Region A was large (CSDB, Macoma , and A1c), representing
97.7% (214/219) of all specimens, with only 2.3 % (5/219) being small in size (A1a and
M1a).
Region B has 54.0 times more political beads than Region C and 202.9 times more than Region C. In Region B, 98.3% (43,554/44,327) of the political beads were
CSDB, <0.1% (7/44,327) were Macoma , 1.1% (519/44,327) were A series, 0.6 %
(183/44,327) were M series, 0.1% (57/44,327) were B series, <.1% (6/44,327) were E series, and <0.1% were F2a forms. Political bead sizes in Region B were mostly (99.2%) large (CSDB, Macoma , A1c, and A3), with fewer (0.7%) medium size (A1b, B1b,and
E3a), and only <0.1% small forms (A1a, B1a, B5, M1a, and M1d).
Region C has 3.7 times more political bead types than Region A and 54.0 times fewer specimens than Region B. Region C contained 59.0% (517/876) M series beads,
29.3% A series beads (257/876), 11.0% (124/876) CSDB, 0.6% (6/876) D1a, and 0.1%
(1/876) each E3a and G6. Political bead size in Region C was mostly small (A1a, M1a, and M1d), at 65.5% (574/876) of the total sample. Large beads made up 27.5 %
(241/876), and medium beads (A1b and E3a) 6.2% (61/976) of the sample.
Excluding CSDB, Macoma , and A and B series Olivella beads, the proportions per region changed to 0.2% (2/717) for Region A, 26.4% (190/717) for Region B, and
73.2% (525/717) for Region C (See Table 7). The largest percentage was recovered from
Region C, Region A produced the least diverse and poorest sample, while Region B was
78 the most diverse but the second poorest, and Region C contained the most abundant numbers of political beads.
The overall distributions change when CSDB, Macoma , and A and B series
Olivella beads are excluded. The percent of economic beads reported from each region
D1a
E3a
E3b
F2a
G6
M1a
M1b
M1d
M3
M4
Total
Table 7. Expected Bead Types for Political Roles Without Temporally
Non-diagnostic Types.
Total
Number
6
5
2
1
1
540
2
3
5
171
736
Total in
Good
Context
6
5
2
1
1
522
1
3
5
171
717
Number in
Central Coast
Range (Lake and Mendocino)
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
Number in
Sacramento
Valley (Colusa,
Glenn, Yolo)
1
-
5
1
1
-
4
2
5
171
190
Number in
Central Sierra
Nevada (Butte,
Sutter, Yuba)
6
1
-
-
1
515
-
2
-
-
525 become 0.1% (1/839) in Region B, 99.9% (838/839) in Region C, and 0.0% in Region A.
The largest number of economic beads derives from Region C.
Because F3a and G6 beads are expected to occur during the transition from political to economic roles, however they can reflect either function.
79
Region A provided 0.3% (20/6044) of the total ceremonial beads recorded during the study, Region B yielded 79.0% (4778/6044), and Region C produced 20.6%
(1246/6044) (see Table 8).
Region A has 230.0 times fewer ceremonial beads than Region B and 62.0 times fewer than Region C. Within Region A 75.0% (15/20) of the political beads were A1a and A1c forms, 15% (3/20) were G series types, and 10.0% (2/20) were M1a. Region A contained 60.0% (12/20) large ceremonial beads (A1c), 35.0% small variants (A1a, G2a,
G2b, and M1a), and 5.0% (1/20) medium size forms (G4).
Region B has 230.0 times more ceremonial beads than Region A, and 3.8 times more than Region C. In Region B, 85.3% (4080/4778) of the ceremonial beads were G series, 10.8% (519/4778) were A series, 1.4% (67/4778) were E series, 1.2 % (56/4778) were B series, and all other types (i.e., C, G2a, G2b, and M1b series) were represented by
<0.1% (1/4778). In addition to these were 0.5% (22/4778) K2, 0.5% L2, 0.2% M series, and 0.1% (57/44247) B series beads. Region B contained 86.4% small ceremonial beads
(A1a, B1a, C3, G1, G2a, G2b, K2, M1a, M1b, and M2a), 8.8% (421/4778) large forms
(A1c and A3), and 4.8% (229/4778) medium variants (A1b, B1b, E2a, E3a, E3b, and
G3).
Region C has 3.8 times fewerless ceremonial beads than Region B, and 62.0 times more than Region A. The sample contained 44.0% M1a series beads (515/1246), 21.0%
(268/1246) G series, 18.0% (227/1246) A series, 16.0% (210/1246) F3b series, 1.0%
(16/1246) C3, 0.4% E series (6/1246), and 0.3% (4/1246) L2 series beads. Region C contained 85.8% (1070/1246) small ceremonial forms (A1a, C3, F3b, G1, G2a, G2b,
Table 8. Expected Bead Types for Ceremonial Roles.
E1b
E2a
E3a
E3b
F3b
G1
G2a
G2b
G3a
G4
K1
A1a
A1b
A1c
A3
B1a
B1b
C3
K2
L2a
M1a
M1b
M1c
M2a
Total
Total
Number
210
4201
125
4
21
1
1
3
62
5
3
73
149
543
1
3
53
18
22
29
540
2
1
4
6074
Total in
Good
Context
210
4201
124
4
21
1
3
62
5
3
70
148
542
1
3
53
17
22
27
522
1
4
6044
Number in
Central Coast
Range (Lake and
Mendocino)
1
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
20
-
-
2
Number in
Sacramento
Valley (Colusa,
Glenn, Yolo)
-
4057
1
1
21
-
-
-
61
4
2
10
88
420
1
3
53
1
22
23
5
1
-
4
4778
Number in
Central Sierra
Nevada (Butte,
Sutter, Yuba)
210
144
122
2
-
-
-
3
1
1
1
57
60
110
-
-
-
16
-
4
515
-
-
-
1246
80
81
K2, M1a), 8.8% (110/1246) large ceremonial forms (A1c), and 5.2% (66/1246) medium sized beads (A1b, E1b, E2a, E3a, and E3b).
The figure’s remain relatively unchanged when CSDB,
Macoma , and A and B series Olivella beads are excluded (see Table 9). The percents per region changed to 0.1% in Region A, 80.5% in Region B, and 19.4% in Region C.
Region A provided only 298 beads, of which only 11 bead types from two use categories were represented: ceremonial and political beads. These beads represent three temporal phases: the Early/Middle Transition, Middle/Late Transition, and Late Phase
(see Table 10). Region B provided 54,923 beads, including 25 different forms representing all use types and temporal periods (see Table 11). Region C had 3102 beads representing 19 different forms. All use types and temporal periods were represented (see
Table 12).
Bead Density and Wealth
Region A, the Central North Coast Range (Mendocino and Lake counties), was shown to have the lowest bead density, marking this as the poorest area within the study region. The sample contained 222 beads from seven sites. With a total excavated volume of 333.6 m
³
, this equates to an average of 0.10 beads per cubic meter. These densities are
17.5 times less than Region B (Colusa, Glenn, and Yolo counties) and 9.3 times less than
Region C (Butte, Sutter, and Yuba counties). Region A does, however, have the second highest diversity of bead types, with 12 types identified (see Table 13). This region provided 12.4% of the total manufacturing debris from the study region, but no bead
Table 9. Expected Bead Types for Ceremonial Roles Without
Temporally Non-diagnostic Types.
G3
G3a
G4
K1
K2
L2a
M1a
M1b
M1c
M2a
Total
C3
E1b
E2a
E3a
E3b
F3b
G1
G2a
G2b
Total in
Good
Context
24
21
1
-
22
27
522
1
-
4
5251
3
210
4201
124
4
17
3
62
5
Total
Number
24
21
1
1
22
29
540
2
1
4
5276
3
210
4201
125
4
18
3
62
5
Number in
Central Coast
Range (Lake and Mendocino)
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
Number in
Sacramento
Valley (Colusa,
Glenn, Yolo)
-
-
22
23
5
22
21
-
1
-
4
4225
2
-
4057
1
1
1
-
61
4
Number in
Central Sierra
Nevada
(Butte, Sutter,
Yuba)
-
1
-
-
-
-
4
515
-
-
-
1020
1
210
144
122
2
16
3
1
1
82
CAL
AD/BC
Table 10. Bead Series by Role in the Central Coast Range, Region A.
Scheme B1 Ceremonial Political Economic
500
>1500
445
420
0
210
<1720
1720
1700
1510
1390
1265
1210
1010
735
575
E2
M1a
M1a
M1a
D1b, M1a
G2a, G2b, G3,
M1a
M1a
M1a
D1a, M1a
G3b, G4
Note: Dating scheme based on Groza (2002), dates from scheme B1 were substituted when Groza provided no dates (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). There were 25 F series beads that were excluded in this figure due to lack of further breakdown. No frequencies over 20.
83
Table 11. Bead Series by Role in the Sacramento Valley, Region B.
CAL
AD/BC
445
420
0
210
1010
735
575
500
>1500
<1720
1720
1700
1510
1390
1265
1210
Scheme B1 Ceremonial
H1a, H1b, K2
E2a , E3a, E3b
B1
B1, M1a, M1b, M1c,
M2a
B1, M1a, M1b, M1c,
C3, M1a
G2a, G2b
G2a, G2b,
L2
G3a
Political
M4
H2
E3a, E3b
B1, B5
B1, B5, M1a, M1b
M1a, M1b
M1d
F3a
F3a
F2a, F2b, F2c, F2d, F3a
Economic
B1
B1
B1
F3a
F3a
F3a
Note: Dating scheme based on Groza (2002), dates from scheme B1 were substituted when Groza provided no dates (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). Series A and G1 were excluded due to their appearance in all periods. Bold Numbers indicate frequencies over 50. H1a and H1b make up 5257 beads.
84
CAL
AD/BC
Table 12. Bead Series by Role in the Central Sierra Nevada, Region C.
Published Scheme
B1
Ceremonial Political Economic
500
>1500
420
0
210
1010
735
575
445
<1720
1720
1700
1510
1390
1265
1210
E1b, E3a , E3b
M1a
M1a
M1a
F3b, G5
G2a , G2b
G2a , G2b, G3a,
G5
E3a , E3b
M1a
M1a
D1a
F3a, G5
F3a
F2a, F2b, F2c, F2d,
F3a, G6
F1, G3b, G4, G5, G6
F3a
F3a
F3a, G6
G6
Note: Dating scheme based on Groza (2002), dates from scheme B1 were substituted when Groza provided no dates (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). Series A and G1 were excluded due to their appearance in all periods. Bold Numbers indicate frequencies over 50.
85
86 blanks (see Table 14). Region A provided only 0.5% (6/1250) of the bead refuse. The small sample of beads and manufacturing debris reflect the lack of excavation in the region, coupled with poor soil preservation.
Region B had the greatest bead numbers, marking it as the richest area in the study region. The Region B sample included 346 beads from four sites, with a total excavated volume of 51.54 m
³.
This equates to an average of 1.67 beads per cubic meter
(see Table 13). This density figure excludes two large burial sites (CA-GLE-10 and CA-
YOL-69) which contain a combined total of 53,866 beads and 167 burials for which no volumetric data are available. Region B has 17.5 times the bead density of Region A and
1.9 times the density of Region C. It also has the highest diversity of bead forms, with 20 types reported (see Table 14), and the largest samples of bead blanks and manufacturing debris: 100% (58/58) of the bead blanks and 87.6% (389/444) of the manufacturing debris. This would imply that Region B was an important area of bead manufacture.
Region C was the second richest region, providing a sample of 208 beads from four sites with 57.8 m
³ of excavated deposit. This equates to an average of 0.89 beads per cubic meter, excluding two large burial sites (CA-BUT-84 and CA-BUT-496) that lack volumetric data. These sites contained a total of 2889 beads and 169 burials. Bead density figures would almost certainly increase were data from these sites available. Region C has 9.3 times the bead density of Region A, 1.9 times lower density than Region B.
Region C has the second highest density of bead refuse, producing 1.5% (18/1250) of the total sample. No manufacturing debris or bead blank data were reported from this area, suggesting that beads were generally complete by the time they reached this region.
G3
G3a
G4
G6
H1a
H1b
H2
J
K1
K2
L2a
M1
F2a
F3a
F3b
F/M
G
G1
G2a
G2b
E
E1b
E2a
E3a
E3b
F
F2
A3
B1a
B1b
B5
C2
C3
C7
D1a
CSD
Margartifera
Macoma
Olivella A
A1a
A1b
A1c
0
0
0
0
2
1
142
2
0
24
4
1
1
53
1
0
0
Good
Context w/ Cubic
Meter
Data
256
2
112
28
9
9
16
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
22
1
8
23
21
1
0
25
0
1
1
1
845
210
521
25
4201
128
4
5
30
4
3
65
5
3
142
2
44,241
2
114
61
73
149
543
1
3
53
1
19
18
24
21
1
1
1517
3740
150
5
1
22
29
8
Table 13. Total Number of Beads Recorded by Type, Good Context, and
Cubic Meters Excavated by Region.
