以語用比較分析
探討中性轉述動詞的翻譯：
以《頑童流浪記》為例
Presenter
林仲茂
成功大學外文所
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
1
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
2
Introduction (p. 3)
The Adventure of
Huckleberry
Finn
(AHF)
verbs
that do not
indicate
-Huckleberry Finn,theorwriter’s
Huck: the
narrator,
subjective
an uneducatedvalues
child with
a limited vocabulary
or judgments,
hereafter NRVs
-frequent use of neutral reporting verbs in both direct
and indirect speech, e.g., say and tell a colloquial,
active and direct style

-Twain’s use of s’I (say I), sh-she (says she), and s’e
(says he) vernacular feature of Huck’s speech
3
Introduction (p. 3)

4
Translations to be contrasted:
張友松(1993), 黎裕漢(1987), 文怡虹(2001),
賈文浩＆賈文淵(2005)
Research Questions
1) How are NRVs in AHF translated into Chinese?
2) To what extent are the illocutionary forces achieved?
3) What translation strategies can be adopted to
manifest the pragmatic purposes behind the speech
with NRVs?

OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
5
PCA Model (pp. 3-4)
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
-proposed by Wieslaw Oleksy in 1984
-analyzes the use of language in a sociocultural
setting

three components
1) locutionary component
2) illocutionary component
3) pragmatic-contrastive component

6
PCA Model (p. 4)


The locutionary component:
aims to define “what the speaker means in saying
something”
這裡好熱喔！
（陳述溫度高的事實。）
7
PCA Model (p. 4)

The illocutionary component:
examined to see “what the speaker does in saying
something”
這裡好熱喔！
（試圖請對方開窗、開冷氣…等。）


illocutionary force (言外之意,目的)
felicity conditions (求真條件)
sociocultural context (社會文化背景、場合)
8
9
PCA Model (p. 4)

The pragmatic-contrastive component:
語言 A
求真條件
＝
＝
表達方式
？
目的、意圖

語言 B
目的、意圖
求真條件
假設若目的、條件
相同，語用功能亦
相同。
表達方式
NRVs: say & tell  說？ 告訴？
RQs:
1) How are NRVs in AHF translated into Chinese?
2) To what extent are the illocutionary forces achieved?
3) What translation strategies can be adopted to manifest the
pragmatic purposes behind the speech with NRVs?
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
10
Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)
They was still a minute--thinking; then the king says,
kind of absent-minded like:
‘Mf! And we reckoned the niggers stole it!’
That made me squirm!
‘Yes,’ says the duke, kinder slow and deliberate and
sarcastic, ‘We did.’
After about a half a minute the king drawls out:
‘Leastways,
I did.’
Adverbial expressions
intensify the manner and
……
attitude of the speaker and the illocutionary force.
11
Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

12
張友松(1993)
他們待了一會兒沒做聲--心裡在想事；後來
國王心不在焉似地說：
「哼！咱們還當是那些黑奴偷去了哩！」
這可說得我膽戰心驚了！
「是呀，」公爵說，他說得挺慢，一字一板，
還帶幾分挖苦的口氣，「咱--們那麼想來著呀！」
過了半分來鐘，國王慢吞吞地說：
「至少我是那麼想的。」
Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

黎裕漢(1987)
他們靜下來一會--心裏在盤算，後來國王像
是不在意地說道：「喝！我們還以為那些黑人
偷去了呢！」
這一來可把我嚇死了！
「是呀！」公爵說，說得慢吞吞、不慌不忙、
而且極為諷刺，「我們是那樣想來看呀！」
半分鐘後國王慢慢地說：
「至少我是那樣想的。」
13
Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

14
文怡虹(2001)
他們停了一會兒沒說話──是在想心事。隨後
國王開了腔，彷彿有點兒心不在焉的模樣。
「哼，我們還以為是那些黑奴偷走的！」
這一下可叫我提心弔膽啦！
「是啊！」公爵說。他聲音低沉，用意深長，
帶著挖苦的味道。「我們是這麼想的。」
大概過了半分鐘以後，國王慢慢地說：
「至少──我是這麼想的。」
Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(pp. 6-9)

