TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Beginnings of the
Industrial Revolution
Copy:
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Industrial Revolution was a
change in the way goods were produced.
For Example:
• Human labor using simple hand tools is
replaced by complex machinery.
Copy (Don’t answer):
1. In what country did the Industrial Revolution
begin?
2. In 1700, the spreading of crops improved
when Jethro Tull invented the ______.
3. What did Lord Turnip Townshend introduce?
4. T/F: It now took fewer people to produce
more food.
Copy:
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Industrial Revolution was a change
in the way goods were produced.
For Example:
• Human labor using simple hand tools
is replaced by complex machinery.
• It began in Britain and spread around the world.
• Changed human life drastically
• More was created in the last 250+ years than in
the previous 2500+ years of known human history
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Industrial Revolution influenced people’s
daily lives.
Life Before 1750
Life After 1850
•
People live in rural
villages and work
with their hands.
•
People live and
work in industrial
towns or cities.
•
People grow their
food or trade goods
in the local market.
•
Most buy food and
clothing made
elsewhere.
•
People travel by
foot, horse, or sail.
•
They can travel by
train or steamboat.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
These changes started in the farm fields.
For example:
A seed drill that
planted seeds in
rows more
quickly.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Agricultural Revolution Video
Copy:
1. In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin?
Britain
2. In 1700, the spreading of crops improved when
Jethro Tull invented the ______.
Seed drill
3. What did Lord Turnip Townshend introduce?
4 crop rotation system
4. T/F: It now took fewer people to produce more food.
True
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The revolutions in agricultural contributed to a
population explosion in Europe.
1700
1800
Britain
5,000,000
9,000,000
Europe
120,000,000
180,000,000
• Greater and more consistent food production
reduced the risk of famine.
• A better diet and later improvements in hygiene,
sanitation, and medical care from the scientific
revolution improved health.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
In the 1700s, Britain had skilled inventors,
a ready workforce, and a growing population.
To meet the growing
demand for jobs and
products, one more
thing was needed:
capital, or money to start
new businesses. capital is also
needed to invest in
enterprises such as shipping,
mining, and manufacturing.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
New sources of energy played a key role in the
Industrial Revolution.
• In 1712 a steam engine was
invented to pump water from
mines.
• By the 1770s, James Watt
made the engine more
efficient.
• Watt’s engine became the
power source to run factories,
trains, and steamships.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
New inventions increased and
sped up textile production in the
1700s.
•
The flying shuttle
made weaving
faster.
•
The spinning
jenny spun
several threads
at once.
•
The water frame
used running
water to power
the process.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The new
machines posed
a problem. How
could farmers
provide enough
cotton to meet
English demand?
• It took a long time to separate
cotton fibers from cotton
seeds, limiting production.
• In 1793, an American, Eli
Whitney, invented the cotton
gin, which quickly did the job.
• Cotton production soon
increased exponentially.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Improvements in transportation
With increased production came a need for
cheaper ways of moving products.
Some entrepreneurs invested in turnpikes.
Products traveled faster on these roads.
England was soon linked by a series of roads.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Improvements in transportation
In 1763, the
Bridgewater
canal was
opened.
The owners
profited from
the tolls, while
the price of
coal in the city
of Manchester
was cut in half.
This success
set off a
canal-building
frenzy.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Improvements in transportation
Railroads had an even greater impact!
• In the early 1800s,
inventors developed
steam-powered
locomotives.
• Locomotives could pull
carriages along iron
rails to places canals
could not reach.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The new technology set off a cycle that
dramatically affected how people lived.
More affordable
goods caused prices
to lower.
Lower prices created
more consumers and
greater demand.
Greater demand led to new inventions
and still more affordable goods.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
1. What did Eli Whitney invent?
Cotton Gin
2. List 3 improvements in transportation?
turnpikes, canals, steam locomotives
3. Assembly line?
Each worker has one task adding
parts to a product on a moving belt.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Urbanization and Industrialization
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The Industrial
Revolution
brought rapid
urbanization.
• Changes in farming, rising population, and the
need for workers led people to migrate to cities.
• Overnight, towns and cities near coal or iron
mines grew.
• Manchester, England, was a center of the textile
industry. Its population grew from 17,000 people
in the 1750s to 70,000 in 1801.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The cities where the working
class lived were crowded,
dark, dirty, and smoky.
• The poor lived in tiny, crowded rooms in multistory
buildings packed into slums.
• They had no running water, only community pumps.
• Lack of sanitation left waste and rotting garbage in
the streets, creating a terrible stench.
• Raw sewage was dumped in rivers, contaminating
drinking water.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
The heart of the industrial city was the factory.
The rapid pace of
industrialization
increased productivity.
But imposed a harsh
new way of life on
workers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Workers in the early
factories labored in
unpleasant and unsafe
conditions.
In rural villages
people worked hard,
but work varied by
the season. They
controlled their own
work pace.
• In factories, the work
pace was strictly set.
Shifts lasted twelve to
sixteen hours.
• Tired workers were
easily hurt by machines
with no safety devices.
In textile factories, air
was polluted with lint.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Working conditions in the mines
were even worse than in factories.
Miners earned
more than
factory workers,
but conditions
were more
dangerous.
•
Crippling coal dust filled miners’
lungs.
•
Cave-ins, floods, and explosions
were constant risks.
•
Miners worked long hours in
darkness.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Child labor was an accepted practice.
•
Most children began work at age seven or eight.
•
Nimble-fingered, small, and quick, they crept into
machines to change spools or repair thread.
•
They worked in dust- and lint-filled rooms.
•
Children in mines worked in the dark and
dampness for long hours, often doing hard labor.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Organizations such as labor unions were illegal.
Workers tried to
organize secretly,
but they lacked a
political voice and
were powerless to
affect change.
Frustration at times turned
to violence:
•
Between 1811 and 1813,
textile workers rioted.
•
Groups smashed laborsaving machines that
were replacing workers.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Since the 1800s people have debated whether
industrialization was a blessing or a curse.
Conditions in
factories and
mines were
harsh.
Pay was low.
Workers lived in
unsanitary,
crowded slums.
Workers later
gained the vote.
Wages
rose in time.
As the cost of
products fell,
standards of
living rose.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Over the next century, technology quickly
changed people’s lives.
anesthetics
• Pain could be reduced during
surgery and other procedures.
telegraph
• Messages could instantly be
sent over long distances.
sewing
machine
antiseptics
• Machines could stitch far
faster than a seamstress.
• Reducing infections saved lives.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
Industrial Age Economic Ideas
Some praised individual rights, whereas socialists
focused on the good of society in general.
Capitalism:
Individuals should
own and operate
the means of
production for
profit.
Socialism:
The people as
a whole should
own and operate
the means of
production for
the general good.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
German philosopher Karl Marx had his own ideas.
He formulated a new
theory that he called
“scientific socialism.”
Marx’s ideas evolved into
communism, a system
in which governments led
by a small elite controlled
all economic and political
life.
Russia embraced his
ideas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.
TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.