Characteristics of the colonies
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New England Colonies
Middle Colonies
Plantation Colonies
Plantation Colonies
• Plantations
• Rice, Indigo and Tobacco
• House of Burgesses
• Slavery
• Primogenitor Law
• Law of Entail
• Education-Nah!
• Religious toleration-not really
New England Colonies
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Trade, fishing and shipbuilding
Farming
Education-yes
Town meetings
Religious toleration-NO!!!
Primogenitor laws-NO!
Laws of entail-NO!
Middle Colonies
• Bread Colonies
• Rye
• Wheat
• Oats
• Corn
• Livestock
• Fur Trade
• River systems
13 Colonies
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What reasons have kept the peace between France, Spain and Britain?
Charles and James depended on Louis XIV for money and support
They were Catholics
Enough room to go around
A little busy doing other things
War Junk
 War of the League of Augsburg
 War of Spanish Succession
 War of Austrian Succession
We are bumping into each other!
It started in the colonies
Come together!
Right Now!
 Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson
 Grand Council
 Albany Congress
 Colonies say NO!
French and Indian War
 Algonquin-French
 Iroquois-British
Mama!
 She’s a-coming!
 And she’s a losing!
 William Pitt
 Allowed Americans to fight
 Americans are their leaders
 Came up with a new approach to the war
Treaty of Paris, 1763
We won!
 You can’t settle in the Ohio River Valley.
 The French are gone
 Mom wants to be close.
 READ: Bacon’s Rebellion
 C-Pp.67-68
 R-p52-53
We went anyway!
 The Cumberland Gap
 the first southern route opened for settlement through the barrier of the
Appalachian Mountains
 Daniel Boone & 30 axmen blazed a westward route in 1775
 Following an Indian Trail
Daniel Boone
 1775-mapped 300 mile network of trails that led from Va., NC. and Penn.
through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky
 Kentucky he opened almost single-handedly.
Johnny Appleseed
 John Chapman
 Went to the Northwest territory
 Planted apple trees in central Ohio
Americans
• 90% British
• Immigrants
• #1 Scots-Irish
• #2 Germans
• Average age of colonist was 16!
• A little shorter than we are today!
Social Ladder
• Aristocrats
• Yeoman
• Hired help
• Indentured servant
• Convict
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Slave
Slavery in Colonial America
• Imitating Portugal and Spain
• 1670
• Legal to have slaves in America
• Slave Codes
Largest natural resource
We’re # 1!
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Largest city-Philadelphia
Largest colony-Virginia
MAVS ARE #1
Women
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8 Kids
What do you do for a living?
• Occupations
• *Preacher
Doctor?
• George Washington, died from a throat infection in 1799 after being drained of
nine pints of blood within 24 hours.
• We have10 pints in our body
Trade
• Triangular trade
Middle passage
Slaves are put in the hold of the ship
More…
• Fish
• Cod
• Mackerel
Farming!
• 90% of Americans did some kind of farming
Art
More…
Leisure time
• Go to church
• Read
• 1-The Bible
• 2-Almanacs
• Info for farmers
• “Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.“
• 3-Newspapers-best way to get info to the colonists
Zenger Case
• Publishing words that were critical of Governor Cosby.
• Zenger arrested and thrown in jail
• Defended by Andrew Hamilton
• His strategy:
• argue that it wasn't libel if it was true.
• Zenger was freed from prison
• Free to resume publication of his newspaper,
• Free to keep on printing truths about the governor
Science
Architect:
Jefferson
Mercantilism
• Colonies exist to benefit the mother country
• Board of trade
• Navigation Laws
Navigation Laws
• Could not compete with Mom for industry
• Colonies provided the raw materials and Mom made the product
Trade
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Triangular trade
Salutary Neglect
• England and her rulers were involved in other things and did not follow the
colonies as closely as they should have.
• 100 years
• NOW, she wants to be our Mother again. But…
• French are gone
• Indians
• Spanish
1763 is a BIG year!
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Treaty of Paris, 1763
Proclamation Line
Mom wants us to pay for troops
Taxes
• defrayed the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the colonies
and plantations
Grenville Acts
• Series of Indirect
• 1764-Sugar Act
• all kinds of products
• Sugar
• Glass
• Pimento
• Coffee
• Silk cloth
Direct tax
Stamp Act
• Put on certain items
• Legal Documents
• Advertisements
• Playing Cards
• Birth and Death Certificates
• Marriage Licenses
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Reactions
Sons of Liberty
Secret organization formed initially to protest the Stamp Act
Workers and tradesmen
Burned and destroyed property
Stamp Act Congress
John Dickinson of Pennsylvania
14-point Declaration of Rights and Grievances
• Colonial taxation could only be carried on by their own assemblies
• Ended their statement with a pledge of loyalty to the king
George III
• Grandson of George II
• Married Charlotte
• German
• 15 kids
• Suffered from porphyria
Stamp Act is repealed!