15
賈文浩＆賈文淵(2005)
他們有好一陣子不出聲--心裡在琢磨著--之後，
國王心不在焉地說：
「哼，我們還以為是黑人偷的！」
一聽這話，我不由得在心裡打了個冷顫。
「是啊，」公爵帶著挖苦的口氣慢慢說:「我
們真那麼想過呢。」
過了半分鐘，國王慢吞吞地說：
「至少我是那麼想的。」
Analysis: Say in Direct Speech(p. 9)



Mark Twain
say
張
說
回答說
黎
說
說道
道
文
開了腔
說
回答
賈
說
Most translators only render the literal meaning of
the verb ‘say’ and fail to interpret the illocutionary
force intended by Twain.
Translators should pay attention to the elements that
surround ‘say’.
Eng: NRVs + Adverbial phrases/clauses
中文：NRVs + Adverbial phrases/clauses ?
16
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
17
18
Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)
And Jim said you mustn’t count the things you are going
to cook for dinner, because that would bring bad luck. The
same if you shook the table-cloth after sundown. And he
said if a man owned a beehive and that man died, the
bees must be told about it before sun-up next morning, or
else the bees would all weaken down and quit work and
die. Jim said bees wouldn't sting idiots; but I didn’t believe
that, because I had tried them lots of times myself, and they
wouldn’t sting me.
I had heard about some of these things before, but not
all of them. Jim knowed all kinds of signs. He said he
knowed most everything. I said it looked to me like all the
signs was about bad luck, and so I asked him if there warn't
any good-luck signs.
Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

19
張友松(1993)
吉姆還說你要把吃的東西拿去煮的時候，可不能數，
因為那也是要惹出倒楣事情來的。你要是在太陽下山
以後把桌布拿來抖，那也是一樣。他還說要是有個人
養著一群蜜蜂，那個人如果死了，第二天出太陽以前
就得把這件事告訴蜜蜂，要不然蜜蜂就全得病倒了，
活也不幹了，全都得死。吉姆說蜜蜂不螫傻瓜；可是
我不相信，因為我自己試過許多回，牠們也不螫我呀！
這些事情我從前也聽說過好幾件，可是並沒有全聽過。
各式各樣的兆頭吉姆全知道。他說他差不多什麼都懂。
我說我覺得好像是所有的兆頭都是叫人倒楣的，所以
我就問他有沒有叫人走運的兆頭。
Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

20
黎裕漢(1987)
金姆還告訴我，煮吃的東西的時侯，不能數數目，
因為那也會惹來不吉利的事的。你要是在太陽西沉
後抖桌布的灰，也不吉利。他又說要是有人養有一
窩蜜蜂，那人若死了，第二天太陽出來前，得把這
事通知蜜蜂，否則蜜蜂全會生病，不想做工全得死
掉。金姆說蜜蜂不叮笨人；可是我不相信，因為我
自己試過好多次，它們也不叮我。
這些事，從前我也聽過些，但沒有聽得像這次多。
金姆懂得各種各樣的兆頭。他說他幾乎什麼全懂，
我說我覺得彷彿只要有兆頭總是不吉利的。所以我
問他有沒有叫人吉利的兆頭。
Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

21
文怡虹(2001)
吉姆還說不能去算要當做晚餐的食物，否則將會帶來
I had heard
about some of these things before, but not
厄運。
還有，太陽下山後也不能抖桌巾，這樣也會帶
all of them.
Jim
knowed all kinds of signs. He said he
來厄運。
另外
，如果養蜂的人死掉，得有人在第二天
knowed most everything. I said it looked to me like all
太陽升起之前告訴蜜蜂這個消息，不然那些蜜蜂會變得
很虛弱，沒辦法去採蜜，最後全部都會死掉。
the signs was about bad luck, and so I asked him if 吉姆後
來還說，蜜蜂不會叮笨蛋。我根本不相信吉姆所說的，
there warn't any good-luck signs.
因為我試過好幾次，而每次蜜蜂還是會叮我。
我以前也聽過許多像這樣子的事情，不過都只有一
部分而已而吉姆似乎知道所有關於預兆的事情，他自己
也說過幾乎所有的預兆他都知道。我問他，為什麼他
所知道的預兆好像都是厄運的預兆？難道沒有代表
好運的預兆嗎？
Analysis: Say in Indirect Speech(pp. 9-11)

