Multi-View Drawing
Review
Sacramento City College
EDT 300/ENGR 306
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
1
Objectives
 Identify
and select the various views of
an object.
 Determine the number of views needed
to describe fully the shape and size of
an object.
 Define the term orthographic projection
 Describe the difference between first
and third-angle projection.
2
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Objectives
 Visualize
the “glass box” concept and
apply it to the process of selecting and
locating views on a drawing.
3
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Objectives
 Develop
a multi-view drawing, following
a prescribed step-by-step process, from
the initial idea to a finished drawing.
4
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Vocabulary
 First
angle
projection
 Front View
 Horizontal Plane
 Implementation
 Multi-view
Drawing
 Negative Cylinder
 Normal Views
 Orthographic
Projection
 Pictorial Drawing
5
EDT
 Profile
plane
 Quadrant
 Right-side View
 Solid Model
 Spherical
 Third-angle
Projection
 Top View
 Vertical Plane
 Visualization
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Communication
 People
communicate by verbal and
written language and graphic (pictorial)
means.
 Technical
drawings are a graphical
means to communicate.
 When
accurate visual understanding is
necessary, technical drawing is the most
exact method that can be used.
6
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Visualization and Implementation
 Technical
drawing involves:
Visualization
The
ability to see clearly in the mind’s
eye what a machine, device or object
looks like.
Implementation
The
process of drawing the object that
has been visualized.
7
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Visualization and Implementation
A
technical drawing, properly made,
gives a clearer, more accurate
description of an object than a
photograph or written explanation.
8
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Visualization and Implementation
 Technical
drawings made according to
standard rules result in views that give
an exact visual description of an object.
 The
multi-view drawing is the major
type of drawing used in the industry.
9
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Multi-View Drawing
A
photograph can show three views
Front.
Top.
Right Side.
 Nearly
three.
10
all objects have six sides, not
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Multi-View Drawing
11
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Multi-View Drawing
 If
an object could be shown in a single
photograph, it would also include
A left-side view.
A rear view.
A bottom view.
12
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Pictorial Drawing
 An
object cannot be photographed if it
has not been built (!)
 This
limits the usefulness of
photographs to “show what an object
looks like” (!)
13
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Pictorial Drawing
A
pictorial drawing
Is a drawing.
Shows an object as it would appear in
a photograph.
Shows the way an object looks, in
general.
It does not show, the exact forms and
relationships of the parts that make
up the object.
14
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Pictorial Drawing
A
pictorial drawing
Shows the object as it appears, not
as it really is.
Holes in the base appear as ellipses,
not as true circles.
15
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Pictorial Drawing
Photograph
Pictorial Drawing
16
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Multi-View Drawing
 The
goal, is to represent an object on a
sheet of paper in a way that described
its exact shape and proportions.
 To
do this: Draw views of the object as
it is seen from different positions.
17
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Multi-View Drawing
 These
views are then arranged in a
standard order.
 Anyone
familiar with drafting practices
can understand them immediately.
18
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Multi-View Drawing
 To
describe accurately the shape of
each view imagine a position
Directly in front of the object.
Directly above the object.
On the right side of the object.
19
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Multi-View Drawing
 The
front, top and right side views are
the ones most often used to describe
an object in technical drawing.
 They
20
are called the Normal views.
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
The Relationship of Views
 Views
must be placed in proper
relationship to each other.
The Top View is directly above the
Front View
The Right-side View is directly to the
right of the Front View.
21
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
The Relationship of Views
 When
the views are placed in proper
relationship to one another, the result is
a multi-view drawing.
 Multi-view
drawing is the exact
representation of an object on one
plane.
22
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
The Relationship of Views
 Other
views may also be required.
 The proper relationship of the six views
is shown below
Top View
Rear
View
Left-side
View
Front View Right-side
View
Bottom View
23
EDT
“Normal
views”
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
V-Block
24
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Orthographic Projection
 These
views are developed through the
principles of orthographic projection
Ortho - “straight” or “at right angles”.
Graphic - “written” or “drawn”.
Projection - from two Latin words:
Pro,
meaning “forward”
Jacere, meaning “to throw”
The
literal meaning is “thrown
forward, drawn at right angles”.
25
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Orthographic Projection
 Definition:
Orthographic projection is:
the method of representing the exact
form of an object
in two or more views
on planes usually at right angles to
each other,
by lines drawn perpendicular from the
object to the planes.
26
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Orthographic Projection
 An
orthographic projection drawing is a
representation of the separate views of
an object on a two-dimensional surface.
