Management approaches for CEAFM
“a fisheries perspective”
Regional Workshop on approaches to the implementation of CEAFM. November 29 – December 3, 2010
Conventional fisheries management………
Target resource species orientated fisheries management which involves
imposing controls on either the amount of fishing or the quantity of fish caught,
or both.
Source: King M 2009, Workshop materials, SPC
However, a fishery is part of an ecosystem …
The ecosystem will be affected by both fisheries and non-fisheries impacts.
Source: King M 2009, Workshop materials, SPC
Fisheries managers take on impacts………
It is pointless to address the problem of depleted fish stocks by reducing fishing
effort, restricting catches and imposing size limits if the key threats to their
recovery are degraded ecosystems.
Apia Policy 2008
Fisheries management approaches
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Ineffective controls
– Monitoring and enforcement
– Commitment
Community-based Fisheries Management (CBFM)/Co-management
– CBFM is managing fish stocks (fish and shell fish) of lagoons and reefs by local
communities with government providing supporting services
• To target fishing communities, being resource users to take charge for
responsible exploitation and management of their marine environment and
its resources.
• Principles
– Maximum community participation
– High motivation
– A management system that is demand based
– Development of alternative sources of seafood
CBFM General approach
i. Community workshops
ii. Fisheries Advisory Committee
iii. Approval of the Community
Fisheries Management Plan
Undertakings by community• Establishment of MPA
•Establishment of Aquaculture
•Setting community rules on fish
size limits
•Monitoring and enforcement of
MPA and community rules
•Support undertakings
Undertakings by
Fisheries Authority
•Conducting base line
study in MPA
•Running training on
aquaculture
•Help in developing
community rules into
fisheries by-laws
•Assist with the
establishment of
minimum size limits
•Running community
training
•Develop alternatives
General management practices
• Management tools
– Protected area, fisheries reserve, MPAs, MMAs
– Restricted fishing areas
– Gear restrictions
– Rotational/Seasonal closures
– Permits/licensing
– Size restrictions
– Ban destructive fishing methods
• Fisheries legislations
• Alternative livelihood
• Special Management Areas
Implementing the
CEAFM
Implementing the Community-based Ecosystem
Approach to Fisheries Management (CEAFM)
• CEAFM
▫ Represents a combination of three different
perspectives
 Fisheries management
 Ecosystem management
 Community based management
The management of fisheries, within an
ecosystem context, by local communities,
working with government and other partners
Implementing the CEAFM
Key principles for CEAFM
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Simple process
Culturally appropriate
Motivation
Maximum participation
Traditional knowledge
Science to support community
objectives
Consultative multi-disciplinary
group
Demand-based
Adopt a precautionary approach
Manage human activities
Provide alternatives
Formal or legal basis for CEAFM
A generalised SPC process for CEAFM
For example……..
Marshall Islands
The CBFMP model developed for Marshall Islands
“Engaging local communities in managing fisheries”
1) Initial Consultation between MIMRA, Local Government Council and
Traditional Chiefs
(to explain how Fisheries can assist in the formulation
of ICFMPs and to seek support for the program)
2) Community work shops/Group Meetings
(to identify problems and propose solutions)
- includes participatory survey of marine environment and resources
3) Fisheries Management Advisory Committee (F-MAC)
(to prepare a plan with undertakings necessary to solve problems)
- include a village ”stroll through” environmental assessment
6) Community
undertakings may include:
Local rules/by-laws
Banning destructive fishing
Size limits on fish
Fish reserves
Environmental protection
7) MIMRA undertakings
4)4)ISALND
Village
may Include;
COMMUNITY
Fisheries
Outer reef fishing support
FISHERIES
Management
Species introductions
MANAGEMENT
Plan
Consultations with other agencies
PLAN
Workshops/training
(endorsement)
LGC
(endorsement)
Technical advice/assistance
MIMRA (approval)
5) Monitoring and Enforcement Committee (MEC)
(to oversee the undertakings agreed to in the management plan
and enforce Island Fisheries Management Ordinances (FMOs))
1. First Meeting with Village
Council
American Samoa
2. Group Meetings with the
three targeted groups – Matai,
Women, Aumaga
Proposed model/approach
Executive Order
&
CFMP Regulation
Amendment
2a. Community Consultation
Participatory approach
(problems, causes, effects, solutions,
actions, who?)
3. Village Fisheries Management
Advisory Committee
Draft Community Fisheries Management
Plan
ECOS
Advisory
Committee
4. Village Council Meeting
Either rejects or approves plan
OUTREACH
5. Community & DMWR for Implementation
SITE VISITS
MONITORING
ENFORCEMENT
6. Program Monitoring and Evaluation
WORKSHOPS/TRAINING
Constraints
• Lack of appreciation of the vital role of marine ecosystems goods and
services
– government priorities often lie with commercial fisheries that provide
foreign exchange. Subsistence fisheries provide food security, on-going
health benefits, reduced requirements for imports of less healthy foods.
• Lack of governance and lack of enforcement of existing regulations
– Due to lack of funds, fisheries regulations are poorly enforced in fishing
communities that are distributed over relatively long coastlines and on
many smaller islands.
• Lack of cooperation between the government agencies that must be
involved
• Lack of relevant legislation
• Lack of funds/resources
Summary………
• Precautionary approach
• Adaptive management (as
information becomes available)
• CBFM critical
– Effective monitoring and
enforcement of management
controls
• Collaborations
– Government, NGOs,
communities, institutions etc….
– Expanding the management base
• Legal framework
• Community support
– Alternatives
– Science etc….
Take-home message
• Devise a workable model/approach
– Principles etc..
• CEAFM
– is a process not an event and its implementation is
an ongoing task that will continue to involve
authorities and community stakeholders as new
issues and threats become apparent.
• Alternatives