22
賈文浩＆賈文淵(2005)
吉姆還說做飯的材料千萬不能數，一數就要倒
I had heard about some of these things before, but not
楣。同樣地，太陽下山以後也不能抖桌布。他說，
all of them. Jim knowed all kinds of signs. He said he
要是有個養蜂人死了，必須在第二天太陽出來以
knowed most everything. I said it looked to me like all
前告訴蜜蜂，否則蜜蜂就會衰弱得不再採蜜，紛
the signs was about bad luck, and so I asked him if
紛死光。吉姆又說蜜蜂不叮傻瓜，這句話我不信，
there warn't any good-luck signs.
因為我試過好多次，牠們就是不來叮我。
這些說法我過去聽說過一些，可是沒有這次多。
吉姆可就厲害了，不管是好預兆還是壞預兆，沒
有一樁他不知曉，他幾乎什麼都懂。我說好像所
有的預兆都帶來災禍，問他究竟有沒有讓人走運
的吉兆。
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
23
24
Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)

Now I’ll rest my works a little, and you start up
yourn; just tell me everything--tell me all about 'm
all every one of 'm; and how they are, and what
they're doing, and what they told you to tell me;
and every last thing you can think of.
25
Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)


張友松(1993)
好吧，我先歇會兒嘴，讓你把話匣子打開吧！
你乾脆把什麼都告訴我--給我說說他們大夥兒的
事情--個個都得說到才行；他們怎麼樣，都在幹
什麼，還有他們叫你給我說什麼話；你不管想
到什麼，都說給我聽聽吧！
26
Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)


黎裕漢(1987)
現在我先住口，讓你說吧。你告訴我所有的事-所有的人的所有的事--人人說到，他們怎樣，都
在做什麼，還有他們叫你告訴我什麼，只要你
想到的，就都說說吧。
27
Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)


文怡虹(2001)
現在我要休息一下，換你來說。你必須告訴我
家裏每一個人的事情，大事小事都要說。他們
近來可好？現在都在做些什麼事情？他們又要
你對我說些什麼？凡是你能想到的，都說給我
聽。
28
Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)


賈文浩＆賈文淵(2005)
讓我就此打住，換你說給我聽吧，把他們的事
都告訴我，說說每個人是什麼模樣，都在做些
什麼，他們要你告訴我什麼，你能想到什麼就
說什麼。
29
Analysis: Tell in Indirect Speech (pp.11-12)



The first tell 告訴
The second tell說/ 說說
formality & illocutionary force
Eng: tell
Ch: 告訴 vs. 說/說說
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
30
Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)
And the place was plum full of farmers and farmers’
wives, to dinner; and such another clack a body never
heard. Old Mrs. Hotchkiss was the worst; her tongue was
a-going all the time. She says:
‘Well, Sister Phelps, I’ve ransacked that-air cabin over,
an’ I b’lieve the nigger was crazy. I says to Sister
Damrell—didn’t I, Sister Damrell?—s’I, he’s crazy, s’I—
them’s the very words I said. You all hearn me: he’s crazy,
s'I; everything shows it, s’I. Look at that-air grindstone, s’I;
want to tell ME’t any cretur ‘t’s in his right mind‘s a goin’ to
scrabble all them crazy things onto a grindstone, s’I? ……
31
Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