Total
Number
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
2
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
1
Number of beads and beads/cubic meter in
Region A
66
-
10
0.028
-
0.045
-
0.001
-
0.005
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.004
-
-
-
-
-
0.010
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.0008
-
0.004
0.004
0.004
-
0.004
-
Number of beads and beads/cubic meter in
Region B
Number of beads and beads/cubic meter in
Region C
162 0.780
29 0.125
- - 2 0.008
5 0.024 - -
1
2 0.009
-
-
-
-
-
0.019
-
0.004
-
- -
2 0.009
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
18 0.087
6 0.029
7 0.033
4 0.019
- -
3 0.014
53 0.257
1 0.004
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
22 0.106
21 0.101
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
22 0.106
1 0.004
8 0.038
-
-
-
-
10
-
2
-
-
-
- -
23 0.099
-
1
-
0.004
0.043
-
0.0008
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
1 0.004
117 0.506
- -
-
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.099
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
87
88
Table 13. Total Number of Beads Recorded by Type, Good Context, and
Cubic Meters Excavated by Region.
M1a
M1b
M1c
M1d
M2a
M3
M4
Totals
Total
Number
540
2
1
3
4
5
171
57,718
Note: Excludes large burial sites
Good
Context w/ Cubic
Meter
Data
6
0
0
0
1
0
0
776
Number of beads and beads/cubic meter in
Region A
-
-
-
222
2
-
-
-
0.0008
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.095
Number of beads and beads/cubic meter in
Region B
1
-
-
346
4
-
-
-
0.019
-
-
-
0.004
-
-
1.67
Number of beads and beads/cubic meter in
Region C
-
-
-
208
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.89
-
-
-
-
Table 14. Bead Refuse, Manufacturing Debris, and Beads Blanks Excavated by
Total Number of
Bead Blanks
Region.
Total Number of
Manufacturing
Debris
Total Number of
Unidentifiable Bead
Refuse
Total
Region A
Region B
Region C
Total
-
58
-
58
55
389
-
444
6
1226
18
1250
61
1673
18
1752
A total of 415 burials was reported for the inclusive study region, 257 providing bead numbers and typology data that could be used to assess wealth and density patterns.
Some 53,245 beads were reported from these burials (see Table 15). Region A had 59
89 beads from eight burials, or an average of 7.38 beads per burial. Region A has a density
33.4 times less than Region B and 8.5 times less than Region C.
Region B had 50,437 beads from 205 burials, which equates to an average of 246 beads per burial, and a density 33.4 times that of Region A and 3.9 times that of Region
C.
A total of 2749 beads from 44 burials is documented in Region C, which equates to an average of 14.77 specimens per burial. This is 8.5 times the bead density of Region
A and 33.4 times less than Region B.
Table 15. Average Number of Beads Per Burial from Each Region.
Number in
Central Coast
Range (Lake and Mendocino)
Number in
Sacramento
Valley (Colusa,
Glenn, Yolo)
Number in
Central Sierra
Nevada (Butte,
Sutter, Yuba) Totals
Burials Providing
Number and
Typology
8 205 44 257
Beads From Burials
Providing Number and Typology
Average Number of
Beads per Burial per
Region
59
7.38
50,437
246.03
2749
62.48
53,245
207.18
90
Olivella Context and Condition
Olivella beads occur in higher numbers in burial than in other contexts (see Table
16). Most are in whole condition, with the exception of a hearth/fire pit that had more fragmentary specimens.
Region A
Context
The small bead sample from Region A consisted of 20 Olivella beads and 10 pieces of manufacturing debris (see Table 17). Eleven of these beads (55.0%) were economic forms, six (30.0%) were ceremonial beads, and three (15%) were political forms. Manufacturing debris accounts for 33.3% of the Region A sample.
Midden contexts produced 83.3% of the beads from this region, all of which are whole. This included 28% manufacturing debris. The use roles of the 18 remaining beads include 61% (11/18) economic forms, 33.3% (6/18) ceremonial beads, and 16.6% (3/18) political types.
Bead debris from hearth/fire pit contexts provided 10% (3/30) of the sample, all of which comprised manufacturing debris that could not be assigned to use type. The specimens consisted of two whole pieces and one fragment.
House pit contexts provided 6.6% (2/30) of the beads from this region, both specimens representing fragments of political bead types. Region A provided no beads in burial contexts.
91
Table 16. Total Number of Olivella Beads by Context for the Entire Study Region.
Total
Number
Burial
Whole
Burial
Frag.
1
1
1
3739
149
5
1
22
5
3
845
210
4198
170
122
3
17
28
548
1
3
1
5
156
52
1
19
17
5
118
4
65
71
69
67
317
1
1
G3a
G4
G6
H1a
H2
J
K1
K2
E3a
E3b
F3a
F3b
G1
G2
G2a
G2b
G3
L2a
M1a
M1b
M1c
M2a
M3
M4
Manu.
Debris
Total
B1b
B5
C2
C3
C7
D1a
E1
E2a
A
A1a
A1b
A1c
A2
A3
34
11,075
3
10,895
-
34
Note: Frag-Fragment, Manu-Manufacture.
-
-
1
3738
149
5
-
22
3
2
842
210
4196
167
121
3
16
26
513
-
-
-
5
156
52
1
19
17
5
117
2
64
16
64
59
300
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
1
-
-
House
Pit
Whole
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
2
1
-
-
-
-
11
Hearth/
Fire Pit
Whole
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
House
Pit
Frag.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
4
2
2
1
3
Midden
Whole
-
-
1
-
1
1
-
-
1
3
1
-
1
2
-
3
-
2
32
1
-
1
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
18
4
6
12
-
-
28
121
Midden
Frag.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
1
-
5
Hearth/
Fire Pit
Frag.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
92
Table 17. Total Number of Olivella Beads by Context and Use Type for the
Central Coast Range (Lake and Mendocino), Region A.
House Pit Fragment
Hearth/Fire Pit Whole
Hearth/Fire Pit Fragment
Ceremonial Political Economic
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
Manufacturing
Debris
-
2
1
Midden Whole
TOTAL
6
6
1
3
11
11
7
10
Note: Ceremonial beads recorded from Region A are E1b, E2, G3a, M2a; Political beads are
M1a; and Economic beads are A.
Condition
Region A provided a large number of whole beads (see Table 17), fragments making up only 10% of the sample. The remaining 90% of the bead material is comprised of whole beads or manufacturing debris. Beads from midden contexts are all in whole condition. The opposite is true for house pit contexts, where all the beads were fragmentary. The only other context to provide data were hearth/fire pits, where 66.6% of specimens were in whole condition and 33.3% (1/3) fragmentary.
All ceremonial beads from Region A were in whole condition, and all derived from midden contexts. Political bead types were mostly fragmentary (66.6 % , 2/3) and rarely whole (33.3%, 1/3) (see Table 17). The two broken beads were recovered from
93 house pit contexts and the whole bead from a midden deposit. Economic beads were all in whole condition and were uniformly from midden contexts. Most (90% [9/10]) of the manufacturing debris was whole and just 10% (1/10) fragmentary. Three occurred in hearth/fire pit contexts (2 whole, 1 fragmentary), and seven from in midden desposits (all whole).
Region B
Context
The large sample recorded in Region B consisted of 9074 Olivella beads and 24 pieces of manufacturing debris (see Table 18). Of these beads, 87% (7917/9098) were ceremonial forms, 7.8% (715/9098) were political types, and 4.9% (442/9098) were economic beads. As the ceremonial types included 3739 H1a beads that could have been misidentified, ceremonial forms may be over represented in the tabulations. Although H series beads have typically not been documented from within Northern Californian sites, they have more recently begun to be recovered from sites within in the Coast Ranges and valleys. Because of their rarity in Northern California, the possibility of their presence is significant.
Within Region B, beads from all three functional groups occur in highest numbers in burial contexts. Beads were primarily found in burials, followed by midden, house pit, and than hearth/fire pit contexts, where most were found in whole condition.
Burial contexts provided 98.97% (9004/9098) of the beads from the region, with all but one specimen (an economic fragment) reported in whole condition. Only traces
94
(0.03%, 3/9004) of manufacturing debris were recovered. The use classifications of the remaining 9001 beads equate to 88.8% (7905/9098) ceremonial forms, 7.4% (679/9098) political types, and 4.5% (417/9098) economic variants.
Table 18. Total Number of Olivella Bead by Context and Use Type for the
Sacramento Valley (Colusa, Glenn, Yolo), Region B.
Burial Whole
Burial Fragment
House Pit Whole
House Pit Fragment
Hearth/Fire Pit Whole
Hearth/Fire Pit Fragment
Midden Whole
Ceremonial Political Economic
7905
1
-
7
-
3
1
679
-
2
33
-
1
-
416
-
-
18
1
4
2
Manufacturing
Debris
3
-
-
21
-
-
-
Midden Fragment - - 1 -
TOTAL 7917 715 442 24
Note: Ceremonial beads include C3, E2a, E3a, E3b, G1, G2a, H1a, K1, K2, L2, M1c. M1a and
M1b could be included in these numbers as they are expected to be used during transition from ceremonial to political uses. Political beads include J, M1a, M1b, M3, and M4. E3a and E3b could be included in these numbers as they are also expected to be used during transition from ceremonial to political uses. Economic beads include A, B, F3a, and H2.
Midden contexts provided 0.9% (80/9098) of the bead sample, only one of which was broken. Of this sample, 26.3% (21/80) consisted of manufacturing debris. The use types of the 56 remaining beads equate to 41.3% (33/80) political beads, 23.7% (19/80) economic beads, and 8.7% (7/80) ceremonial beads.
95
House pit contexts provided 0.1% (11/9098) of the beads and no manufacturing debris. The use types of the 11 beads equate to 54.5% (6/11) economic beads, 36.4%
(4/11) ceremonial beads, and 9% (1/11) political beads. The condition of these pieces consisted of eight whole and three fragmentary specimens, with 100% (1/1) of the political, 75% (3/4) of the ceremonial, and 66.6% (4/6) of economic beads in whole condition.
Hearth/fire pit contexts produced 0.03% (3/9098) of the beads. Of these, 33.3%
(1/3) were ceremonial and 66.6% (2/3) were political, and one whole piece and two fragmentary pieces.
Region B provided no beads in communal structure contexts (no reports mention communal structures anywhere in the study region).
Condition
Region B provided an overwhelming number of whole beads, 99.9%
(9,091/9,098) (See Table 18). Beads from burial contexts were generally recorded as whole, with only one fragment; house pit contexts produced eight whole and three fragmentary specimens, hearth/fire pit contexts one whole and two fragmentary beads, and midden deposits 79 whole and one broken bead.
With the exception of one broken bead from a house pit, all ceremonial beads were recorded in whole condition. House pits provided four whole beads and one bead fragment, hearth/fire pit contexts yielded one whole bead, and midden contexts contained seven whole ceremonial forms.
96
Most (99.7 % [713/715]) of the political beads are whole and 0.3% (2/715) fragmentary (see Table 18). All but 36 beads were recovered from burials and all mortuary specimens in whole condition. One house pit fragment, two hearth/fire pit fragments, and 33 whole midden beads were also political forms.
All but four (0.9%) economic beads were in whole condition. Burial contexts provided 416 whole specimens and one fragment, house pit contexts four whole beads and two fragments, and midden deposits 18 whole artifacts and one fragment.
All manufacturing debris was reported in whole condition, three from burial contexts and 21 from midden contexts.
Region C
Context
The sample from in Region C consisted of 2276 Olivella beads (see Table 19), of which 49.1% (1118/2276) were economic forms, 28.8% (656/2276) were political types, and 22% (502/2276) were ceremonial beads. Of the 1118 economic category are 837 F3a beads that are expected to be used during the transition from political to economic functions and could result in changes to the percentages of use types. Bead fragments made up only 1.5% (35/2276) of the sample from Region C. The rest (2241/2276) were whole beads and no manufacturing debris was recorded. In this region, beads were primarily found in burials, followed by midden and house pit contexts.
Beads from all three functional groups had their highest occurrence in burial contexts. Burials provided 98.9% (2257/2276) of the beads reported for this region, all
97 but 35 of which were found in whole in condition. Use types for this region equate to
49.1% (1109/2257) economic beads, 28.8% (651/2257) political forms, and 22.1%
(500/2257) ceremonial types.