 It
reveals the width, depth and height
of an object.
27
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Orthographic Projection
28
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Angles of Projection
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
29
Angles of Projection
 On
a technical drawing, a plane is an
imaginary flat surface that has no
thickness.
 Orthographic projection involves the
use of three planes.
Vertical plane.
Horizontal plane.
Profile plane.
 A view of an object is projected and
drawn on each plane.
30
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Angles of Projection
 The
vertical and horizontal planes divide
space into four quadrants (quarters of a
circle).
 In
orthographic projection, quadrants
are usually called angles.
 Thus
we get the name, first-angle
projection and third angle projection
31
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Angles of Projection
 First
angle projection is used in
European countries.
 Third
angle projection is used in the US
and Canada.
 Second
and fourth angle projection is
not used.
32
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
First Angle Projection
 First
angle projection
Front view = vertical plane.
Top view = horizontal plane.
Left side view = profile plane.
33
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
First Angle Projection
 In
first angle projection, the Front View
is located above the Top View.
 The
Left-side View is to the right of the
Front View.
Refer to Figure 5-12.
34
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
First Angle Projection
 In
first-angle projection, the projection
plane is on the far side of the object
from the viewer.
 The
view of the object are projected to
the rear and onto the projection plane
instead of being projected forward.
35
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Third Angle Projection
 Third
angle projection
Front view = vertical plane.
Top view = horizontal plane.
Right side view = profile plane.
36
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Third Angle Projection
 In
third angle projection, the Top View
is located above the Front View.
 The
Right-Side View is to the right of
the Front View.
Refer to Figure 5-14.
37
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Third Angle Projection
 In
third-angle projection, the projection
plane is considered to be between the
view and the object, and the views are
projected forward to that plane.
38
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Third Angle Projection
 The
views appear in their natural
positions when the views are revolved
into the same plane as the frontal plane
The top view appears above the front
view.
The right-side view is to the right of
the front view.
The left view to the left of the front
view.
39
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
The Glass Box
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
40
The Glass Box
 In
each case the three views have been
developed by using imaginary
transparent planes.
The views are projected onto these
planes.
41
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
The Glass Box
 Visualize
a glass box around the object
 Project
the view of the object onto a
side of the box.
 “Unfold
the box” to one plane.
 The
views will be in their relative
positions.
42
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
The Glass Box
43
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
The Glass Box
44
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Projection of Lines
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
45
Projection of Lines
 There
are four kinds of straight lines
found on objects in drawings
Horizontal.
Vertical.
Inclined.
Oblique.
 Each
line is projected by locating its
endpoint.
46
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Horizontal Lines
 Horizontal
lines
Are parallel to the horizontal plane of
projection.
Are parallel to one of the planes.
Are perpendicular to the third plane.
Appear
as true length in two of the
planes.
Appear as a point in the third.
47
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Vertical Lines
 Vertical
Lines
Are parallel to the frontal plane.
Are parallel to the profile plane.
Are perpendicular to the horizontal
plane.
Appear
true length in the frontal and
profile planes.
Appear as a point in the horizontal
plane.
48
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Inclined Lines
 Inclined
Lines
Are parallel to one plane of
projection.
Are inclined in the other two planes.
Appear
true length in one of the
planes.
Appear shortened in the other two
planes.
49
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Oblique Lines
 Oblique
Lines
Are neither parallel nor perpendicular
to any of the planes or projections (!)
Appear
shortened in all three planes
of projection.
50
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Curved Lines
 Curved
Lines may be
Circular.
Elliptical.
Parabolic.
Hyperbolic.
Some other geometric curve form.
 They
51
may also be irregular curves.
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Projection of Surfaces
 Surfaces
may be
Horizontal.
Vertical.
Inclined.
Oblique.
Curved.
 They are drawn by locating the end
points of the lines that outline their
shape.
52
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Horizontal Surfaces
 Horizontal
surfaces
Are parallel to the horizontal
projection plane
Appear true size and shape in the Top
View.
53
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Vertical Surfaces
 Vertical
surfaces
Are parallel to one or the other of the
frontal or profile planes, and
Appear in their true size and shape in
the Front View or the Right-side View.
 They
are perpendicular to the other two
planes and appear as lines in these
planes
54
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Inclined Surfaces
 Inclined
surfaces
Are neither horizontal nor vertical
Are perpendicular to one of the
projection planes and appear as a
true length line in this view
55
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Oblique Surfaces
 Oblique
Surfaces
Are neither parallel nor perpendicular
to any of the planes of projection.