32
張友松(1993)
屋子裡擠滿了好些農夫和他們的老婆，都是來吃
午飯的；大夥兒又在那兒嘮叨，那股熱鬧氣氛實在
是少見。哈克斯老太婆最聒噪；她嘴裡簡直說個不
停，她說：
「噢，斐爾普斯大嫂，我把那個小屋子全搜遍了，
我看那個黑人簡直是發了瘋。我給丹木瑞大嫂這麼
說了－－是不是，丹木瑞大嫂？我說，他瘋了，我
說－－我就是這麼說的。你們大夥兒都聽見了我的
話；他瘋了，不管從哪兒都看得出，我說。你們看
那塊磨石吧，難道要叫我相信，不是個有神經病的
傢伙，還能在磨石上劃那些瘋頭瘋腦的話嗎？…
Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

黎裕漢(1987)
屋裏擠滿了農夫農婦在吃午飯，七嘴八舌，場面
熱鬧空前。哈克斯老太太最糟糕，她的舌頭一直就
未停過。她說：
「唉，費爾浦斯姐妹，我把那個小屋裏面都搜查
過了，我看那個黑人有毛病。我和但姆瑞爾姐妹說
--是不是，但姆瑞爾姐妹？--我說，他瘋啦，我說-我就是這樣說的。你們大家都聽見了我的話：他瘋
啦，我說；無論從那一點都看得出，我說。你們看
那塊磨石。我說；難道要叫我相信頭腦清楚的人，
會在磨石上刻那些瘋話嗎？我說。…
33
Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

文怡虹(2001)
家裏可擠滿了農夫和他們的太太，他們是來吃飯
的。我從來沒有看過像這樣吵鬧的場面，其中特別
是以霍區基斯老太太最為饒舌，全部只聽見她的聲
音。她說：
ALL s’Is are ignored and omitted!
「啊，菲爾普斯妹妹，我把那間小屋徹頭徹尾地
搜了一遍，我確信，那個黑奴一定是瘋了。我對頓
勒爾妹妹就是這麼說的‥‥頓勒爾妹妹，我是不是
這樣說的？妹子啊！他一定是瘋啦！‥‥這就是我
說過的話。你們全都聽到我說的話了嗎？他一定是
瘋了。在在都說明了這一點。就先看看那個磨刀石
吧！有誰能夠告訴我，一個腦子清醒的人會在磨刀
石上刻下這麼多的瘋話。 …
34
Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 12-15)

35
賈文浩＆賈文淵(2005)
屋子裡擠滿了農民和他們的老婆，都是被邀請來
吃午飯的。人們又吵又鬧，那種混亂場面實在少見。
霍奇基斯老太太比誰都多嘴，她老是說個不停：
「唔，費爾普斯大嫂，我把那個小屋全搜遍了，
我猜想那個黑人發了瘋。我跟達姆瑞爾大嫂就是這
麼說的，不是嗎，達姆瑞爾大嫂？我說，他發了瘋，
我當時就是這麼說的。你們都聽見我說了吧，他發
了瘋，我說。裡面的東西全能證明他發了瘋，我說。
看看那扇磨盤吧，要是說刻在那上面的話不是瘋話，
誰能相信呀，我說
。…
Analysis: S’I as repetition (pp. 14-15)
Repetitions
-afford the mind time to work up verbal extensions
and variations of the central ideas.
-limit their discussion to a few reliable and specific
terms.
 S’I vs. 我說
different functions in Eng. & Ch.
reiterative 我說 in Ch：eccentric, redundant
 Complete omission: loss of stylistic features