Table 19. Total Number of Olivella Beads by Context and Use Type for the
Central Sierra Nevada (Butte, Sutter, Yuba), Region C.
Ceremonial Political Economic
Burial Whole 500 651 1068
Burial Fragment
House Pit Whole
Midden Whole
-
1
1
-
-
5
33
-
15
Midden Fragment - - 2
TOTAL 502 656 1118
Note: Ceremonial beads include C3, E2a, E3a, E3b, F3b, G1, G2a, G2b, G3a, and L2. M1a could be included in these numbers as they are expected to be used during transition from ceremonial to political uses. Political beads include C2, C7, D1a, M1a, and M1d. E3a and E3b could be included in these numbers as they are also expected to be used during transition from ceremonial to political uses. Economic beads include A, F3a, and G6.
Midden contexts provided just 1% (23/2276) of the beads from Region C; all but two were in whole condition. The functional breakdown of these 23 specimens equates to
74% (17/23) political forms, 21.7% (5/23) economic types, and 4.3% (1/23) ceremonial beads.
House pit contexts provided just one specimen (0.04%, 1/2276), a single ceremonial E3b bead in whole condition. Region C had no beads from a hearth/fire pit context.
98
Condition
Most of the Region C beads were similarly whole (98.4% [2240/2276]), with comparatively few fragmentary specimens (1.6% [36/2,276]); of the regional collection.
Burial contexts produced just 33 fragmentary but 2219 whole beads. House pit contexts provided only one whole bead and hearth/fire pit deposits provided no beads. Generic midden contexts furnished 21 whole and two fragmentary beads.
All ceremonial beads from Region C were in whole condition, the majority (500) coming from burial contexts. The remaining two were recovered from house pit and the midden deposits.
All political beads were whole, with most of them (99.3%, 651/656) recovered from burials, and a few (0.7%, 5/656) from midden deposits.
All but 37 (3.3%) economic forms were in whole condition. Burial contexts provided 1,068 whole specimens and 33 fragments and midden deposits 15 whole and two bead fragments.
Clamshell Disk Bead Context and Condition
The sample of typed clamshell disk beads (CSDB’s) accounts for only 39.1%
(23,926/61,127) of all CSDB’s reported from the study area (see Table 20). This includes
23,900 CSDB’s and blanks, 23 unattributed blanks, and three bead fragments (see Table
21).
99
Table 20. Total Number of Typed and Untyped Clamshell Disk
Beads for the Entire Study Region.
Clamshell Disk Beads
Typed
Untyped
Total
23,936
37,191
61,127
Class A, clamshell disks with ground edges, made up 90% (21,614/23,926) of the typed sample, nearly all of which were recorded from burial contexts (99%,
21,404/21,614) and a few from midden (0.9%, 212/21,614) and hearth/fire pit and house pit (0.1%, 24/21,614) contexts.
Class B, semi-ground clamshell disks, comprises only 0.01% (3/23,926) of the total sample. House pit contexts produced 66.6% (2/3) of this bead class and burial contexts the remaining 33.3% (1/3).
Class C, clamshell disks with chipped edges, made up 8.3% (2005/23,926) of the sample. Burial contexts produced 95.2% (1908/2005) of the specimens, midden contexts
4.3% (87/2005), and hearth/fire pit deposits the remaining 0.5% (10/2005).
Class D, partially drilled clamshell disks, made up 0.07% (17/23,926) of the sample. Midden deposits yielded 82.3% (14/17) of these and burial contexts 17.6%
(3/17) the remainder.
Class E, undrilled clamshell blanks, constitutes 0.8% (184/23,926) of the total
100
Table 21. Total Number of Typed Clamshell Disk Beads by Context and Use Type for the Entire Study Region.
Total
Number
Burial
Whole
House Pit
Whole
Hearth/
Fire Pit
Whole
Midden
Whole
Midden
Fragment
A 21,614 21,404 16 8 212 -
B 3 1 2 - - -
C
D
E
G
Unid Blanks
Unid Bead Frag
2005
17
184
77
23
3
1908
3
1
76
-
-
Totals 23,926 23,393
Note: Unid-Unidentified, Frag-Fragment
-
-
-
-
-
-
18
-
-
-
10
-
-
18
87
14
183
1
23
-
520
-
-
3
-
-
-
3 sample. Midden deposits held 99.5% (183/184) of the blanks and burial contexts the remaining 0.5% (1/184) .
Class G beads made up 0.3% (77/23,926) of the CSDB sample. Burial contexts produced 98.7% (76/77) of the Class G beads and midden deposits the remaining 1.3%
(1/77).
Unidentified blanks and fragments account for 0.1% (26/23,926) of the CSDB sample, all found in midden contexts. Only three unidentified fragments had contextual information.
101
Region A
The CSDB sample from Region A consisted of 36 diagnostic and three unidentifiable bead fragments (see Table 22), or just 0.15% (36/23,926) of the beads from the entire study region. Bead fragments made up 8.3% (3/36) of the Region A sample, and the only area where contextual data are available for fragments.
Class A forms are the only diagnostic class found in Region A, with blanks representing the majority identified as CSDB’s. Midden contexts produced 83.3% (10/12) of these beads and house pits the remaining 16.7% (2/12).
Unidentified blanks and fragments comprise the majority (66.6%, 24/36) of the
CSDB sample, all from midden contexts. The 21 blanks were recorded in whole condition.
Table 22. Total Number of typed Clamshell Disk Beads by Context for the
Central Coast Range, Region A.
Total
Number
House Pit
Whole
Midden
Whole
Midden
Fragment
A 12 2 10 -
Blanks 21 - 21 -
Unidentifiable Bead Fragments 3 - - 3
Totals 36 2 31 3
102
Region B
The CSDB sample from Region B consisted of 23,896 beads and two blanks (see
Table 23), which represent 99.8% (23,898/23,926) of the entire study sample. No bead fragments were identified by context in Region B.
Class A beads are the most abundant in Region B, comprising 90.4%
(21,612/23,898) of the CSDB sample. Burial contexts contained 99% (21,404/21,612) of these beads,midden deposits 0.93% (200/21,612), and hearth/fire pits the remaining
0.04% (8/21,612).
Class B is represented by a single specimen from a burial context, 0.0004%
(1/23,898).
Class C variants comprise 8.4% (2005/23,898) of the sample in Region B, the only area to provide this class of beads. Burial contexts yielded 95.2% (1908/2005) of the sample, midden contexts another 4.3% (87/2005), and hearth/fire pit deposits the remaining 0.5% (10/2005).
Class D forms represent 0.07% (17/23,898) of the sample, this region again being the only area to produce this series of bead. Most derive from midden contexts (82.3%,
14/17) and the remaining 17.6% (3/17) from burials.
Class E forms were also unique to this region, making up 0.8% (184/23,898) of the CSDB sample. Midden contexts produced the majority of this class (99.5%, 183/184), with a single specimen was recovered from a burial deposit (0.5%, 1/184).
Class G beads account for 0.32% (77/23,898) of the total CSDB sample, and are again confined to Region B. Most were from burial deposits (98.7%, 76/77) and the rest
103
Table 23. Total Number of typed Clamshell Disk Beads by Context for the
Sacramento Valley, Region B.
A
B
C
D
E
G
Blanks
Totals
Total Number Burial Whole
21,612
1
2005
17
184
77
2
23,898
21,404
1
1908
3
1
76
-
23,393
Hearth/ Fire
Pit Whole
8
-
10
-
-
-
-
18
Midden Whole
200
-
87
14
183
1
2
487 from midden contexts (1.3%, 1/77) .
Unidentified blanks made up .008% (2/23,898) of the Region B sample, all found in midden contexts.
Region C
Class A forms constitute 83.3% (10/12) of the Region C sample, and Class B types the remaining 16.6% (2/12) (see Table 24). All of these beads were recorded in house pit contexts, and all came from one site, CA-SUT-17.
Macoma Clamshell and Margartifera Disk Beads
The sample of Macoma and Margartifera beads with contextual information represent 69.9% (86/123) of the total sample from the study area. These consist of 83
104
Macoma disk beads, one piece of Macoma manufacturing debris, and 12 Margartifera beads (see Table 25). Of these, 3.5% (3/86) of the beads are fragmentary.
Macoma beads and manufacturing debris comprise 97.7% (84/86) of the regional sample. Most speciemens were found in burial contexts (58.3%, 49/84), middens producing the remaining 41.7% (35/84).
Margartifera disk beads made up only 2.3% (2/86) of the total sample from the region. Both specimens were fragments recorded in house pit contexts.
Table 24. Total Number of typed Clamshell Disk Beads by
Context for the Sierra Nevada, Region C.
Total Number House Pit Whole
A
B
Total
10
2
12
10
2
12
Table 25. Total Number of Macoma and Margartifera Beads by Context.
Macoma Disk
Macoma Manufacturing Debris
Margartifera Disk
Total
Total
Number
83
1
2
86
Burial
Whole
48
-
-
48
Burial
Fragment
1
-
-
1
House Pit
Fragment
-
-
2
2
Midden
Whole
34
1
-
35
105
Region A
The Macoma bead and manufacturing debris from Region A consisted of 91.9%
(79/86) of the total Macoma/Margartifera sample from the study area. This included 79
Macoma disk beads and one piece of Macoma manufacturing debris (see Table 26). Just
1.3% (1/78) of the beads were fragmentary.
Table 26. Total Number of Macoma and Margartifera Beads by Context for the Central Coast Range, Region A.
Total
Number
Burial
Whole
Burial
Fragment
Midden
Whole
Macoma Disk 78 48 1 29
Macoma Manufacturing Debris 1 - - 1
Total 79 48 1 30
Macoma beads and manufacturing debris made up 100% of the sample from the region, 62% (49/79) deriving from burial contexts and 38% (30/79) from midden deposits. Only two broken beads were recorded from the region, one from a burial and one from a midden.
Region B
The Region B Macoma bead sample consisted of five specimens (5.8%, 5/86) (see
Table 27); all were whole beads from midden contexts.
106
Region C
The sample of Margartifera beads represents only 0.8% (2/123) of the total
Macoma/Margartifera sample from the study area. Both specimens were in whole condition (see Table 27) and were found in house pit contexts.
Use Wear
Table 27. Total Number of Macoma and Margartifera Beads by
Context and Region for Region’s B and C.
Total Number House Pit Whole
Region B
Macoma Disk
Region C
Margartifera Disk
Totals
5
2
7
5
2
7
Note: Region C’s Margartifera Disks from CA-BUT-521, and could have been misidentified.
Of the 57,208 beads from the study region, only 0.4% had reported ventral wear.
Of these 0.4 % (1/231) had ventral edge wear, 28.1% (65/231) were reported as being ventrally well worn, and 71.4% (165/231) reported slight ventral wear (see Table 28).
Beads believed to have held economic uses (CSDB, Macoma , A1c Olivella ) comprise 97.8% (226) of these beads. Of these, 71.2% (161/226) exhibit slight ventral wear and 28.7% (65/226) are well worn. No economic beads exhibited ventral edge wear,
107
Table 28. Total Number of Beads Exhibiting Ventral Wear.
CSD
Macoma
A1c
F2a
L2a
M1a
M1d
M2a
Total
Total Number
Exhibiting
Ventral Wear
222
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
231
Well Worn
62
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
65
Slightly
Worn
160
-
-
1
-
1
1
2
165
Edge Worn
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
- however, one bead type showed this kind of wear (an L2 form used in ceremonial situations).
Beads believed to have held political uses (M1a and M1d) make up 0.12% (3/231) of beads exhibiting ventral wear. All three specimens exhibit slight ventral wear.
Beads employed for ceremonial uses (F2a, L2a, M2a) comprise 1.7% (4/231) of the beads with ventral wear. Three (75%) exhibit slight ventral wear and one (25%) ventral edge wear.
Of the 57,208 beads from the study region, just 0.5% have dorsal wear. Of these,
0.9 % (3/315) exhibit dorsal wear near the perforation, 26% (82/315) are dorsally well worn, and 72.6% have slight dorsal wear (see Table 29).
Beads believed to have held economic uses (CSDB, Macoma , A1c Olivella ) account for 97.7% (308/315) of the beads exhibiting dorsal wear. The majority (73.3%,
226/308) exhibit slight dorsal wear, while only 26.6% (82/308) are well worn. No
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Table 29. Total Number of Beads Exhibiting Dorsal Wear.
CSD
Macoma
A1c
E2a
F2a
G3b
L2a
M1d
M2a
Total
Total
Number
Exhibiting
Dorsal Wear Well Worn
305 79
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
-
-
-
1
2
1
315
-
-
-
82
Slightly Worn
226
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
1
229
Worn Near
Perforation
-
1
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
3 economic forms exhibited dorsal wear near the perforation, but one ceremonial bead showed this kind of wear.