They
appear as a surface in all views
but not in their true size and shape
56
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Curved Surfaces
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
57
Curved Surfaces
 May
be
a single curved surface (cone or
cylinder)
a double curved surface (sphere,
spheroid or torus
a warped surface
58
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Curved Surfaces
 Appear
as circles in one view and as
rectangles in the other view
59
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Techniques for Special Lines and
Surfaces
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
60
Techniques for Special Lines and Surfaces
 To
describe an object fully, show every
feature in every view, whether or not it
can ordinarily be seen
 Also
include other lines that are not part
of the object to clarify relationships and
positions in the drawing
61
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Techniques for Special Lines and Surfaces
 Special
line symbols are used to
differentiate between object lines and
lines that have other special meanings
62
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
63
Hidden Lines
 Both
interior and exterior features are
projected in the same way.
64
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 Parts
that cannot be seen in the views
are drawn with hidden lines.
 Hidden
dashes.
65
lines are made up of short
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 The
first line of a hidden line touches
the line where it starts.
Refer to Figure 5-18A.
66
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 If
a hidden line is a continuation of a
visible line, space is left between the
visible line and the first dash of the
hidden line.
Refer to Figure 5-18B.
67
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 If
the hidden lines show corners, the
dashes touch the corners.
Refer to Figure 5-18C.
68
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 Dashes
for hidden arcs start and end at
the tangent points.
Refer to Figure 5-19A.
69
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 When
a hidden arc is tangent to a
visible line, leave a space.
Refer to Figure 5-19B.
70
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 When
a hidden line and a visible line
project at the same place, show the
visible line.
Refer to Figure 5-19C.
71
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 When
a centerline and a hidden line
project at the same place, draw the
hidden line.
Refer to Figure 5-20A.
72
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 When
a hidden line crosses a visible
line, do not cross the visible line with a
dash.
Refer to Figure 5-20B.
73
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Hidden Lines
 When
hidden lines cross, the nearest
hidden line has the “right of way”
Draw the nearest hidden line through
a space in the farther hidden line.
74
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Centerlines
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
75
Centerlines
 Centerlines
are special lines used to
locate views and dimensions.
76
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Centerlines
 Primary
centerlines
Locate the center on symmetrical
views in which one part is a mirror
image of another.
Are used as major locating lines to
help in making the views.
They are also used as base lines for
dimensioning.
Are drawn first.
77
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Centerlines
 Secondary
centerlines are used for
drawing details of a part
78
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Precedence of Lines
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
79
Precedence of Lines
 The
following priority of lines exists:
1. Visible lines.
2. Invisible lines.
3. Cutting-plane lines.
4. Center lines.
5. Break lines.
6. Dimension and extension lines.
7. Section lines (crosshatching).
80
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Curved Surfaces
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
81
Curved Surfaces
 Some
curved surfaces, such as cylinders
and cones do not show curved surfaces
in all views.
82
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Curved Surfaces
A
cylinder with its axis perpendicular to
a plane will show as a circle on that
plane and as a rectangle on the other
two planes.
83
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Curved Surfaces
A
cylinder with its axis perpendicular to
a plane will show as a circle on that
plane and as a rectangle on the other
two planes.
84
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Curved Surfaces
 The
holes may be thought of as
negative cylinders
In mathematics, negative means an
amount less than zero.
A hole is a “nothing” cylinder, but it
does have size.
85
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Cones
A
cone appears as a circle in one view.
 It appears as a triangle in the other
view.
86
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Cones
view of a frustum of a cone
appears as two circles
In the top view, the conical surface is
represented by the space between
the two circles.
 One
87
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Cones
 Cylinders,
cones and frustums of cones
have single curved surfaces.
The appear as circles in one view and
straight lines in another.
88
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which Views To Draw
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
89
Deciding Which View to Draw
 Six
views are not needed to describe
most objects.
 Usually
90
three views are sufficient.
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
 Most
pieces can be recognized because
they have a characteristic view.
 This
is the first view to consider, and
usually is the first view to draw.
 Next,
consider the normal position of
the part when it is in use.
91
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
 Views
with the fewest hidden lines are
easiest to read, and require less time to
draw.
92
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
 The
main purpose of drawing views is
to describe the shape of the object.
 It
is a waste of time to make more
views than are necessary to describe
the object.
93
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
 Some
parts can be described in only
one view.
Figure 5-23 A.
Sheet material: plywood
Parts of uniform thickness
The
94
thickness can be given in a note.
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
95
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
96
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
97
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
 Some
parts can be described in only
one view.
