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Objectives
•
Explain how European immigration to the
colonies changed between the late 1600s and
1700s.
•
Analyze the development of slavery in the
colonies.
•
Describe the experience of enslaved Africans
in the colonies.
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Terms and People
•
indentured servants – poor immigrants who
paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to
work for four to seven years
•
triangular trade – three-part voyage that
brought enslaved Africans to America
•
Middle Passage – enslaved Africans carried
across the Atlantic in brutal conditions
•
Phillis Wheatley – first African American to
publish a book of poems
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Which major groups of immigrants
came to Britain’s American colonies
in the 1700s?
In the 1700s, great numbers of Europeans from
Germany and Scotland immigrated to the
colonies.
These newcomers reshaped American colonial
society.
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Immigrants from many
backgrounds brought
diversity to the
colonies.
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New groups immigrated in the 1700s.
Scots and Scotch-Irish
Germans
Became the largest
immigrant group.
Became the second largest
immigrant group.
Motivated by poverty and
easy legal access as part of
Great Britain.
Motivated by war, taxes
and religious persecution.
Worked as merchants in the
tobacco trade and farmed
from Pennsylvania to the
Carolinas.
Mostly settled in
Pennsylvania and farmed.
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Diversity in the colonies meant that:
•
No group was large enough to impose their
beliefs on other groups.
•
People realized that when they got along in a
diverse society, everyone benefited.
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Colonists used slaves as a source of labor.
•
Farmers, particularly in southern colonies, needed a
work force to grow labor-intensive crops of tobacco,
rice, and indigo.
•
Virginia passed a law decreeing that any servant, not
a Christian in their native land, was to be enslaved.
•
Traders began to purchase slaves from African
merchants and transport them to the colonies to sell
to plantation owners.
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Africans were taken by force from West African
countries to the colonies and Europe.
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During the Middle Passage, Africans were shackled
together into small spaces below a ship’s deck.
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By the mid-1700s, the triangular trade of goods
and slaves was well-established.
• Manufactured goods were
traded for captured Africans.
• Slave traders carried
captured Africans to
American colonies in the
Middle Passage.
• Enslaved Africans were sold
to colonists for raw
materials.
• Traders took raw materials to
England to be turned into
manufactured goods.
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Slavery in the Southern Colonies was cruel.
Enslaved
Africans worked
12 hours a day,
6 days a week,
in fields growing
labor-intensive
crops.
Most enslaved
Africans were
given limited
clothing and
food, and lived
in crude huts on
plantations.
Enslaved Africans
were closely
supervised by white
overseers who
often whipped
those who resisted
being enslaved.
Slave labor represented a small minority of the workforce
in New England and the Middle Colonies.
They worked as farmhands, sailors, dock workers, and house servants.
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Africans reacted to enslavement by:
Rebelling
Uprisings of Africans against their
white owners often occurred.
Running Away
Africans ran away and lived in
forests and swamps, or fled to
Spanish Florida where they
were free.
Resisting
Africans subtly and purposefully
worked slowly or feigned illness.
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Africans blended
their various
African traditions
into the culture.
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They modified African
instruments and
music, and created
new musical
traditions. The banjo
here is a modified
African instrument.
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Freed slaves spoke out
against slavery.
After he gained his
freedom, Olaudah
Equiano wrote a
widely read book
about his
enslavement.
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Phillis Wheatley became the first African
American poet to publish a book of poems in
America.
Her Boston owner allowed her to learn
how to read and write. Her poetry could
be seen in newspapers, but despite wide
praise, colonial publishers refused to
publish a book of her work.
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