• Grenville lost power
• Sons of Liberty
Declaratory Act
Charles Townsend
• “Champagne Charlie”
• British Chancellor of the Exchequer (Treasurer)
• Indirect taxes on tea, white paint, glass and others
• Eventually repealed all except tea
We hate any tax!
• Smuggled tea was cheaper!
Send in the troops!
Reactions
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
• “There is [a] late act of Parliament, which seems to me to be. . .destructive to
the liberty of these colonies, . . . that is the act for granting duties on paper,
glass, etc. It appears to me to be
unconstitutional. ”
Boston Massacre
• Killing of five men by British soldiers on March 5, 1770
A Piece of History
What America saw!
The Trial
• John Adams and Josiah Quincy defended the British soldiers against a crime of
murder
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Diary of John Adams
"The Part I took in Defence of Cptn. Preston and the Soldiers, procured me
Anxiety, and Obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most gallant,
generous, manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life, and one of the
best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country. Judgment of Death against
those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the
Executions of the Quakers or Witches, anciently. As the Evidence was, the
Verdict of the Jury was exactly right. ”
1770-1773
Nothing really changed
Samuel Adams
• Letters of Correspondence
• “circular letter”
• Journal of the Times
• Stirred up hatred of Britain
1773
British East India Tea Company was going bankrupt
Tea Act of 1773
It’s cheaper to buy their tea
BUT WE DON”T
It’s Party Time!
• Samuel Adams and friends poured the tea into the Boston harbor!
Mama’s not happy!
Intolerable Acts
Coercive Acts
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Quartering Act
Boston Port Bill
Administration of Justice Act
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Massachusetts Government Act
Quebec Act
Quartering Act:
• This bill required that Colonial Authorities to furnish barracks and supplies to
British troops. Updated in 1773
Boston Port Bill:
• This bill closed the port of Boston to all colonists until, the damages from the
Boston Tea Party were paid for.
Administration of Justice Act:
• This bill stated that British Officials could not be tried in provincial courts for
capital crimes.
• They would be extradited back to Britain and tried there.
• This effectively gave the British free reign to do whatever they wished, because
no justice would be served while they were still in the colonies.
Massachusetts Government Act
• This bill effectively annulled the charter of the colonies, giving the British
Governor complete control of the town meetings, and taking control out of the
hands of the colonialists.
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Quebec Act
Revoked the Proclamation against westward expansion in Canada
Gave freedom of worship to Roman Catholics and allowed priests to collect
tithes from their parishioners
Maintained the supremacy of the Crown
Allowed French civil and property laws to be retained
Amended the Quebec boundaries. The border now stretched southwards
along the Ohio river behind the Allegheny Mountains
The First Continental Congress
Radicals and Moderates!
What did they do?
• READ-Galloway Plan of Union –
• C-go online
• R-go online
• The Association
• colonial boycott of English goods
• Declaration of Rites and Grievances
• We love you King!!!!!!
• Suffolk Resolves
• Get ready, just in case. (Other stuff too)
• Meet again in May!
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The British are coming!
The British are coming!
Paul Revere warned them when the British soldiers started to march.
Planned to alert people by putting lanterns in the Old North Church steeple
• light one lantern if by land
• two lanterns if the British were coming by sea.
“The shot heard ‘round the world!”
Boom, boom, crunch, crunch!
2nd Continental Congress
John Hancock
• President
George Washington
• Commander of the Army
Olive Branch Petition
Proclamation time
He refused to see it.
Declares the Americans to be in a state of open rebellion
George!
What have you gotten into?
The musket
• The flintlock musket was the most important weapon of the Revolutionary War.
• Most advanced technological weapon of the 1700’s
Brits had the advantage!
How do we play?
• Soldiers lined up in long lines and fired massive amounts of lead balls at each
• Once the enemy line was breached, soldiers with bayonets could rush in to
create panic and break the enemy's formation.
• Cavalry could then ride in and hack at the panic-stricken opponents.
• At that point demoralized soldiers might ask for quarter and surrender their
weapons.
We don’t play well
• Regular army
• When George asked for more men in the regular army, the Continental
Congress put him off!
• Only one year
• Militia
How did we pay for this?
• We borrow from anyone that we can borrow from.
Americans
• 1/3 fought for the Brits
• 1/3 fought for the colonies
• 1/3 fought for no one.
• They were apathetic or did not know the war was happening.
