Martin Van Buren
President, 1837-1841
Panic of
1837
1839 Methodist camp meeting
Second
Great
Awakening,
1790-1830
Household servant with white
child, about 1860.
Family floating goods to market, about 1860. In the
Delta, people conducted commerce by boats since
roads were primitive and usually impassable
during high water.
• Baton Rouge, La., 2 April,
1863: "Overseer Artayou
Carrier whipped me. I was
two months in bed sore
from the whipping. My
master come after I was
whipped; he discharged
the overseer.
• Millie Evans, ex-slave
interviewed in
Arkansas in the 1930s
Slave sale in Easton Maryland
Caricature of abolitionists
William Lloyd Garrison
abolitionist
Frederick Douglass
William Henry Harrison
President,
March 4-April 4, 1841
Whig Party
“Old Tippecanoe”
John Tyler
President, 1841-1845
“His Accidency”
James K. Polk
President, 1845-1849
Democrat
Oregon Dispute
54’ 40” or Fight!
Manifest Destiny
Mexican War
1846-1848
U.S. occupation of Mexico City
The war was criticized by:
John Quincy Adams
Henry David Thoreau
Abraham Lincoln
Ulysses S. Grant
Among those who fought in the war:
U.S. Grant
Robert E. Lee
Stonewall Jackson
Jefferson Davis
George Meade
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848
Election
Of 1848
Zachary Taylor (and Millard Fillmore)
President, 1849-1850
Millard Fillmore
President, 1850-1853
1849
Gold Rush
Causes of the Civil War
1. Slavery – this was the key reason for
the war, specifically whether slavery should be
extended into territories
2. Economic Factors – South was agricultural,
hated tariffs; North was moving toward industrialization,
liked tariffs
3. Political – North favored strong central government;
South liked states’ rights (especially right to own slaves)
4. Constitutional – can a state secede? Is it like
getting a divorce?
The Road to the Civil War
1. Slavery not resolved by founding fathers
2. 1793 – Eli Whitney invents cotton gin
3. Nullification and Secession controversies
1798 KY & VA Resol.; Hartford Convention, Tariff of
Abom. & John C. Calhoun
4. 1820 Missouri Compromise
5. 1831 End of Moderation; Nat Turner and
Wm Lloyd Garrison
6. Mexican War – Wilmot Proviso
Road to Civil War
7. Compromise of 1850
8. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s book –
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
#2 best-selling
book of 19th
century (after the
Bible)
9. The Kansas-Nebraska Act
John Brown
Bleeding Kansas
10. Political Failure
Preston Brooks attacks Charles Sumner
Election
Of 1856
James Buchanan
President,
1857-1861
Step #11
The
Dred Scott
Case
12. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Stephen A. Douglas
Abraham Lincoln
13. John Brown’s Raid
14. The Election of 1860
• Northern Democrat: Stephen Douglas
• Southern Democrat: John Breckenridge
• Republican: Abraham Lincoln
• Constitutional Union: John Bell
Election
Of 1860
• Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce
and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the
Federal Union (Adopted December 24, 1860)
• But an increasing hostility on the part of the nonslaveholding States to the institution of slavery, has led
to a disregard of their obligations, and the laws of the
General Government have ceased to effect the objects
of the Constitution.
• A geographical line has been drawn across the Union,
and all the States north of that line have united in the
election of a man to the high office of President of the
United States, whose opinions and purposes are hostile
to slavery. He is to be entrusted with the administration
of the common Government, because he has declared
that that "Government cannot endure permanently half
slave, half free," and that the public mind must rest in the
belief that slavery is in the course of ultimate
extinction.
• On the 4th day of March next, this party will take
possession of the Government. It has announced that
the South shall be excluded from the common territory,
that the judicial tribunals shall be made sectional, and
that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall
cease throughout the United States.
• The guaranties of the Constitution will then no longer
exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost. The
slaveholding States will no longer have the power of selfgovernment, or self-protection, and the Federal
Government will have become their enemy.
Abraham Lincoln’s
inauguration
March 4, 1861
Bombardment of Fort Sumter
April 12, 1861
The start of the Civil War
Jefferson Davis
President of the
Confederate
States of America
1861-1865
• United States of
America (USA)
• Union
• North
• Federals
• Yankees
• Blue
• Confederate States
of America (CSA)
• Confederacy
• South
• Confederates
• Rebels
• Gray
Confederate Arkansas Volunteer Infantry
• 3rd Regiment Arkansas Volunteer Infantry
Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan
An editorial from the Washington, Arkansas, Telegraph
of January 13, 1865.