Compare 5-24 C and D.
98
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
 Some
parts can be described in two
views.
Figure 5-25 A, B, C, D, E.
99
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
100
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
101
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View to Draw
 Examples
of parts that can be drawn in
two views:
Figure 5-26 A - F.
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EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Deciding Which View To Draw
 Long
and narrow objects may suggest
top and front view.
 Short
and broad objects may suggest
top and right-side views.
 Right
side is preferred over left-side
when a choices is available.
 Top view is preferred over bottom view
when a choice is available.
103
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
104
Placing Views
 The
size of the drawing sheet should
allow enough space for the number of
views needed to give a clear description
of the part.
 The
method for determining the
positions of the views is the same for
any space.
105
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
 The
“working space” of a drawing is the
area inside the border.
 Objects
are never drawn directly
touching the border.
 Objects
are drawn so there is a space
between the object and the border line.
Refer to Figure 5-28.
106
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views

1. Measure the available drawing area using the scale
of the drawing.

2. Subtract out the space occupied by the object
 Horizontal:
Vertical:
Front View
 Right side View
Front View
Top View


3. Divide the remaining area by 4
 Put one part each
On left of Front View
 On right of Front View

On left of Right Side View
 On right of Right Side View

107
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
 Converting
decimals to fractions.
 1. Use page 699 in text
Look up decimal
Look to left to find equivalent fraction
 2.
Convert fractions to 12ths of an inch
0.38 = 3/8
3/8 = x/12
8x = 36
x = 4.5 /12
108
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Figure 5-28
109
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Figure 5-29
110
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
 1.
Add the width and the depth of the
object.
111
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
 1.
Add the width and the depth of the
object.
 For the Base, Fig 5-63, p152,
The width is: 7.50”
The height is: 2.25” + 1.62”
The depth is: 3.25”
Width
112
+ depth = 7.50 + 3.25 = 10.75
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
 2.
Subtract this total from the width of
the drawing space.
Refer to Figure 5-30.
A space of about 1” is commonly left
between the Side View and the Front
View.
Space may be larger or smaller,
depending upon the shapes of the
views.
113
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Figure 5-30
114
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
 2.
Subtract this total from the width of
the drawing space.
 For the Base, Fig 5-63, p152,
Drawing Space width =
11” - 0.25” - 0.25” = 10.5” max.
Width
115
+ depth = 7.50 + 3.25 = 10.75
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Placing Views
 3.
Add the height and the depth of the
object.
 4.
Subtract this total from the height of
the drawing space.
 5.
116
Divide the remaining space evenly.
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Figure 5-30
117
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Locating and Transferring
Measurements
EDT 300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
118
Locating Measurements
 Measurements
made on one view can
be transferred to another.
 This process also insures accuracy.
Refer to Figure 5-33.
119
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Locating Measurements
 1.
Draw upward from the Front view to
locate width measurements in the Top
view
Draw downward from the top view to
locate width measurements on the
Front view.
120
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Locating Measurements
 2.
Draw a light line across to the Side
view from the Front view to locate
height measurements
Use a similar method to project height
measurements from the side view to
the front view
121
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Locating Measurements
 Height
of Front view - transfer to Rightside view.
 Depth
measurements show as vertical
distances in the Top view and as
horizontal distances in the the Rightside view.
122
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Locating Measurements
123
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Locating Measurements
124
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Locating Measurements
 3.
Depth measurements show as
Vertical distances - Top view
Horizontal distances - Right-side view
 To transfer these measurements use
Arcs
45o triangle
Dividers
Scale
125
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Using Arcs to Transfer
126
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Using Scale to Transfer
127
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Using 45 Line to Transfer
128
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Summary of Steps
 Follow
a step-by-step method to insure
accuracy
 Carry all views along together
 Do not attempt to finish one view
before starting the others
 Use a hard lead pencil (4H or 6H) and
light, thin lines for preliminary (layout)
lines
 Use F, HB or H for final lines
129
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Summary of Steps
1. Consider the Characteristic View first.
2. Determine the number of views.
3. Locate the views.
4. Block in the views with light, thin
layout lines.
5. Lay off the principal measurements.
130
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Summary of Steps
6. Draw the principal lines.
7. Lay off the measurements for details
such as centers for arcs, circles and
ribs.
8. Draw the circles and arcs.
9. Draw any additional lines needed to
complete views.
131
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5
Summary of Steps
10. Darken the lines where necessary to
make them sharp and black and of
proper thickness
132
EDT
300 / ENGR 306 - Chapter 5