Loyalists
• Loyal to the Crown
• Tories
• New York, Pennsylvania and the southern colonies of South Carolina and
Georgia
• In all the other states
• Elites of their respective communities
Whigs
• Minute men
• Soldiers who could be ready for a battle on a minute's notice
• Farmers, fishermen, and tradesmen
• Paul Revere
• Sunshine patriots
What did others do?
May, 1775
• Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen
• Fort Ticonderoga
• Left over fort from the French and Indian War
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Fort Ticonderoga
Breed’s Hill
1775
Why do we call it Bunker Hill?
Americans are ordered not to fire until they can see "the whites of their eyes."
After three tries Brits are successful
• Why?
• We had run out of bullets!
BUT.. The Brits suffered the worst casualties of the war.
We aren’t winning!
Every campaign was a disaster
January 1,1776
• drank to the health of the King George III and family
Thomas Paine
Common Sense
Sooner or later independence from England must come, because America had
lost touch with the mother country.
Puts forth arguments for separation of England on “nothing more than simple
facts, plain arguments and common sense”
Results
You and I are talking in the taverns
Set up a committee of five men
• Thomas Jefferson
• Benjamin Franklin
• John Adams
• Roger Sherman
• Robert Livingston
Ok Tom, You write it!
Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia
behind a veil of Congressionally imposed secrecy in June 1776
John Locke
• Unalienable rights
• Life, liberty and property
• Government derives its powers from the men
America’s Birth Certificate
• Three parts
• Preamble (introduction)
• Reasons we are doing this (Gripes against King George)
• Conclusion
TEXT
• “When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to
dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to
assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to
which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to
the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which
impel them to the separation. “
• “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that
they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among
these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights,
governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the
consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes
destructive to these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it,
and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and
organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect
their safety and happiness. “
• “The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries
and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute
tyranny over these states.
To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.”
• “He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws
for establishing judiciary powers.
• He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent
of our legislature.
• For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
• For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment for any murders which
they should commit on the inhabitants of these states: “
• “For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
• For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:
• For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering
fundamentally the forms of our governments:
• For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with
power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever”
• “He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
destroyed the lives of our people. “
• We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General
Congress, assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the
rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good
people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these united
colonies are, and of right ought to be free and independent states; that they are
absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political
connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is and ought to be
totally dissolved; and that as free and independent states, they have full power
to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do
all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And for the
support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine
Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our
sacred honor.
July 2, 1776
John Adams to Abigail Adams
• “Yesterday the greatest Questions was decided, which ever was debated in
America, and a greater perhaps, never was or will be decided among Men.
• A Resolution was passed without one dissenting Colony "that these united
Colonies, are, and of right ought to be free and independent States, and as
such, they have, and of Right ought to have full Power to make War, conclude
Peace, establish Commerce, and to do all the other Acts and Things, which
other States may rightfully do."
Happy July 2nd?
• “But the Day is past. The Second Day of July 1776 [the day Congress voted for
independence], will be the most memorable Epocha, in the History of America.I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated, by succeeding Generations, as the
great anniversary Festival. It ought to be commemorated, as the Day of
Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be
solemnized with Pomp and Parade, with Shews, Games, Sports, Guns, Bells,
Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this
Time forward forever more.”
July 4, 1776
February and March
1776
• We thought we were winning!
Washington has saved us!
• Washington knew better
• The Brits were building up forces in Halifax and they would go to New York
The Empire Strikes Back!
June-July, 1776
• A massive British war fleet arrives in New York Harbor consisting of
• 30 battleships with 1200 cannon
• 30,000 soldiers
• 10,000 sailors
• 300 supply ships
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Alexander Hamilton
“I could not believe my eyes. I declare that I thought all London was afloat.”
Acres and acres of ships!
We need INFO!
Send in Nathan Hale
He was hung as a spy in September
Boom, boom
Crunch, crunch
New York was a series of defeats for us
We are Outa Here!
Gen. Washington abandons the New York area and moves his forces further
westward toward the Delaware River.
Thomas Paine
The American Crisis, 1776
• “These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the
sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but
he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.“
It’s cold!
• The British have set up winter camps
• Used the Hessians in New Jersey along the Delaware River
Let’s go on the offensive!
• Why ?
• Most of the men had signed up in the Continental army until the end of the
year
• Washington has to show them that he can win so they will sign up again.
• People in America were questioning the Revolution
• Scouts tell Washington that the Hessians are in Trenton and their
reinforcements have not come.
1776
• December 26
• Battle of Trenton
• Restored faith in Washington
• Restored faith in the Revolution
14th Colony?