We fight for independence. But this independence is itself valuable
only as a means to a higher ends. The institutions which we cherish
. . . are the true objects of the struggle. . .
The great conservative institution of slavery, so excellent in itself,
and so necessary to civil liberty and the dignity of the white race, is
one of the grand objects of our struggle. It should never be lost sight
of, nor under any pressure should we ever take any step
incompatible with the relation of master and slave. No entering
wedge to emancipation should ever be allowed. It should not be
held forth to the slave as a boon for his services.
Our theory is, that he is better off as a slave; and even if he were
not, we could not safely have an emancipated class of them
amongst us.
Much less can we put arms in his hands. That would ruin him
forever. Slavery afterwards would became impossible.
Geography
New technology changed warfare
• Railroad – transportation of troops,
supplies
• Telegraph – rapid communication
• Weapons
Revolvers and Rifles
Springfield Rifle
Colt Revolver
Artillery
•
•
•
•
Shot
Shell
Shrapnel
Canister
Gatling gun
Battle of the Ironclads: The Monitor and the Merrimack (Virginia)
Submarines
Hot Air Balloons
Finances
• War Bonds
• Printing money
inflation
Confederate Generals
Robert E. Lee
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
James Longstreet
Union Generals
Ulysses S. Grant
William T. Sherman
Philip Sheridan
• Total military engagements: 10,000
• Considered significant battles: 391
Civil War Battles in Arkansas
Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., by Kurz and Allison
The Battle of Prairie Grove
by Andy Thomas
•
Bombardment and capture of Fort Hindman, Arkansas
Post, Ark. Jan. 11th 1863; Currier & Ives
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Amputation and trephine field set used by Dr.
John Patton Mitchell during the Civil War.
Re-enactors
Antietam, Sept 17, 1862
“bloodiest day in American history” 23,000 casualties
Emancipation Proclamation
September 22, 1862
I, ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States of
America, and Commander-in-Chief of the Army and
Navy thereof, do hereby proclaim and declare that
hereafter, as heretofore, the war will be prosecuted for
the object of practically restoring the constitutional
relation between the United States, and each of the
States . . .
That on the first day of January in the year of our
Lord, 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State,
or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall
then be in rebellion against the United States shall be
then, thenceforward, and forever free. . . .
Emancipation Proclamation only applied in areas controlled by Confederacy;
slavery was still legal in parts of South controlled by Union
Black Union troops in Arkansas.
Almost 200,000 African Americans served in U.S. army.
54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment
Andersonville Prison in Georgia
13,000 died
1864 Election
Democrats choose General George McClellan; they promise to end the war
Republicans re-nominate Lincoln, but with Democrat Andrew Johnson as VP;
they promise to win the war.
Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address
“With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God
gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the
nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his
widow, and his orphan—to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting
peace, among ourselves, and with all nations.”
Appomattox Courthouse
The surrender – April 9, 1865
Casualties in the Civil War
• About 620,000 Americans died in the Civil War.
These casualties are almost equal to the
nation's loss in all its other wars, from the
Revolution through Vietnam.
• About 2.5 million served in the Union Army
– Battle deaths: 110,070
– Disease, etc.: 250,152
– Total
360,222
• Confederate strength was about 1 million.
– Battle deaths: 94,000
– Disease, etc.: 164,000
– Total
258,000
Lincoln shot on April 14, 1865 by John Wilkes Booth
at Ford’s Theater
Lincoln died April 15, 1865
“Now he belongs to the ages.”
Reconstruction
1863-1877
Three Elements
1. Political
2. Economic
3. Social
Three Phases
1. Presidential Reconstruction Lincoln 1863-’65
2. Presidential Reconstruction Johnson ‘65-’67
3. Congressional (Radical) Reconstruction ‘67-’77
Lincoln’s 10% Plan
A state can be re-admitted if
10% of those who voted in 1860
pledge loyalty to the Union.
Andrew Johnson, 17th President
Trial of Andrew Johnson
Ku Klux Klan
1868
First buildings at the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville ; 1872
Old Main was the first permanent building on the Arkansas
Industrial University campus. Its exterior was finished in 1875.
It is the only building built in the 19th century still standing.
• Five Generations of an
African-American Family,
1862.
Interior View of the First African Baptist Church in Richmond.
(Harper's Weekly, June 27, 1874)
Sharecropping in the South, 1880
Children of sharecropper, near West Memphis, Arkansas, 1935.
Sharecropper’s
child suffering
from rickets and
malnutrition
Photo by Arthur
Rothstein, Aug., 1935