Beads employed for political uses (F2a, M1d) make up 0.9% (3/315) of the specimens exhibiting dorsal wear. All three beads exhibit slight dorsal wear.
Beads used for ceremonial purposes (E2a, G3b, L2a, M2a) account for 1.2%
(4/315) of the beads exhibiting dorsal wear. Only one (25%) exhibited slight dorsal wear; three (75%) had dorsal wear near the perforation. The L2 bead is the only bead to show both dorsal and ventral wear.
Of the 57,208 beads from the study region, just 0.02% (12/57,208) had reported perforation wear. This includes 8.3 % (1/12) with uniform perforation wear, 8.3% (1/12) with a line rubbed on one edge, 25.0% (3/12) with slight wear on one side, 25.0% (3/12)
109 with an oblong-shaped perforation, and 33.3% (4/12) with teardrop-shaped perforations
(see Table 30).
Beads believed to have held economic uses (CSDB) make up 66.7% (8/12) of specimens with perforation wear. Of these, 12.5 % (1/8) have uniform perforation wear,
25.0% (2/8) have slight wear on one side, 25.0% (2/8) have a teardrop shape, and 37.5%
(3/8) have an oblong form.
Table 30. Total Number of Beads Exhibiting Perforation Wear.
CSD
C3
E2a
F2a
L2
Total
Total
Number
Exhibiting
Perforation
Wear
8
1
1
1
1
12
Uniform
Wear
1
-
-
1
-
-
Teardrop
Shape
2
1
-
1
-
4
Oblong
Shape
3
-
-
3
-
-
Line Rubbed on One Edge
-
-
1
-
-
1
Slight Wear on one Side
2
-
1
3
-
-
Types used for political purposes (F2a) make up 8.3% (1/12) of beads exhibiting perforation wear. Only one such bead had use wear, exhibiting a teardrop shape perforation.
Beads employed for ceremonial functions (C3, E2a, L2) make up 12% (3/12) of specimens showing perforation wear. Of these, 33.3 % (1/3) have a teardrop shape,
110
33.3% (1/3) have slight wear on one side, and 33.3% (1/3) manifest slight rubbing along one margin.
Of the 57,208 beads from the project region, just 0.8% (440) had reported edge wear. Only 57.0 % (251/440) of these are well worn or polished, 40.4% (178/440) are partially worn or polished, and 2.5% (11/440) are rough or unworn (see Table 31).
Beads believed to have held economic uses (CSDB, Macoma , and B1b) make up
98.6% (434/440) the sample. Of these, 2.5% (11/434) are rough or unworn, 39.3 %
(173/440) are partially worn or polished, and 57.6% (250/434) are well worn or polished.
Beads used for political roles (F2a, F3a, G2a, G2b, G3a, and M1d) make up 1.3%
(6/440) of the specimens with edge wear: 16.6% (1/6) well worn or polished and 83.3%
(5/6) partially worn or polished. No ceremonial beads appear to have edge wear.
Table 31. Total Number of Beads Exhibiting Perforation Wear.
CSD
Macoma
B1b
F2a
F3a
G2a
G2b
G3a
M1d
Total
Total
Number
Exhibiting
Edge Wear
422
2
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
440
Well
Worn/Polished
239
1
10
-
-
-
-
1
-
251
Partially
Worn or
Polished
172
1
-
1
1
1
1
-
1
178
Rough/Irregular and No Wear
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
11
111
Chapter 9
DISUCSSION AND CONCLUSION
Roles and Uses
Bead use data suggest that bead wealth was concentrated in Region B, which had both the largest fraction and greatest diversity of beads. Region A, broadly coincident with Pomo territory, was the area in which beads were expected to occur in greatest quantity, however, Region B, Patwin/Wintu territory, had 96.9% of the economic forms,
97.4% of the political types, and 79.0% of the ceremonial types. By contrast, Region A yielded just 0.5% of the economic beads, 0.5% of the political forms, and 0.3% of the ceremonial types. The expectation that Region C would have less bead wealth than
Region B was confirmed, as was the decrease in bead size and diversity.
Region C, encompassing Maidu territory, had 2.6% of the total economic beads, 1.7% of the political forms, and 20.6% of the ceremonial types. Region C had likewise the second largest number and diversity of beads and Region A the lowest.
In Region A beads appear to have served in all roles and activities equally. Bead use percentages varied only 0.2% between each use type. Region B beads served primarily political and economic roles, the variance between these functions amounting to only 0.5%, and that for ceremonial beads 18.7% less than currency beads. Region C beads primarily held ceremonial roles (37.6%), followed closely by economic functions
(35.9%), and political uses (26.5%).
112
The expectation that beads would assume an increasingly political role as they moved further inland was confirmed, Region B contained the largest collection of political variants. It was not expected, however, that political beads in Region C would be less abundant than Region B. There is a 70.9% (97.4%-26.5%) decrease in the relative frequency of political beads from Region B to Region C.
The prediction that beads would get smaller as they traveled inland was also shown to be generally true. As beads moved inland they were reworked and grew smaller in size. Region A beads were of the larger ceremonial, political, and economic forms. In
Region B both political and economic beads remained large, but ceremonial beads were of typically smaller forms. Region C saw the largest reduction in bead size, with both ceremonial and economic beads of the smaller varieties, and political beads of medium to large size.
When the temporally non-diagnostic beads (i.e., CSDB, Macoma , and A and B series Olivella types) are excluded, Region C has the largest percentage of economic beads at 99.9%, Region B followed with Region A having the least. Region B remains the most diverse in the functional categories, but became the second lowest in quantity; while Region C appears to be the richest in both the currency and political beads. This was also true for political beads. It was, however, not the same for beads of ceremonial function. When CSDB, Macoma , and A and B series Olivella beads are removed from the calculations, Region B yielded the largest proportion of ceremonial forms, Region C the second largest, and Region A the fewest examples.
113
The beads from Region A represent three temporal phases: the Early/Middle
Transition, Middle/Late Transition, and Late Phase. However, all four Early/Middle
Transition Period G series beads came from only one site, CA-LAK-48, and a single hearth/fireplace context. F series beads were the only type to provide more than two specimens, and all came from a single burial at CA-LAK-261. The four G series beads and 25 F series beads represent two solitary events and are not likely a good representation of the regional temporal history. This implies that beads were utilized in two distinct periods, the Middle/Late Transition and Late Phase, and were of little to no importance in other temporal phases. The appearance of three ceremonial and two political forms during the Middle/Late Transition Period supports the prediction of sequential bead role development. The evolution of bead use in the Middle/Late Period
Transition further suggests that the notion that beads originated in Region A and moved inland was incorrect. The small number and occurrence of only ceremonial and political beads in Region A does not support the expectation that areas close to raw material sources should have large bead quantities and diversities. It also does not support the prediction that beads in Region A should be older than those found in Region B; the latter sample included bead types of older origin. The small sample size and limited site coverage could, however, have affected these numbers and temporal profile of occupation. If more sites had been included in the study, the results may have been different.
In Region B, ceremonial beads were used throughout the three temporal periods; use of political and economic beads appears to have begun somewhat later during the
114
Middle and Late periods. This implies that beads were important throughout the temporal sequence; however E2a, H, and M4 series beads were especially important at one site
(CA-YOL-69) where 5614 were recovered. This marks the Late Period as the climax of bead use. In fact, if CA-YOL-69 was excluded from the sample, B1 series beads would be most abundant, also a Late Period marker of highest bead use. Two bead series, G and
L, were restricted to four sites within the region: CA-COL-61, CA-COL-247, CA-GLE-
10, and CA-YOL-69. CA-YOL-69 included 4057 G1 series beads, excluded due to their extended temporal span, marks these importance of these beads within this site. CA-
COL-61 and CA-COL-247 provided the remaining G series beads, four and 43, respectively. CA-GLE-10 contained the majority of the L2 beads (22) from the region, with COL-61 and CA-COL-247 both providing only one each. Only one other region provided L2 bead data, Region C with 4 coming from one site. The single L2 and all of the G series beads from CA-COL-61 came from hearth/fire pit locations and likely reflect solitary events. Thirty-seven of the 43 G series beads from CA-COL-247 came from three burials (the remaining five had no contextual information) and the single L2 bead from the midden. These probably all represent single events and are not indicative of regional trends. These temporal placements and appearance of multiple political forms, with only one economic type during the Middle Period, are consistent with expectations that ceremonial beads should be first in time and followed by political and economic forms. The disappearance of economic Olivella beads around A.D. 1500 is consistent with the introduction of clamshell disk beads as economic forms during this time.
115
In Region C bead use appears to have begun during the Early/Middle Period
Transition and continued through to the middle of the Late Period. Two sites, both large cemeteries, provided most of the bead types, CA-BUT-84 and CA-BUT-496. CA-BUT-
496 provided 513 M1a beads and all but one of the G2a beads (121). The two remaining
M1a and one G2a beads came from CA-BUT-84. All but one E series bead came from
CA-BUT-84 and the single E3b bead from CA-SUT-17. This does not support the expectation that beads further inland (in Region C) should be younger than those found in
Regions A and B. This pattern does not change if bead data from the region’s two large cemetery sites are exlucded, with most of the beads from others contexts dating to the
Early/Middle Transition and Middle Period. The introduction and co-occurrence of ceremonial and political forms during the Middle Period supports the expectation that as beads traveled further inland they would become scarcer and tend to take on multiple roles. The presence of economic Olivella beads during the Middle Period and their subsequent disappearance around A.D. 1500 are also consistent with the introduction of clamshell disk beads as economic forms during later times.
Bead Density and Wealth
The expectation that bead wealth would be the greatest in the coastal regions and decrease toward interior areas proved to be only partially correct. The expectation that areas close to the coast would have large, diverse bead assemblages was incorrect. In fact, inland populations appear to have held more bead wealth than costal groups. Wealth across the study area was concentrated in Region B, where the Patwin, appear to have
116 had more shell beads, bead manufacturing refuse, and bead blanks. Region A had the lowest bead density, but the second greatest amount of manufacturing debris (though no bead blanks). This suggests that the Pomo were manufacturing beads in and either fully completing them or trading finished beads out to Region B. Region C or Maidu territory, had the second highest bead density and unidentifiable bead refuse, but had no bead manufacturing debris or bead blanks. This suggests that most beads were complete when they reached this region.
Burial data also support the notion that bead wealth was concentrated in Region
B, followed by Region C, and than Region A. Although it was expected that coastal populations would bury their dead with abundant beads, Region A had the lowest average number of beads per burial. Region C was expected to have the lowest number of beads per burial, but had the second greatest number in the study area. The expectation that higher regional bead densities would equate with higher densities in burials was correct however. The prediction that large quantities of beads were held in the hands of most of the coastal population, and were more unequally distributed among interior population could be neither substantiated nor refuted.
Olivella Bead Context and Condition
Region A
Economic Olivella forms from Region A occurred, as expected, primarily in midden deposits, as did political beads in house pit contexts. Hearths and fire pits produced only manufacturing debris. This was somewhat unexpected, given that these
117 features appear in house pits, round houses, and burning grounds, contexts expected to contain political and ceremonial beads. Manufacturing debris may have been misidentified however, or fractured as a results of high heat associated with burning.
The fact that Region A had no beads in burial contexts met expectations. Beads were believed to assume more ceremonial and political roles as they moved inland and became increasingly rarer. The absence of communal structure data from the study area is surprising; due to probably to inadequate reporting since communal structures are well known across the study area.
It was also believed that manufacturing debris would represent a significant part of the bead material from Region A. Beads were expected to begin their manufacture in this region, and have greater contextual control than proved to be the case. While Region
A, was expected to be the main beads manufacturing center, the bead data do not support this prediction.
It was generally expected that beads in whole condition were in use and broken specimens had been discarded. Region A produced a large number of whole beads (see
Table 17) across all functional categories.
Ceremonial beads were all reported in whole condition, though they were not expected in primarily midden contexts. If this pattern is correct, it implies that ceremonial beads held an economic or a mixed economic/ceremonial role in Region A.
Political beads Failed to match their expected roles in Region A. While it was anticipated that whole political beads would be recovered mainly from house pit contexts the only whole bead was recovered from a midden deposit, and the specimens from house
118 pit contexts were fragmentary. This, together with the fact that most political forms were fragmentary artifacts (66.6%), does fit the expectation that bead roles would become more political and ceremonial as beads traveled inland and became scarce.
The expectation that beads among coastal populations would have a more economic role finds support in Region A, where all economic beads were reported in whole condition and were recovered from midden contexts. Economic forms were also the most abundant and show a dominant role within the region.
