柒、美國憲法修正案第 13、14、15 條：
一、第 13 條：
Section 1.
Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party
shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
jurisdiction.
譯文：第 1 條，奴隸制度和非自願的奴役都不允許，除了作為對當事人就已經被證明有罪
犯罪的一次處罰，將在美國或者任何受其管轄的地方內存在。
Section 2.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
譯文：第 2 條，國會將有權透過合適的法律實施這項條款。
二、第 14 條第一款：
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are
citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States;
nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
第一款 所有在合眾國出生或歸化合眾國並受其管轄的人，都是合眾國的和他們居住州的
公民。任何一州，都不得制定或實施限制合眾國公民的特權或豁免權的法律；不經正當法
律程序，不得剝奪任何人的生命、自由或財產；在州管轄範圍內，也不得拒絕給予任何人
以平等法律保護。
三、第 15 條：
Section 1.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude—
譯文：第一款，美國公民的投票選舉權利不得因種族、膚色或者過去曾經服
奴役的狀態而被美國或者任一州加以剝奪或限制之。
Section 2.
The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
譯文：第 2 款，國會將有權力透過合適的法律實施這項條款。
四、南北戰爭 1861 年～1865 年
主因：美國北方要求廢除奴隸制度，南方堅持奴隸制度不可廢  影響：廢除奴隸制度
1864 年 12 月美國國會動議美國美國憲法第十三條修正案，於 1865 年底公佈施行，全美
國廢止奴隸制度。
1868 年第十四修正案確定公民權利及給予聯邦政府更大的權力以要求各州提供平等法律
保障。
1870 年訂立第十五條修正案保證男性黑人（不包括女性黑人）投票權利。
五、第十三修正案（於 1865 年提出並批准）廢除了奴隸制。
第十四修正案（於 1866 年提出，並於 1868 年批准）包括特權與豁免權條款、正當程
序與平等保護條款。
第十五修正案（於 1869 年提出，並於 1870 年總統尤利西斯·辛普森·格蘭特的主導之下
批准）授予無論「種族、膚色，或以前曾受勞役」的人投票權。這個修正案並不包括女
性。要等到另一個修正案——第十九，於 1920 年批准——女性才被授予投票權。
六、Privileges and immunities of citizenship of the United States were to be protected by the
Fourteenth Amendment not privileges and immunities of citizenship of a state.
譯文：美國公民身分的特權和豁免權將被第 14 修案修正，而不僅是一個州的公民身
分之特權和豁免權保護。
七、Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. 393 (1857)
Dred Scott, an African American slave who had been taken by his owners to free states and
territories, attempted to sue for his freedom.
德雷德‧斯克特，一位已被他的主人帶到自由的國家和領土的一個美國黑奴，他試圖
要求自由。
It was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African
Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no
standing to sue in federal court.
不是美國公民，因此很可能沒有在聯邦法庭起訴，接受那位美國黑人是否為奴隸還是
自由之身，這是美國最高法院的一個指標性決定。
It is now widely regarded as the worst decision ever made by the Supreme Court.
它現下被廣泛地認為是被最高法院所做的最壞的決定。
八、Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954)
The named plaintiff, Oliver L.Brown, was a parent and an African American.
譯文：一名名叫奧利佛 L 布朗的原告。她的父母都是美國黑人。
Brown's daughter Linda, a third grader, had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to
Monroe Elementary, her segregated black school one mile (1.6 km) away, while Sumner
Elementary, a white school, was seven blocks from her house.
譯文：布朗的女兒琳達，一位三年級的學生，每天必須走 6 個街區去等她的學校公車到
Monroe Elementary，她距離黑人學校一英里(1.6 公里)，Sumner Elementary，是一所白人
學校，當時離她的住家 7 個街區。
It was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws
establishing separate public schools for black and white students unconstitutional.
