Chapter 1 Lesson 1
Cells
- All living things are made of cells.
- Cells can’t be seen without a microscope.
- Robert Hooke observed cells that were dead.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek was first to observe living cells.
Cell theory:
All living things are made of one or more cells.
Cell is the smallest unit of a living organism.
Cells come from other cells.
Viewing Cells
 Cells are viewed through microscopes.
 Modern light microscopes
magnifies objects up to 2,000x
can see structures within cells.
 Electron Microscope
came in 1930’s
using rapid moving electrons to magnify images.
Can magnify up to 40,000x.
 Scanning Electron Microscope
Allow scientist to study 3D structures.
Parts of a Cell
 Nucleus
- Directs all the activities of a cell
 Cell membrane
- thin, flexible covering that surrounds all types of cells. Allows food,
water, and gases to enter the cell and wastes to leave.
 Cell Wall
- Rigid outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane.
- Only in plant cells.
- Protects the cell and allows the plant to stand upright.
Cytoplasm
- Located between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
- Organelles are located there in a thick fluid.
Ribosomes
- Are tiny objects located throughout the cell.
- Ribosomes assemble compounds called proteins.
- Proteins make up the structural components of cells and allow the cell to
perform all chemical reactions.
Lysosomes
- small ball shaped organelles that help the cell break down nutrients and
old cell parts.
- Common in animal cells.
Vacuoles
- Membrane sacs that store water, food, waste, and other substances.
Golgi apparatus
- Receives proteins and then processes them for shipment.
Chloroplasts
- Found only in plants.
- They contain pigments that absorb sunlight and make food.
- Gives plants their green color.
Mitochondria
- Known as power plants.
- Sugars break apart with oxygen, which releases carbon dioxide, water, and
a lot of energy.
- In both plant and animal cells.
- The number of mitochondria depends on the amount of energy the cell
needs.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- System of membranes and tubs.
- The membranes twist and turn through the cell, creating passages in which
materials may pass.
- Two kinds of ER, smooth and rough.
- Rough ER is dotted with ribosomes.
- Smooth ER is not covered by ribosomes and its activities include breaking
down toxic substances.
Chapter 1 Lesson 2
Life as a Single Cell
- All living things need to take in food and get rid of wastes.
- They must also digest nutrients to store and use energy.
- Single cell organisms carry out all life process within one cell.
- Single cell organisms can be seen only with a microscope, which makes
them microorganisms.
- Diatoms are an important food source for organisms that live in water.
- Diatoms are found all over the world.
Interaction With Larger Organisms
- Bacteria have the job of breaking down the remains of dead plants and
animals.
- Bacteria also produce and process some foods.
- Bacteria can be harmful and helpful.
- Several diseases come from bacterial infections such as: lime disease,
tuberculosis, and strep throat.
- We treat these diseases with antibiotics.
Getting Food
- All organisms need energy.
- Single celled organisms get food differently.
- Amoeba get there food in these steps:
a. stretches membrane into arms that surround the food.
b. As it closes the membrane forms a sac, or vacuole where the food is
digested and absorbed into the cytoplasm.
Diffusion
- Is movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area
of lower concentration.
- Osmosis is water passing through the cell membrane.
- To much water could kill the cell.
- Vacuoles will remove excess water.
Reproduction
- Is vital in keeping the species alive.
- Binary fission and budding are common ways to reproduce.
- Binary fission is when a parent cell makes a copy of its genetic
information and grows large the cell will split in the middle.
- Budding is when bud forms and contains the same genetic information as
the parent cell.
- Bud reaches the size of the parent cell it breaks off.
Chapter 1 Lesson 3
Kingdoms
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Classification is sorting things by how they are alike and how they are
different.
Classification became more complicated with the arrival of the
microscope.
There are six kingdoms of living things.
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Cells are of bacteria are prokaryotic.
Which means there isn’t a nucleus or organelles.
Two bacteria kingdoms: eubacteria and archaebacteria.
Archaebacteria is usually found hot vents, ocean floor, or salty lakes.
Eubacteria is the type that mostly affects humans.
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Are single celled organisms and eukaryotic.
They have a nucleus and organelles.
Most diverse kingdom.
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Are multicellular.
Absorb food and help break down dead plant and animal matter.
Eukaryotic cells.
Don’t have chloroplasts.
Fungi can spoil food or used to make food and medicine.
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Multicellular, vary in size and are eukaryotic.
Photosythesis occurs in plants.
organelles called chlorplasts absorb energy from the sun and plants
convert us that energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and
oxygen.
Plants take in the carbon dioxide that we release and produce more
oxygen.
Plants have a cell wall and a central vacuole which provides support and
strength to grow.
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Bacteria.
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Chapter 1 Lesson 2
Life as a Single Cell
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