Region B
Just as beads among coastal populations were expected to show a more economic orientation, Region B was expected to have an increased prevalence of ceremonial and political bead forms. Data fit this expectation, as ceremonial and political beads outnumbered economic types and occurred mainly as whole specimens in burial contexts.
Ceremonial beads comprised the largest bead sample from Region B. It was unexpected that economic beads would occur primarily in burial contexts, as they were predicted primarily from generic midden deposits.
Ceremonial Olivella beads from Region B were distributed as expected, and all but one in whole condition. Ceremonial beads were primarily recorded in burial contexts, with just four specimens found in house pit contexts (one was fragmentary), one in a hearth/fire pit, and seven in midden deposits. These beads do not represent a large enough sample to argue against a ceremonial use.
119
Political beads were expected primarily from house pit contexts, but in Region B they occurred primarily as burial associations. Only one bead was recorded from a house pit. If this pattern is correct, political beads appear to have been both ceremonial and political roles in Region B. Beads were not only used as ceremonial objects and regalia
(items created as forms of art and used as ceremonial decoration), but as wealth and status markers for the descendants of the deceased as well. This further supports the prediction that beads assumed an increasingly ceremonial and political roles as they moved inland.
As was expected, hearth/fire pit contexts produced no political beads. Beads of this sort were expected to be curated, not burned or discarded.
Region B was expected to have the second largest amount of manufacturing debris; but had actually the greatest proportion in the project sample. Bead production was expected to be reduced in this region, with bead finishing being the primary main manufacturing activity. Region A was expected to be the core manufacturing center, but bead and manufacturing debris suggest that Region B was a more important center.
Region C
Ceremonial Olivella beads appeared as expected in Region C, occurring in whole condition in primarily in burial contexts. One ceremonial bead was reported from a house pit and another from a midden deposit. Two beads are insufficient, however, to argue against a ceremonial use. More unexpected is the fact that ceremonial beads occurred in such limited quantities. The expectation that beads would assume more ceremonial and
120 political roles as they moved inland did not hold from Region B to Region C, with the former types in particular showing a reduced role in Region C.
It was also unexpected that economic beads in Region C would be primarily found in burial contexts, where they comprised the majority (52%) of all beads from the region. It was expected that economic beads, whole or fragmentary, would occur in midden deposits, but a larger percentage (>1.5%) was expected to be from this context.
As expected, hearth/fire pit contexts contained no political beads, these forms being presumably curated, not burned or discarded items. Political beads were expected to appear regularly in house pits, such that it was surprising that no such beads were found within these contexts. The large number of political beads found with burials was also unexpected.
If these data are representative, both economic and political beads appear to have served multiple roles as ceremonial and political items in Region C. Beads were not only used as ceremonial objects and regalia, but also as wealth and status markers for the descendants of the deceased. This further supports the idea that as beads moved inland and grew progressively rare, they took on increased or multiple roles.
Region C was expected to have little or no manufacturing debris, given limited bead production after finishing was completed in Region B. Region C provided no manufacturing debris.
Region C was expected to have more ceremonial and political beads than Regions
A and B. While ceremonial beads comprised the smallest bead sample from Region C,
121 the large number of political and economic beads in burials underscore the multiple roles these beads held. Their whole condition further supports the importance of these beads.
Clamshell Disk Bead Context and Condition
Although clamshell disk beads were expected to serve primarily economic functions, their high percentage (97.7%) in burials throughout the study region is not surprising. These beads were generally large and easy to manufacture, thus once introduced (ca. 1500 A.D.), they spread rapidly across the area to become the predominate bead type. Macoma series beads were also unexpectedly common in burial contexts.
It was not expected that midden contexts would contain so few (2.2%) of the
CSDB’s, as these economic beads were expected to be found throughout sites. However,
42% (35/84) of the Macoma clamshell disk beads were recorded in middens, indicating a drastic increase in economic use of this series CSDB.
The limited occurrence of CSDB, in both house pits and hearth/fire pits was likewise unexpected, although fragmentary examples were anticipated in midden deposits. The Macoma series only provided one piece of manufacturing debris.
Region A
The limited sample from Region A was both expected, however it was not expected that the sample size would be so small. Coastal regions were expected to either export raw materials or allow inland populations access to the coastal resource. As such,
122 most bead and manufacturing was expected in areas east of the coast. It is, however, surprising that Lake County Pomo has so few beads. Only 298 CSDB were recorded in
Region A, or 36% of the sample with contextual information. This seems unlikely given other facts, such that a larger sample from Region A would undoubtedly alter the pattern.
The expectation that populations close to the coast would have lower bead diversity was supported by the appearance of only one size class within the region.
Region A was not expected, however, to contain 94% (79/84) of the region’s Macoma clamshell sample. This series of clamshell beads is, however, difficult to identify, casting doubt on accuracy of the Macoma data.
Region A data did meet the expectation that clamshell disk beads would occur predominately in midden deposits, which suggests that these beads were indeed of economic function within Region A. If used in political roles, beads were expected to appear in house pit contexts. Clamshell disk beads may have had a limited political role in the region, but this is only supported by two Class A beads in house pit contexts. Class
A beads were the only CSDB class to be represented in Region A, and this class was primarily recorded in midden deposits.
It was expected that clamshell disk blanks and bead fragments would be numerous in Region A, a result of manufacturing breakage. This, it was no surprise that
Region A was the only area to contain unidentified fragments, and Macoma manufacturing debris. It was further expected that manufacturing activities would be indicated in midden contexts. Given the belief that Region A was a bead manufacture center, it was surprising that only four sites had bead production debris.
123
Extensive bead curation was not anticipated in Region A, and thus it is hardly surprising that hearth/fire pit and burial contexts had no clamshell disk beads. It was also predicted that Class A (clamshell disks with ground edges) forms would be the only type represented in Region A, suggesting that beads employed within the region would be highly finished. The high percentage of blanks and unidentified bead fragments offers further support that the chief role of CSDB’s was economic. This pattern, however, could relate to the fact that only one site (CA-LAK-261) produced burial data. Fifty-nine beads from this site were typed using an unknown classification and excluded from the present calculations. If these data were included, the results would be rather different and the number of CSDBs in burials greater than those in other contexts. It is, however surprising that 62% (49/69) of the Macoma sample was recorded with burials, implying that
Macoma clamshell disk beads held varying, economic and ceremonial roles.
Region B
Although Region B was expected to be a bead trading hub and archaeological sample correspondingly large, the increase in beads was greater than anticipated. Region
B produced most of the beads from the entire study area. To be sure, bead curation was expected to increase as beads were imported, refined, and stored for exchange with neighboring regions, but the disparity in numbers greater than believed.
The expectation that bead diversity would increase as beads moved inland was supported by the appearance of six typological classes in the region, evidence that beads were either manufactured or refined when they entered Region B. Class A, C, and G
124 beads were all primarily recorded in burial contexts. Class A and C beads were also recorded in midden contexts and to a lesser extent hearth/fire pit contexts. Only one Class
G bead was recovered from a non-burial context, it was recovered from a midden deposit.
Region B was also the only region to produce Class G forms. It was likewise surprising that only one Class B bead was recorded in Region B, although beads of this category were rare throughout the study area. This bead was recorded in a burial context. Class D and E bead blanks were primarily found in midden contexts, but interestingly enough four were also found with burials.
Data from Region B support the notion that coastal populations traded raw material or allowed inland populations access to the resource. The area contained at least three different classes of CSDB blanks (D, E, and unidentified blanks). Region B was the only region with blanks, providing still more evidence that unfinished beads were being traded inland for manufacture. That no clamshell disk fragments were found is surprising if beads were manufactured or finished here, as some breakage would be anticipated.
Region B did, however, show an increased amount of manufacturing debris.
Patterns identified by this study suggest that clamshell disk beads in Region B served primarily ceremonial roles with political undertones. If used ceremonially, beads were expected in burial contexts, with perhaps some political roles. Economic clamshell disk beads appear to have taken on ceremonial roles and perhaps some political meaning as well. Beads were not only used as ceremonial objects and regalia, but as wealth and status markers for the descendants of the deceased. This provides further evidence that
125 beads assumed greater ceremonial and political roles as they moved inland. Only 18 beads were recorded in hearth/fire pit contexts.
In areas of greater wealth, beads were expected to appear primarily in midden deposits and to diminish overall in areas of reduced wealth. Region B failed to meet this expectation in that just a small fraction of the beads occurred in midden contexts.
Since beads that served economic roles were expected in midden contexts, it was not surprising that economic beads used in political roles would appear in midden contexts; as beads that serve a mixed economic/political function are expected to appear in both functions anticipated contexts.
Region B provided two large burial sites that contained a combined 53,866 beads; only one of these site provided typological and context data. Had the second site yielded appropriate typological data, the conclusions reached by this study could undoubtedly have been different.
Region C
Region C provided only 12 beads with contextual data (excluding large burial sites); though the area was expected to have the smallest bead count. Despite the small sample size, Region C had the second largest diversity of bead size classes (CSDB,
Margartifera , and Olivella ). All 12 of these beads were recorded in house pit contexts from one site, CA-SUT-17. The appearance of the two Margartifera beads in Region C was unexpected, but the fact that they appeared in the region farthest from the coast is not.
126
Region C was not expected to have clamshell disk bead fragments, because they were supposed to be finished prior to their arrival in this region. Region C had no manufacturing debris and few fragmentary beads, offering additional support that essentially finished beads were being traded inland.
In keeping with the greater value of beads as they moved inland, all of the context specific bead data were recorded from house pits in Region C. This suggests as expected that they were curated objects traded into the area in smaller numbers and were reused when possible.
Region C did meet the expectation that clamshell disk beads would diminish in midden deposits in areas of reduced wealth.
The expectation that bead diversity should increase as beads were traded inland was ALSO supported from Region A to Region B, but not from Region B to Region C.
Two typological classes were represented in Region C, where Class A and B beads were recovered from house pits. This suggests that clamshell disk beads held primarily political roles in Region C. As political beads, they were used in marriage arrangements as wealth and status markers. Political clamshell disk beads appear to also hold ceremonial roles in this region, as beads used in burning ceremonies and status markers for the descendants of the deceased. These beads would have been destroyed during the burning ceremony and, therefore, would not be represented in the regional bead sample.
This again provides further evidence that beads took on increased ceremonial and political roles as they moved inland.
127
Region C had 124 clamshell disk beads, of which only 12 were recorded with contextual information. If such data were available for the remaining 112 specimens, the conclusions reached by this study might have been different.
Use Wear
The high percentage of economic beads exhibiting ventral (97.8%) and dorsal wear (97.7%) was expected. These beads were manufactured, transported, and temporarily stored on strings, resulting in wear on both sides of the artifact. These high percentages could also be a by product of the high proportion of economic beads in the overall sample, where 79.7% of the beads comprised such forms. Economic beads did, however, show a range of perforation wear that was not expected. This variation in perforation wear suggests that it is not indicative of economic use. The large number of economic beads (98.6%) exhibiting edge wear is expectable, as is the variation in edge wear type. Edge wear was expected to vary from rough unworn to well worn or polished specimens as beads moved across the valley.
Of the political beads exhibiting ventral wear, all showed only slight wear. Beads used in political contexts were expected to have limited slight wear on one side, from rubbeding against another surface as the beads were displayed. Some political beads did show slight dorsal wear, but, only one bead (the M1d) showed wear on both its ventral and dorsal surfaces. Just one of the political showed signs of perforation wear. The teardrop shaped wear is consistent with the bead being sewn on to something. The high percentage of partially worn or polished edges (83.3%) fits expectations as does the
128 absence of rough or unworn beads as these beads among these continually used or circulated forms.
The high fraction of beads exhibiting slight ventral wear (75%) and the low proportion of beads exhibiting dorsal wear (25%) are consistent with ceremonial use, where specimens should exhibit little to no use wear. These beads were sewn on to ceremonial objects resulting in wear on only one side. The presence of just one bead with both dorsal and ventral wear meets expectations, insofar as it could have been reused or employed for more than one purpose. The wear on the specimen could have also been misinterpreted by the analyst.
The roughly equivalent percentages of beads exhibiting a teardrop shape, having slight wear on one side, and slight abrasion to one edge is expected for ceremonial forms.
This use wear is consistent with beads attached to ceremonial objects of occasional use.
The lack of uniform perforation or oblong wear on ceremonial beads is expected, given their generally irregular use. The absence of edge wear on ceremonial beads is also predictable, as these were attached to ceremonial objects and only used on an occasional basis, producing little wear.
Predictions
Predictions for economic beads were generally met. Economic beads were the largest, most crudely made beads, and were found in both whole and broken condition.
