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Migratory Game Birds
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Iowa Residency Application Guide
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Camping & Facility Rentals
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Geocaching
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Iowa's Watchable Wildlife Guide
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Places to Go
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State Park & Rec Areas
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Wildlife Management Areas
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Equestrian Trails
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Iowa's Wildlife
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Forestry
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Climate Change
Geology
Iowa's State Preserves
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Resource Enhancement & Protection [REAP]
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Animal Feeding Operations
Environmental Protection > Land Quality > Animal Feeding Operations
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Animal Feeding Operations
Iowa has two types of animal feeding operations (AFOs) regulated under the Department of
Natural Resources: confinements and open feedlots. See the overview below for general
information about the two types of animal feeding operations and state regulations that affect
them.
Sign up for Animal Feeding Operations Updates
For more specific information about requirements for construction or existing regulations,
see the type of operation: Confinement, Open Feedlots or Combined.
See manure management under each type of operation for information about manure or
nutrient management plans, land application requirements (including the phosphorus index
and record keeping requirements) and manure applicator certification.
Overview of Animal Feeding Operations
Iowa has two types of DNR-regulated animal feeding operations (AFOs): confinements and
open feedlots. Both AFO types are confined (kept and fed for 45 days or more per year) in a
lot, yard, corral, building or other area. Both types include manure storage structures, but do
not include livestock markets.
A confinement feeding operation (above) confines animals to areas that are totally roofed.
Confinement feeding operations in Iowa must retain all manure.
An open feedlot is unroofed or partially roofed with no vegetation or residue ground cover
while the animals are confined. Large open feedlots with a national pollutant discharge
elimination system (NPDES) permit are allowed to discharge to a water of the state under
certain conditions listed in the permit, such as during a storm event larger than the 25-year,
24-hour storm.
A combined operation has some animals in a confinement and some in an open feedlot.
Unlike livestock on pasture, animals in AFOs are kept in small areas where feed and manure
become more concentrated. Animal manure and urine contain nitrogen (nitrate and
ammonia), phosphorus, organic matter, sediments, pathogens, and heavy metals - all of
which are potential pollutants if they are concentrated in a small area. Some of these
substances can pose threats to human health or impair drinking water. When excess nutrients
reach our waters, they can cause low levels of dissolved oxygen, algal blooms and, in
extreme cases, fish kills.
Iowa regulates AFOs to protect surface and groundwater resources. All AFOs must follow
some regulations when land applying manure or when building a new structure or expanding
an existing operation. Generally, regulations differentiate between the type and size of
operation, and the type of manure storage that is used.
When constructing an AFO or applying manure, the operations must also meet separation
distances from neighboring businesses, residences, churches, schools and public use areas. These
distances help protect neighbors from potentially offensive odors and air emissions.
Environmentally sensitive areas such as wells, sinkholes and water sources are also protected by
setbacks from construction and manure application.
The DNR has several sections that work with animal feeding operations:
The Air Quality Bureau has conducted a field study near animal feeding operations to evaluate
air quality in rural Iowa. The purpose was to discover if harmful concentrations of ammonia,
hydrogen sulfide, or odors were emitted.
The Field Services and Compliance Bureau reviews manure management and nutrient
management plans, inspects earthen basins, inspects potential construction sites and responds to
manure, fertilizer and chemical spills. Field specialists are experienced in spills and can help
livestock producers identify the cause of the spill and find alternatives to stopping the release or
fixing the problem.
DNR's AFO Construction Permitting Section reviews applications for construction permits for
animal feeding operations. An engineer coordinates this review with the applicant, the applicant's
engineer and other DNR staff to assure that all requirements are met before a permit is issued.
The NPDES (or national pollutant discharge elimination system) Section of Iowa's DNR
issues NPDES permits and storm water permits to animal feeding operations. Authority to issue
these federal permits has been delegated to the Iowa DNR by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Iowa NPDES staff provide technical assistance to animal feeding operators. The
NPDES staff coordinate with the DNR field office staff when NPDES permits are issued, and
with the construction permitting staff to ensure facility designs meet NPDES permit
requirements.
New: Tips and Frequently Asked Questions for Winter Manure ApplicationWin-Man-App
2014.doc
[Video] Clean Water in Our Hands: A Guide for Water Testing for Beef and Dairy Producers:
Factsheet: Testing the Waters-A beef and dairy producers' guide to check water quality below
open lots
DNR response to EPA CAFO report
Emergency Spills and Fish Kills
Report releases of manure and hazardous substances to the
DNR's 24-hour Spill Line:
515-725-8694
and to the local police department or sheriff in the county where the release has occurred.
Releases must be reported within six hours after the spill occurred or was discovered.
A manure release includes actual, imminent or probable discharge of manure from a confinement
or an open feedlot operation structure. Releases that must be reported include any that go to
surface water, groundwater, a drainage tile line or intake, or to a designated area resulting from
storing, handling, transporting or land-applying manure.
Manure releases can also be reported to the local DNR field offices. Field staffers are
experienced in handling manure releases and may be able to help producers and manure
applicators limit the extent of the spill or prevent extensive damage.
State law does not require fish kills to be reported, but the sooner a fish kill is reported to the
DNR the more likely the DNR can find the source of the fish kill and prevent further release of a
pollutant.
AFO Contacts
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