譯文：它是一個美國最高法院案件的象徵性指標，法院宣佈對於黑人和白人學生建立區隔
的公立學校之州法律不符合憲法。
Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal.
在公立學校的學生的區別而平等違反的憲法修正案第 14 條，因為分開區隔並不平等。
九、美國聯邦最高法院在屠宰場案（1873）判決  原告敗訴。
意義：防止第十四修正案所保障的特權與豁免權條款擴展成州法律的權利。 權利法
案的保障，不應透過特權或豁免權條款適用至各州。 州民無法依據權利法案，來
對抗州法或州政府干涉的行為
十、Background of The Amistad Case
In February of 1839, Portuguese slave hunters abducted a large group of Africans from Sierra
Leone and shipped them to Havana, Cuba, a center for the slave trade.
譯文：於 1839 年二月，葡萄牙的奴隸獵人誘拐了一大批來自於獅子山的非洲人(黑人)，並
且將他們裝運到位在古巴的一個哈瓦納奴隸貿易中心。
This abduction violated all of the treaties then in existence.
譯文：這樣的誘拐行為違反了所有既存的條約。
Fifty-three Africans were purchased by two Spanish planters and put aboard the Cuban
schooner Amistad for shipment to a Caribbean plantation.
譯文：53 名非洲人被兩位西班牙莊主購買並被裝載到一艘航向古巴用於 schooner Amistad
之人的一個加勒比種植園。
On July 1, 1839, the Africans seized the ship, killed the captain and the cook, and ordered the
planters to sail to Africa.
譯文：於 1839 年 7 月 1 日，那些非洲人殺死了船長和廚師，取得船隻的主控權，並要求
那些莊主將船航向非洲。
On August 24, 1839, the Amistad was seized off Long Island, NY, by the U.S. brig Washington.
譯文：在 1839 年 8 月 24 日，Amistad 被美國紐約華盛頓號輪船於離長島抓住。
The planters were freed and the Africans were imprisoned in New Haven, CT, on charges of
murder.
譯文：那些莊主被釋放，那些非洲人被以謀殺罪控告，監禁在紐黑文，CT。
Although the murder charges were dismissed, the Africans continued to be held in confinement
as the focus of the case turned to salvage claims and property rights. 譯文：雖然殺人罪被駁
回，但是當案件的焦點轉向獲取索賠和產權時，那些非洲人仍繼續在過程中被禁閉容納。
President Van Buren was in favor of extraditing the Africans to Cuba.
譯文：Van Buren 總統贊成引渡那些非洲人到古巴。
However, abolitionists in the North opposed extradition and raised money to defend the
Africans.
譯文：不過，在北方的廢奴主義者反對引渡與籌款保護那些非洲人。
Claims to the Africans by the planters, the government of Spain, and the captain of the brig led
the case to trial in the Federal District Court in Connecticut.
譯文：透過那些莊主對那些非洲人聲稱，西班牙政府和輪船的船長把案件引導到位在康涅
狄格的聯邦地方初審法院審判。
The court ruled that the case fell within Federal jurisdiction and that the claims to the Africans
as property were not legitimate because they were illegally held as slaves.
譯文：法院裁定推翻了包含聯邦法院之判決和向非洲索賠之財產不合法，因為他們被作為
奴隸非法容納。
The case went to the Supreme Court in January 1841. The Supreme Court decided in favor of
the Africans, and 35 of them were returned to their homeland.
譯文：在 1841 年 1 月案件前往最高法院。最高法院判決那些非洲人和其他 35 人勝訴並遣
返他們回國。
The others died at sea or in prison while awaiting trial.
譯文：其他人則死在海上或者在監獄等待審訊的過程。
捌、其他：
Amendment VI（修正案第四條）
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
人民的人身、住宅、文件和財產不受無理搜查和扣押的權利，不得侵犯。除依照
合理根據，以宣誓或代誓宣言保證，並具體說明搜查地點和扣押的人或物，不得
發出搜查和扣押狀。