The central perforation varied from uniform to having one side worn, polish often appeared on both sides. No linear edge wear was not reported on economic beads.
129
Economic beads were found primarily in midden deposits in regions where they were made, their degree of finish changing as they diffused outward.
The predictions for political beads were also supported. Most were intermediate in both size and degree of finish and occurred in both whole and broken condition.
Perforation wear was rare, but one example had a teardrop-shaped hole. Polish appeared on one side, but could be found on either side. Political beads exhibited either well worn or polished edge wear. Political beads were largely found in burials and house pits, with fewer recovered from hearth/fire pit contexts.
The predictions set fourth for ceremonial beads were also consistent with the sample. Ceremonial beads were the smallest and most highly finished specimens in the sample, and recovered in both whole and broken condition. Perforation wear was frequently teardrop-shaped, with occasionally side worn and/or a slight edge abrasion.
Polish appeared largely on the ventral side, but might occur on either surface, especially near the perforation. Ceremonial beads showed no sign of edge wear and were found primarily with burials in inland regions and midden deposits in coastal areas.
Because each use type could appear as either whole or broken beads, breakage that could have been caused by a number of factors, midden contexts deviated the most from the predictions set forth in Table 2. Use types represented by fragmentary beads mirrored those that occurred in midden contexts.
Although most of the predictions outlined in Table 2 appear to be correct, minor adjustments are proposed in Table 32.
130
Table 32. Modified Bead Measures Predicted to Dictate Bead Roles.
Bead Measure Economic Political Ceremonial
Context
Condition
Size
Polish
Center
Perforation
Wear
Edge Wear
Degree of Finish
Generic Midden
Deposits
Whole
Broken (discarded)
Large
Uniform both sides Ventral or Dorsal Ventral or Dorsal
Uniform*
One Side
Teardrop
One Side
Teardrop
One Side
None
Basketry Lines*
Rough
House pits
Hearth/Fire Pits
Burials
Whole
Broken
(discarded)
Medium
None
Well Worn or
Polished
Medium
Cemeteries
Roundhouses
Burning grounds
Shaman’s House pits
Hearth/Fire Pits
Whole
Broken (discarded)
Small
None
String Lines
Fine
Note:* Bead attributes may not be present at the same time.
Central perforation s in economic beads were either uniform or worn on one side such that expectations should be amended to reflect this. Linear edge wear (basket lines) was absent on economic beads, but the category retained given the ethnographic data
131 supporting its placement there. Although political beads occur in burial contexts, they were also used as wealth and status markers. Thus, burial contexts need to be added to the predictions for political beads. Bead polish can occur on either side of beads so the polish prediction needs to be expanded to include dorsal modification. Similarly, edge wear on intermediately finished beads is often well worn or polished during manufacture and therefore added to Table 32.
The predictions for ceremonial beads had the closest fit with the original expectations. Here again, however, bead polish can occur on either side of these beads so the polish prediction needs to expand to include dorsal modification. The only evidence of linear edge wear (string lines) were recorded on ceremonial beads and this should be added to the predictions.
Predictions regarding bead condition were largely supported, although it should be noted that fragmentary specimens of every category occur in midden contexts.
Because each use type can include either whole or fragmentary beads, midden contexts deviated most from the original expectations.
Conclusion
Although the modern county boundaries employed in the present study differ from aboriginal cultural boundaries, the number of beads recorded in Region B suggests that the Wintu and their neighbors held the greatest wealth. Region B appears to have been the primary locus of bead manufacture, from which beads and their use emanated.
Ethnographic data identified the Pomo territory as the main area of manufacture in the
132 study region, with the largest bead counts expected in the eastern portion of Region A and the western part of Region B, i.e., conforming to Pomo territory.
Beads within Region A were part of the Pomo social system and used in various all roles and activities. This assumes that subsistence, wealth and status, and religion were equally critical components of individual survival. The equality of bead roles in this region reasons that increased investment in one system would detract away from others and be detrimental to individual survival. Pomo gifting practices and ceremonial events highlights the importance of each system incorporated in these social events.
In Region B, the Wintu used beads for all three purposes. In this area, the rationalization that beads could contribute to individual survival through systems of subsistence, wealth and status, and religion persists in less rigorous form. However, the increased investment in political and economic systems reflected in the Region B data, implies that political systems became more important to the survival of individuals. The ethnographic depiction of the Wintu “functional family,” where individuals specialized in one aspect of the group’s survival (De Bois 1935: 21), supports the notion that individuals depended on their status and wealth within the system. The rationalization here is that the individual could survive by ensuring the survival of the group.
In Region C, beads were used by the Maidu primarily for ceremonial purposes, but, political uses continued to play an important role. In this region the rationalization remains that beads could contribute to individual survival through ceremonial, economic, and political systems; however, the parity of bead roles in this region follows the argument that increased investment in one system detracts from the others. The increased
133 investment in the primary system, the ceremonial context, is not detrimental to the survival of the individual. The Maidu warding ceremonies (Powers 1976: 324-325) incorporated all three systems and provide further evidence on the importance these systems within the region. In this region, health also plays a role in the perception that religion, subsistence, wealth and status all contribute to the survival of the individual.
It is of course necessary to expand this work and incorporate additional sites as they become available. This research will assist in the larger goal of reconstructing prehistoric exchange networks, the role these exchanges had within these cultures, and the geographical articulation of the study area. More research needs to be completed with bead collections from the study region to further improve our understating of the mechanisms and significance of prehistoric bead conveyance in aboriginal Californian.
APPENDICES
134
135
APPENDIX A. Olivella Shell Bead Data.
Trinomial/Site
Designation
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-245/H
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-YOL-110
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-118
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year
1984
Ca-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-1413
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 4
18 2
- -
-
-
3
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
Olivella Shell Bead Counts by Study Area.
A A1a A1b A1c A3 B1a B1b B5 C2 C3 C7 D D1a
-
10
6
-
33 51
- -
- -
14
-
4
-
44 106 -
2 - -
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - 6
- 23 -
- 19 16 5- -
- - - - -
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
53
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
- -
191 1
1
-
-
-
78 224 -
5 3 -
2 1 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
9
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1
-
-
-
-
-
136
Trinomial/Site
Designation
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-245/H
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-YOL-110
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-118
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year
1984
Ca-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-1413
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
E
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Olivella Shell Bead Counts by Study Area.
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
E1b E2 E2a E3a E3b F
2 - 1 1 - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
115 -
- -
-
-
-
2
F2 F2a F3a F3b F/M
- - - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
837
-
-
210
-
-
521
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
51
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
137
Trinomial/Site
Designation
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-245/H
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-YOL-110
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-118
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year
1984
Ca-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-1413
Olivella Shell Bead Counts by Study Area.
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
18
-
G G1 G2 G2a G2b G3 G3a G4 G6 H1a H1b H2
- 1 - 1 1 1 - - 1 - - -
5 -
- 143
- -
-
-
-
-
121
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - -
- 4057 -
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
22 21
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - -
- 1517 3740 150
- - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
138
Olivella Shell Bead Counts by Study Area.
Trinomial/Site
Designation
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-245/H
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-YOL-110
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-118
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year
1984
Ca-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-1413
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
J K1 K2 L2 L2a M1 M1a M1b M1c M1d M2a M3 M4
- - - 4 - - 2 - - 2 - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
513
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10
-
4
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 22 -
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- 1
- 22
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
5 156
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
APPENDIX B. Clamshell Bead Data.
Clamshell, Macoma, and Margartifera Bead Counts by Study Area
Trinomial/Site
Designation Clamshell Disk Beads Margaritiera Disc Macoma Disk Beads
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-245/H
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-YOL-110
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-118
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-1413
5
21
7
1
-
10
18849
5
-
24539
13
148
13
408
35
5
28
-
-
13
7
1
9
-
-
-
-
95
1
-
10
18
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
78
27
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
139
Clamshell Bead Counts by Study Area.
Trinomial/Site
Designation
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-245/H
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-YOL-110
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-118
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year
1984
Ca-LAK-510 year
1981
CA-LAK-1413
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1765
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
A1a A1b A1bc A1c A2a A2b A3 B1b B2a C1bc C2a
- - - - - - - - - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
17177
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - -
1944 707 14
- - -
40
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
751 807
- -
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
140
Trinomial/Site
Designation
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-245/H
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-YOL-110
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-118
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-1413
Clamshell Bead Counts by Study Area.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
405 35
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
C2b C3 C4 D1-2 E1bc E2 G1a G1bc G2a
- - - - - - - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
168
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
600
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
69
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
141
APPENDIX C. Contextual Data
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
142
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-288
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
43
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
157
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
Olivella A1a
Olivella A1a
Olivella A1b
Olivella A1b
Olivella A1c
Olivella A1c
Olivella D1a
Olivella D1a
Olivella E1b
Olivella
Olivella
E2a
E3a
Olivella G2b
Olivella
Olivella
G3
G6
Olivella L2
Olivella M1a
Olivella M1d
Olivella UNK
Olivella G1
Olivella UNK
Olivella A
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
F
F
G
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
- -
- -
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
- 1
- -
- -
- 1
- -
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
- -
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
- -
- -
2
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- 12
- 2
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
2
-
-
-
2
1
1
4
-
-
3
5
-
2
1
1
87
-
12
-
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
143
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CSD
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CA-BUT-521 Olivella G
CA-BUT-521 Olivella G
CA-BUT-521 Margartifera Disc
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CSD
CSD
17
17
17
UNK 17
UNK 17
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-COL-61
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Olivella
UNK 17
UNK 17
UNK 17
UNK 17
UNK 17
UNK 17
UNK 17
UNK 17
L2a 25
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
M1b 25
M1a 25
K1
M1a
25
25
M1a
M1a
25
25
UNK 25
M1a
G2
25
25
G2 25
UNK 25
F3a 25
G
G
43
43
G 43
UNK 43
A 2732 -
A1a 2732 -
A1b 2732 -
A1c 2732 -
C2 2732 -
C3 2732 -
C7 2732 -
-
-
-
-
D1 2732 -
F/M 2732 -
F3a 2732 -
F3b 2732 -
G1 2732 -
G2a 2732 -
G2b 2732 -
M1a 2732 -
A1b
A1b
17
17
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
2
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
51
- 44
- 106
- 19
16
5
-
-
-
- 112
- 521
- 837
- 210
- 143
-
-
- 121
- 1
- 513
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- 1
- -
- 1
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- 1
-
-
-
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
- 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1
- 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1
- 1
- 2
- 1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
144
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-61
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-158
CA-COL-158
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella M1a
Olivella F3a
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
G2
M1a
M1a
M1a
M1a
UNK
UNK
G2a
UNK
M1a
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Olivella F2/F3 UNK -
Olivella M1a UNK -
Olivella M1c UNK -
Olivella M1a UNK -
Olivella F3 UNK -
Olivella A1 UNK -
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-221
CSD
CSD
CSD
UNK
UNK
UNK
7
7
7
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-221
CA-COL-221
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
7
7
7
7
CA-COL-245/H CSB Disk UNK -
CA-COL-246/H Olivella L2 UNK -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CA-COL-246/H Olivella A1 UNK -
CA-COL-246/H Olivella M1a UNK -
CA-COL-246/H
CA-COL-247
CSB Disk UNK -
Macoma Disk UNK -
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
Olivella
Macoma
Macoma
A1
Disk
Disk
UNK
UNK
UNK
-
-
-
Olivella A2 UNK -
Macoma Disk UNK -
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-10
Olivella A1 UNK -
Olivella C3 UNK -
Olivella
Olivella
G2
LG UNK -
G2
SM UNK -
Olivella
G3
SM UNK -
CSD Disk 18849 -
Olivella A3 1 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
-
2
8
8
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
21
15
18849
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
145
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-268
CA-GLE-268
CA-GLE-268
CA-GLE-268
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CS
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella M1A
Olivella G3a
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
G3
G
G4
A1c
L2
Disk
M1c
A series
Frag .
A1c
M
191
22
8
8
2
8
24
24
24
24
24
24
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
Olivella A1c 24
Olivella Macoma 24
Macoma Macoma 24
Macoma
Manu.
Debris 24
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Manu.
Debris
Manu.
Debris
24
24
Manu.
Debris 24
Manu.
Debris 24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 191
- 22
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
146
CA-LAK-0048 Olivella
Manu.
Debris 24
Manu.
Debris 24 CA-LAK-0048 Olivella
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
UNK
CSD 0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
CSD
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
A2a
B2a
B2a
D1
D1
Bead
Frag.
Bead
Frag.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Bead
Frag.
Bead
Frag.
Bead
Frag.