36
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
37
Retranslation: Say in Direct Speech
38
(pp. 15-16)
有一會兒，他們停下來不說話了──心裏想著什麼。後來國王先
開口，有點心不在焉：
說
「哼，我們還以為是那些黑奴偷走的！」
他這一說我心裏可不安了！
公爵不慌不忙，接他的話挖苦他說：「是啊！是『我們』以為。」
說
大概過了半分鐘，國王慢慢地吐出幾個字：「至少『我』是這麼
慢慢地說
想的。」
公爵也學他的語氣：「才怪！是『我』這麼想。」
國王有點被惹火了，問他說：「嗶嘰華，你給我聽著，你是什麼
說
意思？」
公爵很爽快地反擊：「講到這個嘛，我也想問你，『你』又是什
說
麼意思？」
說
國王諷刺地搭腔：「少來了
！我怎麼會知道。也許是你自己睡著
了，搞不清楚自己幹了什麼好事。」
39
Retranslation: Say in indirect Speech
(pp. 16-17)
過了一會兒，有個醉鬼試著要闖進場子裡--他
說
說
吵著要騎馬；還誇口他可以騎得比任何人都好。
他們就跟他吵起來，要把他趕出去，可是他偏不
聽，整個表演就被迫暫停了。大夥兒就吼他，取
笑他，他氣不過就開始鬧場；這下子把大夥兒惹
毛了，有很多人從座位上跑下來，一窩蜂朝場子
說
衝過去，還大聲咆哮：「修理他！把他丟出去！」
有一兩個女人還尖叫起來。這時候，領班出來跟
告訴大家
大夥兒說了幾句話，他勸大家不要把事情鬧大，
說
只要那個人保證不會再鬧事，而且覺得自己能坐
穩在馬背上，那就讓他騎騎看。
Retranslation: S’I as Repetition
40
(pp. 17-19)
1. 我說過 is less formal than 我說. (colloquial)
And
the
place
plum
full ofbyfarmers
and
farmers’
2. 我說
in Ch iswas
usually
followed
a speech;
awkward
屋子裡擠滿了農夫和他們的老婆，都是來吃
wives,
to dinner; and such another clack a body never
repetition
午飯的；大夥兒你一句我一句，熱鬧的不得了。
3.我說過
at either
end worst;
of an utterance
in was
heard.
Oldsounds
Mrs. natural
Hotchkiss
was the
her tongue
哈其斯婆婆話最多，嘴巴講個不停，她說：
Chinese. all the time. She says:
a-going
4.說過/說了/就是說
place more emphasis on the given info.
「哎呀，費普斯大嫂，我翻遍那個小屋子，
‘Well, Sister Phelps, I’ve ransacked that-air cabin over,
那個黑人肯定瘋了。我跟丹瑞爾大嫂說過--不是
an’
I b’lieve the nigger was crazy. I says to Sister
我說
我說
嗎？丹瑞爾大嫂，我跟你說過--他瘋了，我就是
Damrell—didn’t
I, Sister
Damrell?—s’I, he’s crazy,
s’I—
說--就是說他瘋了嘛。你們都聽到了吧：他瘋了，
them’s
the very words I said. You all hearn me: he’s crazy,
我說
我說
我都說了，從那些東西就可以看出來，我說過，
s'I;
everything shows it, s’I. Look at that-air grindstone,
s’I;
我說
看那塊磨石就知道；我也說過，那個正常人會在
want
to tell ME’t any cretur
‘t’s in his right mind‘s a goin’
to一塊磨石上刻那些有的沒有的？
scrabble all them crazy things onto a grindstone,
s’I? ……
OVERVIEW





I. Introduction
II. Theoretical Framework
Pragmatic Contrastive Analysis (PCA) Model
III. Analysis of Reporting Verbs in Translation
Trans. of Say in direct & indirect speech
Trans. of Tell in direct speech
Trans. of S’I as repetition
IV. Retranslation
Retrans. of Say and S’I
V. Conclusion
41
Conclusion (p. 19)
say and tell in indirect discourse
說
 say in direct speech
 回答（說） if it appears to be a response in the
dialogue
 s’I (say I): two extreme approaches
reiterative 我說
ignored thouroghly

42
Conclusion (p. 19)



NRVs (say and tell) offer little information about the
intention or attitude in an utterance.
The translators do well in transferring the literal
meaning, but they do not pay consistent attention to
the context assigned to particular SA representation
or derive their connoted meanings by means of
interpretation.
The translation of SA shall correspond to the
speaker’s intention and lend an air of verisimilitude.
43
~THANK YOU VERY MUCH~