• Purpose of the invasion of Canada
• To bring the Canadian population into the war on the American side.
We Need Help!
• We ask France
• #1-Show us a government
• #2-Win a battle against the Brits
John, we need a government!
• Draft in June 1776
• Last draft in July 1777
• Articles of Confederation
• "firm league of friendship" between and among the 13 states.
Ratification?
• Give land to the new National Government or we won’t ratify.
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Arnold, again
He built a fleet to oppose and delay the advance of the British up Lake
Champlain
Fought a battle
• Did not win
• Delayed the procession
Battle of Brandywine
Washington takes on the Brits under Howe
After being outflanked, Washington retreats
Philly is taken by the Brits
Battle of Brandywine
Now we need to win!
Saratoga defended by General Gates
October ,1777
Johnny Burgoyne
Who saved the day?
General Benjamin Lincoln
Colonel Daniel Morgan
General Benedict Arnold
• DEFIED ORDERS
• Wounded again
Turning point of the war
Valley Forge
Winter Camp 1777-1778
Thank goodness for France!
• France saw an opportunity to seriously weaken its ancient enemy
• Restore the balance of power that had been upset by the Seven Years' War
Franco-American Alliance
February, 1778
• France provided the United States
• Most of the gunpowder
• NAVY
Privateers
• Disrupting British trade
• Cutting off supplies to the Brits
• Chaos
Baron Von Steuben
Baron Von Steuben
• Trained our army to be soldiers during Valley Forge
• Camp sanitation
• Firing muskets and drilling
• He recruited Captain Benjamin Walker, his French speaking aid, to curse at
them FOR HIM in English .
• But he built this army into a fighting force!
1778
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Battle of Monmouth Courthouse
On the hottest day of the war
Scores of soldiers died of heat, not musket balls
DRAW!
Continentals had held their own against the Brits
Molly Pitcher!
July 4, 1778
• Philly is taken back
• Philadelphia is given to Benedict Arnold to command as military governor
What did Arnold do?
• Suspected of misdealings
• Passed over by other men for commands
• Fort Ticonderoga and Saratoga
• Entertained Loyalists
• Marries Peggy Shipman (18) Tory
• Friends with British Major John Andre
Fall of 1778
• No supplies
• No pay
• No new clothes
• Problems with the civilian life
• Hardships of war had taken a toll
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Rhode Island
Send slaves as soldiers to fulfill their quota?
• Freedom or remain a slave
• 1 out of every 4 slaves enlist
1st Rhode Island regiment
1779
Slow year for the Revolution
Attack on the Iroquois is the only real campaign of the year
• Utter destruction of the Indians
• Almost a scorched earth policy
Indian attacks on American settlers in 1778 and in 1779
Southern losses at Savannah , Georgia
The Winter From Hell
Valley Forge gets all of the publicity.
But…
Washington's troops suffered the worst wintry conditions in the winter of
1779-1780
Supplies are low
• Roasting their shoes to eat
The Southern Strategy?
Take the South and the Loyalists will help the Empire take the North
What War?
The war had not really touched the South in a while.
Charleston had not seen war since 1776 when the men at Fort Moultrie
repelled the British
The Siege of Charleston
April, 1780
No such thing as surrender!
Banastre Tarleton was the best cavalry commander in the war
Most hated man in the South
Things aren’t going well
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Loss of Charleston
Men were cold and hungry
Some were mutinous
Washington had written that he had almost lost hope
Benedict Arnold
The Traitor?
• Wife –Loyalist
• No one liked him but Washington
• Thought Arnold was a victim
• Wanted him to be a field commander
Arnold
• Gave Arnold the command of West Point, NY
• Transferred men out of West Point
• Puts guns in different positions
The Great Chains
Gave the Brits West Point…
almost
• 20,000 Pounds and a command of his own in the British army
• September, 1780
• Arnold was found out before he was able to finish
Whom can we trust now?”
1781
All but done…
Charles Cornwallis
Yorktown
Yorktown
1781
• American and French artillery crews fired over 15,000 rounds of siege artillery
upon the British continuously for nine days.
• Lord Cornwallis, seeing the futility of risking further destruction of his army,
requested a cease-fire to discuss surrender terms.
We won!
The war is not over!
• It’s just over for us.
• Washington still kept an army for two years
Britain is still fighting
Treaty of Paris, 1783
• US is independent
• East of the Mississippi but NOT Canada
• Fishing rights off of Newfoundland
Peace Treaty to end the American Revolution
• “In the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity. It having pleased the
Divine Providence to dispose the hearts, His Britannic Majesty acknowledges the
said United States.”
This is what we were
US after 1783
End of material for the first test