1A
1B
1D
1C
1A
1B
1D
10
10
CA-LAK-261 Olivella
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-395
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
F
A2a
59
12
A1c
A2a
Unfin.
12
Blank 12
Unfin.
12
CA-LAK-395 CSD A2a
CA-LAK-395 Olivella E1b
12
12
59
59
59
59
10
59
59
59
CA-LAK-395 Olivella M1a
Manu.
CA-LAK-395 Olivella debris
Manu.
12
12
CA-LAK-395 Olivella
CA-LAK-395 Olivella debris 12
- 12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
3
13
-
14
1
1
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
147
CA-LAK-395 Olivella M2a 12
CA-LAK-395 Olivella E2 12
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CSD
CSD
Blank
Blank
33
33
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CSD Blank 33
CSD Blank 33
CSD Blank 33
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
33
33
33
33
33
33
CSD Blank 33
CSD
Perf.
Blank 33
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - - - - 1
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CSD
CSD
CSD
Perf.
Blank 33 - - - - - - 1
Perf.
Blank 33 - - - - - - 1
Perf.
Blank 33 - - - - - - 1
Perf.
Blank 33 - - - - - - 1
1A 33 - - - - - - 1
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
1A 33
1A 33
1A 33
1A 33
1A 33
1A 33
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CSD
CSD
1A 33
A2 33
CA-LAK-425 CSD A2 33
CA-LAK-425 CSD A2 33
CA-LAK-425 Olivella Frag. 33
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
CA-LAK-425 Olivella
CA-LAK-425 Olivella
CA-LAK-425 Olivella E2 33
CA-LAK-425 Olivella Frag. 33
CA-LAK-
510c1 year
E2 33
A1 33
Macoma Disk 78 1984
CA-LAK-
510c1 year
1984 Macoma Disk 78
CA-LAK-
510c1 year
1984 Macoma Disk 78
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 27 -
- 17 -
- 4 -
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
148 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510
Macoma Disk 78
Macoma Disk 78
Macoma Disk 78
Macoma A1a 78
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
A1a
A1c
A1c
78
78
78
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
Macoma Disk 28
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
149
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
CA-LAK-1413 Olivella
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-LAK-1413 Olivella
CA-LAK-1413 Olivella
CA-LAK-1413 Olivella
CA-LAK-1413 CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
28
28
28
-
-
-
Disk
Disk
E
28 -
28 -
17 -
G
G
17 -
17 -
UNK 17 -
UNK 17 -
UNK 17 -
UNK 17 -
UNK 17 -
UNK 17 -
Blank 17 -
Blank 17 -
Blank 17 -
Blank 17 -
Blank 17 -
Blank 17 -
Blank 17 -
Blank 17 -
A1 7 -
A1 7 -
28 -
28 -
28 -
28 -
28 -
28 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
150
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
CA-SUT-21
CA-SUT-21
CA-SUT-21
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-
320/643
CA-MEN-
320/643
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-584
CA-MEN-584
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
A2
A1
A1
A2
A2
Olivella A1c
CSD
No data
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
CSD UNK
CSD A1c
CSD A1c
CSD B1b
CSD A2a
CSD A2a
CSD A2b
CSD B2a
CSD A1c
CSD A2a
CSD A1c
CSD A2a
CSD A2a
2
CSD A1c
CSD A2a
CSD A2b
CSD A2a
CSD A1c
CSD A2a
Olivella E1b2
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
E3b
G
G
F
20
20
133
133
133
Olivella F 133
CSD A1a 34938
CSD A1bc 34938
CSD A2a 34938
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
20
20
20
2
21
21
21
21
21
21
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
7
7
7
7
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
1
2
2
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
7
1
-
-
-
2
1
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
50
36
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
15
-
-
-
-
91
24
-
1756
17043
1905
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CSD A2b 34938
CSD A3 34938
CSD C1bc 34938
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
C2a
C2b
C3
D1-2
E1bc
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
E2
G1a
G1bc
G2a
34938
34938
34938
34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella A1a 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella A1b 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella A1c 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella B5 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E2a1 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E3a1 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E2a4 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E3b 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella G1 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella H1a 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella H1b 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella
CA-YOL-69 Olivella
H2 34938
J 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella M3 34938
CA-YOL-69 Olivella
CA-YOL-
M4 34938
Olivella A1b UNK 110
CA-YOL-
110 Olivella F3a 163
CA-YOL-
110
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
Olivella
CSD
CSD
G2
C
C
163
13
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
19
4
38 8
25 2
15
-
-
-
- 2 -
- 600 -
- 168 -
- 7 -
- - -
1-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - -
- - -
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
151
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
152
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
118
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Olivella A1a
Olivella A1b
Olivella A1c
Olivella A1b
Olivella A1b
Olivella A1c
Olivella A1a
Olivella A1b
Olivella A1b
11
11
Olivella A1c
CSD Blank
11
46
CSD Blank 46
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
A1b
A2a
C
A1b
A1C
UNK
A2a
C
A1a
A2a
A1b
A1b
13
13
11
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
UNK
UNK
UNK
46
46
46
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
46
46
46
46
46
UNK
CA-
YOL-139 CSD
CA-
UNK
YOL-139 Olivella UNK
CA-
YOL-139
CA-
Olivella A
46
46
46
46
YOL-139 Olivella Whole 46
CA-
YOL-139
CA-
Olivella A 46
A 46 YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
A 46
YOL-139 Olivella Blank 46
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella E 46
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
E
E
E
46
46
46
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
M1
M1
M1
46
46
46
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
153
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
154
A
A
A
A
A
A
M1
M1
M1
M1
M1
A
A
A
A
UNK
A
A
A
A
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139 Olivella
CA-
YOL-139
CA-
YOL-
CSD
CSD 197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H CSD
CA-
YOL-
197/H CSD
A1b UNK
A1c
-
UNK
A2a
-
UNK
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
- - -
- - -
- - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - 45
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
- 3
- 14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
155
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CSD A2b - - - - - - - 20
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
C2b
D1c
Blank
D2a
Blank
D2b
Blank
D2c
Blank
E1c
Blank
E2a
Blank
E2b
Blank
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
-
-
3
3
- - 7
-
-
- - 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
1
3
1
CSD Frag. - - - - -
Olivella A1b - - - - -
- 2 -
- - 1
Olivella A1c - - - - - - - 1
Olivella Blank - - - - -
Olivella E2a3 - - - - -
- - 18
- - 1
Olivella E3a - - - - -
Olivella Whole - - - - -
- - 2
- - 3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement by Trinomial.
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CA-
YOL-
197/H
CSD A2a - - - - - - - -
CSD B2a - - - -
Olivella B1b
CSD
D2a
Blank
CSD
CSD
CSD
D2b
Blank
D1c
Blank
E1c
Blank
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- - - -
Olivella Blank - - - -
Olivella B - - - -
- - - -
- - - -
Olivella K2 - - - - - - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 -
1 -
52 -
1 -
1 -
1 -
1 -
3 -
1 -
22 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
156
Contextual Placement in Coastal Range sites with Good Context.
157
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
CA-LAK-1413
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-LAK-395
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-MEN-268
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-425
CA-LAK-395
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-
0205/206/946
CA-LAK-425
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Blank
Frag.
Bead
Frag..
Bead
Frag.
Bead
Frag.
Bead
Frag.
Blank
A1
A1
A1
A1
A1c
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2
A2a
Bead
Macoma Disk
Macoma Disk
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Coastal Range sites with Good Context.
158
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Coastal Range sites with Good Context.
159
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-510 year 1981
CA-LAK-0048
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Macoma
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
Disk
CA-LAK-0048
Macoma
Macoma
Disk
Manu debris
A1 CA-LAK-425
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
CA-MEN-
320/643
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0048
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
A1a
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c Olivella
CA-LAK-0048 Olivella A1c
CA-LAK-0048 Olivella A1c
CA-LAK-0048 Olivella A1c
CA-LAK-0048 Olivella A1c
Ca-LAK-510c1 year 1984
Ca-LAK-510c1
Olivella A1c year 1984 Olivella A1c
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
-
-
17
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Coastal Range sites with Good Context.
160
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
395
CA-LAK-
395
CA-LAK-
395
CA-LAK-
395
CA-LAK-
425
CA-LAK-
425
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
1413
CA-LAK-
395
CA-LAK-
425
CA-LAK-
425
CA-LAK-
395
CA-LAK-
261
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
1413
CA-LAK-
1413
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
Olivella E
Olivella E1b
Olivella E2
Olivella E2
Olivella E2
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
F
G
G
Olivella G
Olivella G3
Olivella G3a
Olivella G4
Olivella M1A
Olivella M1a - - -
Olivella M2a
Manu.
Olivella debris
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
- - -
- - -
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
-
-
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Coastal Range sites with Good Context.
161
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Sacramento Valley sites with Good Context.
162
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-118
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
A1a
A1a
A1b
A1b
A1b
A1b
CA-YOL-197/H CSD
CA-YOL-69 CSD
A1b
A1bc
CA-YOL-118 CSD
CA-YOL-197/H CSD
CA-YOL-118 CSD
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-118
CSD
CSD
A1C
A1c
A2a
A2a
A2a
CA-YOL-197/H CSD
CA-YOL-197/H CSD
CA-YOL-69 CSD
CA-YOL-197/H CSD
CA-YOL-69 CSD
A2a
A2a
A2a
A2b
A2b
CA-YOL-69 CSD A3
CA-YOL-197/H CSD
CA-YOL-139 CSD
B2a
Blank
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-118
CSD Blank
CSD C
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-118
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-YOL-197/H CSD
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CSD
CSD
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
D1c
Blank
D2a
Blank
D2a
Blank
D2b
Blank
D2b
Blank
C
C
C
C1
C2a
C2b
C2b
C3
D1c
Blank
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
7
-
4
-
1
1
1
45
-
36
20
19
3
50
1
14
1
1
1
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
38
25
3
15
2
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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3
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
8
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
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-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
705
780
-
390
33
-
2
1905
-
688
10
1
-
-
-
-
1756
-
-
-
-
- -
17043 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
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-
-
-
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-
-
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-
-
-
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-
- -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Sacramento Valley sites with Good Context.
163
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-YOL-
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
197/H
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-COL-
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
247
CA-COL-
247
CA-COL-
247
Macoma
Macoma
Disk
Disk
Macoma Disk
CA-COL-
247 Macoma Disk
CA-Col-267 Macoma Disk
CACol-267 Macoma Disk
CA-YOL-
Olivella A 139
CA-YOL-
139 Olivella A
D2c
Blank
E1b
E1c
Blank
E1c
Blank
E2
E2a
Blank
E2b
Blank
G1a
G1bc
G2a
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
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-
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-
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-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
1
2
1
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
7
3
1
168
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
4
68
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Sacramento Valley sites with Good Context.
164
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
Olivella
Olivella
A
A
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
A
A
A
A
CA-GLE-
268
CA-COL-
158
CA-COL-
246/H
CA-COL-
247
CA-COL-
247
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
A
A series
Frag
A1
A1
A1
Olivella A1
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
Olivella A1a
139 Olivella A1a
CA-YOL-69 Olivella A1a
C-YOL-110 Olivella A1b
CA-YOL-
139 Olivella A1b
CA-YOL-
139 Olivella A1b
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
Olivella
Olivella
A1b
A1b
139
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-COL-
267
Olivella A1b
Olivella
Olivella
A1b
A1b
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
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-
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-
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
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-
1
-
-
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1
-
1
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-
-
Contextual Placement in Sacramento Valley sites with Good Context.
165
CA-COL-
267
CA-COL-
267
Olivella A1b
Olivella A1b
CA-YOL-69 Olivella A1b
CA-GLE-10 Olivella A1c
CA-GLE-
268
CA-YOL-
Olivella A1c
Olivella A1c 139
CA-YOL-
139 Olivella A1c
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-COL-
267
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
A1c
A1c
A1c
CA-YOL-69 Olivella A1c
CA-COL-
247 Olivella A2
CA-GLE-10 Olivella
CA-YOL-
197/H
A3
Olivella B1b
B5 CA-YOL-69 Olivella
CA-COL-
Olivella 247
CA-YOL-
139 Olivella
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-COL-
267
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
C3
E
E
E
E
E2
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E2a1
CA-YOL-
197/H Olivella E2a3
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E2a4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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-
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1
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1
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1
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-
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1
1
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
1
1
-
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51
-
10
-
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52
1
1
-
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1
- -
-
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191 -
-
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- -
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1
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Contextual Placement in Sacramento Valley sites with Good Context.
166
CA-YOL-
197/H Olivella E3a
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E3a1
CA-YOL-69 Olivella E3b
CA-COL-
Olivella F2a 267
CA-COL-
158 Olivella F3
CA-COL-61 Olivella F3a
CA-COL-61 Olivella F3a
C-YOL-110 Olivella F3a
CA-COL-
267 Olivella F3a
CA-YOL-69 Olivella G1
CA-COL-61 Olivella G2
CA-COL-61 Olivella G2
CA-COL-61 Olivella G2
C-YOL-110 Olivella G2
CA-COLG2
247
CA-COL-
Olivella LG
G2
247 Olivella SM
CA-COL-61 Olivella G2a
CA-COL-
267
CA-COL-
Olivella G2a
267
CA-COL-
247
Olivella G2b
Olivella
G3
SM
CA-YOL-69 Olivella H1a
CA-YOL-69 Olivella H1b
CA-YOL-69 Olivella H2
CA-YOL-69 Olivella J
-
-
-
-
-
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-
1
-
1
1
-
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-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
2
-
-
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1
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1
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4053
-
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145
1
21
-
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-
15
3738
-
149
5
-
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5
-
2
2
-
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Contextual Placement in Sacramento Valley sites with Good Context.
167
CA-COL-61 Olivella K1
CA-YOL-
197/H Olivella K2
CA-COL-
246/H Olivella L2
CA-GLE-10 Olivella L2
CA-COL-61 Olivella L2a
CA-YOL-
Olivella M1 139
CA-YOL-
139 Olivella M1
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
M1
M1
M1
139
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
Olivella M1
Olivella
Olivella
M1
M1
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1a
-
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-
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-
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
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22
-
22
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Contextual Placement in Sacramento Valley sites with Good Context .
168
CA-COL-
158
CA-COL-
158
CA-COL-
246/H
CA-COL-
267
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
M1a
M1a
M1a
-
-
-
Olivella M1a -
CA-COL-61 Olivella M1b -
CA-COL-
Olivella M1b - 267
CA-COL-
158 Olivella M1c -
CA-GLE-
268
CA-COL-
267
CA-COL-
267
CA-COL-
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
M1c
M1d
M1d
-
-
-
267
CA-COL-
267
CA-COL-
267
Olivella M2a -
Olivella
Olivella
M2a
M2a
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 -
-
-
-
-
-
1 -
2 -
-
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-
CA-YOL-69 Olivella M3 - - -
CA-YOL-69 Olivella M4
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-YOL-
197/H
CA-YOL-
139
CA-YOL-
139
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Manu.
- debris -
Manu. debris -
Manu. debris -
-
-
-
-
Manu. debris - - -
Manu. debris - - -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
2 -
8 -
- -
1 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 -
18 -
-
1 -
1 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
5 -
156 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3 -
-
-
Contextual Placement in Sierra Nevada sites with Good Context.
169
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-17
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
A2a
A2b
A2b
B1b
B2a
Margar
CA-BUT-521 Itifera Disc
CA-BUT-496 Olivella A
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
A
A
A2a
A2a
A2a
A2a
A2a
A2a
A2a
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
A1c
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
CA-BUT-288 Olivella
A
A
A
CA-BUT-288 Olivella A
CA-BUT-496 Olivella A1a
A
A
A
A
A
CA-BUT-84 Olivella A1a
CA-BUT-84 Olivella A1a
CA-BUT-496 Olivella A1b
CA-BUT-521 Olivella A1b
CA-BUT-521 Olivella A1b
CA-BUT-84 Olivella A1b
CA-BUT-84 Olivella A1b
CA-BUT-496 Olivella A1c
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
Olivella A1c
Olivella A1c
CA-BUT-496 Olivella C2
CA-BUT-496 Olivella C3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
1
1
1
1
-
-
1
1
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
33
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
44
-
-
-
-
51
12
106
-
3
19
16
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Contextual Placement in Sierra Nevada sites with Good Context.
170
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella D
Olivella D1
Olivella D1a
Olivella D1a
Olivella E1b
Olivella E1b2
Olivella E2a
Olivella E3a
Olivella E3b
Olivella F
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
C7
D
D
D
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
F
F
F
Olivella F/M
Olivella F3a
Olivella F3b
Olivella
Olivella
G
G
Olivella
Olivella
G
G
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
G
G
G
G
G1
Olivella G1
Olivella G2a
Olivella G2b
Olivella G2b
Olivella G3
Olivella G6
Olivella L2
Olivella M1a
Olivella M1a
Olivella M1d
CA-SUT-21
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-SUT-21
CA-SUT-21
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-521
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-SUT-17
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-SUT-17
CA-SUT-21
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
2
2
-
-
-
1
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
521 -
837 -
-
-
-
210 -
15
91
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- -
143 -
-
-
-
- -
121 -
1 -
2
1
-
-
1 -
4 -
513 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
12
2
1
1
5
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
24
- -
112 -
5 -
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
APPENDIX D. Bead Wear Data
Dorsal Wear Data
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Tre
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Tre
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
171
Dorsal Wear Data.
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Tre
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
172
Dorsal Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
173
Dorsal Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Unk
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
174
Dorsal Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Tre
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
175
Dorsal Wear Data.
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Slight
Wear
Some wear overall
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part well worn well worn
Slight Oblong shape
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Slight Oblong shape
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Slightly rough
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Slightly rough well ground well ground
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
176
Dorsal Wear Data.
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk well worn well worn well worn well worn well worn
Unk well worn
Unk well worn
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk well worn
Unk well worn
Unk well worn
Unk well worn
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear well worn
CA-BUT-84 CSD Unk well worn
CA-COL-267 Macoma N/A
CA-LAK-0048
CA-LAK-0048
CA-BUT-84
CA-COL-267
CA-BUT-84
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
A1c
A1c
E2a
F2a
G3b
Full
Wornpolished
Wornpolished slightly around perforation
Partial
Slight wear around perforation
No visible sign of wear
No data available
No data available
No data available
Slight line rubbed on one edge
No data available
No visible sign of use wear
CA-BUT-84 Olivella L2
CA-COL-267 Olivella M1d
CA-COL-267 Olivella M1d
CA-COL-267 Olivella M2a
Perforation area worn
Partial
Partial
Partial
Slight line rubbed on one edge
No data available
No data available
No data available
No visible sign of wear well worn
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear well worn well worn
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear well worn well worn
No visible sign of wear
Full
No data available
No data available wear looks like necklace wear
Partial
No visible sign of use wear
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Biplicata Complete
Biplicata
Biplicata
Biplicata
Biplicata
Biplicata
Biplicata
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
No visible sign of wear
Absent
Partial
Absent
Unk
Perforation line is slightly off the edge, not typical
Complete of necklace wear Complete
Complete Complete
Complete Complete
Complete Complete
177
Ventral Wear Data.
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Full
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Absent
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Tre
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Tre
Unk
Tre
Tre
Unk
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
178
Ventral Wear Data.
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
179
Ventral Wear Data.
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Absent
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Absent
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Absent
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
180
Ventral Wear Data.
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk Part
CSD Unk slight wear
CSD Unk well worn
Absent
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
No sign of wear well worn
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available
No data available slight wear one side
No sign of wear slight wear well ground
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Wear looks like necklace wear
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Tre
Unk
Unk
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Full
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Full
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
181
Ventral Wear Data.
182
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-COL-
267
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-LAK-
0048
CA-COL-
267
CSD
CSD
Macoma
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CA-BUT-84 Olivella
CA-COL-
267
CA-COL-
Olivella
267
CA-COL-
267
Olivella
Olivella
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
Unk well worn well worn
No visible sign of
Unk well worn wear
Unk well worn well worn
N/A
A1c
A1c
F2a
L2
Full
Wornpolished
Wornpolished
Partial
Edged worn
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear well worn
No data available
No visible sign of wear
Full
Wornpolished
Wornpolished
No data available
No data available
No data available
Partial
Perforation area worn
No data available
Slight line rubbed on one edge,
Perforation line is slightly off the edge, not typical of necklace
M1d
M2a
M2a
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
N/A
Partial
No data available
No data available
No data available well ground
No visible sign of wear well worn
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear well worn well worn
No visible sign of wear
No visible sign of wear well worn well worn well worn
No visible sign of wear
Full
No data available
No data available
Partial
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Fragment
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Fragment
Unk Fragment
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
No visible sign of wear
Absent
N/A
Absent
Wear Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Unk Complete
Perforation Wear Data.
183
CA-MEN-268 CSD
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-BUT-84 CSD
CA-COL-247 Olivella C3
CA-BUT-84
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-BUT-84
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
E2a
F2a
L2
A2
B
String wear- on one side- tear drop shape
Possible wear on top edge of perforation.
No data available
No visible sign of wear
Slight Oblong shape
Slight Oblong shape
Slightly rough
Slightly rough
No visible sign of use wear Slight teardrop shape slight wear one side
Very slight elongation of
Perf. Length slight wear
No visible sign of wear
Oblong Dome shaped bead
Possible necklace wear
Wear looks like necklace wear
Whole well worn well worn Fragment
Teardrop String wear
Slight line rubbed on one edge
No data available
No visible sign of wear wear looks like necklace wear looks like necklace wear
String wear
Slight line rubbed on one edge
No data available
No visible sign of wear
Perforation line is slightly off the edge, not typical of necklace wear
Edge Wear Data.
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
A2a
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
184
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Edge Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
185
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Edge Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Tre
Tre
186
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Edge Wear Data.
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Tre
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Unk
Tre
187
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Edge Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Unk
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Unk
Unk
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
188
Edge Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-LAK-0205/206/946
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
1A
1C
B2a
B2a
D1
D1
Manu.
Debris Irregular
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Full
Irregular
Irregular
Irregular
Irregular
Irregular
Irregular
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
189
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Edge Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Sax
Tre
Tre
Unk
Sax
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Tre
Unk
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
190
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Edge Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Sax
Unk
Sax
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
191
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
Edge Wear Data.
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Sax
Sax
Unk
Unk
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Tre
Tre
Tre
Sax
Sax
Tre
Tre
Tre
Tre
Unk
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Unk
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
192
Edge Wear Data.
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-11
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-BUT-84
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-LAK-0048
Macoma
Macoma
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Rough
Rough
Rough
Rough
Full
Partial
Partial
Partial
Partial
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Part
Partial
Partial
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Side Ground
Smooth
G2b
M1d
B1b
B1b
B1b
B1b
B1b
B1b
B1b
B1b
B1b
B1b
G3a
N/A
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
F2a
F3a
G2a
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
N/A Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Sax
Sax
Tre
Unk
Sax
Tre
Sax
Tre
Sax
Sax
Sax
Sax
Tre
Sax
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Unk
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Fragment
Fragment
Fragment
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
Complete
193
APPENDIX E. Bead Types Associated with Burials Data.
Bead Types Associated with Burials.
194
CA-BUT-288
CA-BUT-288
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-247
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-COL-61 year 2001
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-10
CA-GLE-10
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-LAK-261
CA-SUT-21
CA-SUT-21
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-139
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
CA-YOL-197/H
C-YOL-110
C-YOL-110
C-YOL-110
C-YOL-110
F
A1a
A1b
A1b
A1c
A
No data available
B2a
D2a Blank
D2b Blank
D1c Blank
E1c Blank
B
A2a
Blank
A3
L2
A1c
Disk
1B
1D
1A
F
G
D
A
C3
G2 LG
G3 SM
G2 SM
A1b
M1a
K2
B1b
M2a
A1b
F3a
G2
G1
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CS
CSD
CSD
CSD
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CSDB
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
CSD
Olivella
CSD
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
-
-
190
19042
59
59
59
59
133
-
-
-
-
43
43
-
-
133
11
11
11
11
46
-
-
-
-
-
163
163
163
163
-
-
-
-
46
-
-
8
8
8
8
8
45
45
45
45
6
6
14
14
10
10
6
6
8
6
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
10
10
16
16
16
16
6
10
10
10
10
10
10
CA-COL-267
CA-COL-267
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-BUT-496
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
CA-YOL-69
Bead Types Associated with Burials.
C2a
C2b
C3
D1-2
E1bc
E2
G1a
G1bc
G2b
M1a
A1a
A1bc
A2a
A2b
A3
C1bc
C3
C7
D1
F/M
F3a
F3b
F3b
G1
G2a
A1b
A1b
A
A1a
A1b
A1c
C2
G2a
A1a
B5
E2a
E3a
E3b
G1
H1a
H1b
H2
J
M3
M4
Olivella
Olivella
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
CSDB
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
CSDB
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
Olivella
2732
2732
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
2732
2732
2732
2732
2732
2732
2732
2732
2732
23
23
2732
2732
2732
2732
2732
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
34938
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
34
34
122
122
122
122
122
122
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
195
196
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