Chapter 2 Artificial Intelligence
*bias
[
]n. (名詞
noun)[C][U]
偏見,成見;偏心
Some people have a bias against foreigners.
有些人對外國人有偏見。
*mental
[
]a. (形容詞
adjective)
精神的,心理的
Her problem is mental, not physical.
她的毛病是精神方面的,而不是身體方面的。
*roadblock
[
]n. (名詞
noun)
路障;障礙物
*intelligent
[
]a. (形容詞
adjective)
1. 有才智的;聰明的;明智的;有理性的
The child made a very intelligent comment.
那孩子作了很有見地的評論。
Elephants are intelligent animals.
象是有靈性的動物。
2. 【電腦】智能的
*staple
[
]n. (名詞
noun)[C]
主要成分;主題
The weather forms the staple of their conversation.
天氣構成他們談話的主要內容。
*fiction
[
]n. (名詞
noun)
1. (總稱)小說[U]
Hemingway and Steinbeck were masters of fiction.
海明威和斯坦貝克是小說大師。
2. 虛構,捏造,想像[U]
That is no fact but fiction.
那不是事實,是虛構出來的。
3. 虛構的事;謊言[C][U]
*diabolical
[
1. 惡魔的;殘忍的
]a. (形容詞
adjective)
*Odyssey
[
]n. (名詞
noun)
1. 奧德賽(荷馬的敘事詩)
2. 長途飄泊之旅
*bumbling
[
]a. (形容詞
adjective)
1. 裝模作樣的
2. 經常出錯的
*lie
[
]n. (名詞
noun)
1. 位置;狀態[S1]
*capabilities
[
]n. (名詞
noun)
1. 能力,才能[C][U][(+for/of)][+to-v]
As a scientist, he has the capability of doing important research.
作為一個科學家,他具有從事重要科學研究的能力。
2. 性能,功能;耐受力[C][U]
The engineer explained the plane's technical capabilities.
工程師講解了該飛機的技術性能。
3. 潛力,未展現的特色[P][(+as)]
She has capabilities as a singer; she is worth training.
她有成為歌唱家的才華,值得加以培養。
*propose
[
]vt. (及物動詞
transitive verb)
1. 提議,建議,提出[+v-ing][+(that)]
It was proposed we go to the station to meet our guests.
有人建議我們去車站接客人。
He proposed building a bridge across this river.
他建議在這條河上搭一座橋。
He proposed a get-together this weekend.
他建議本週末聚會。
*panel
[
]n. (名詞
noun)[C]
專門小組;評判小組;專題討論小組
*randomly
[
]ad. (副詞
adverb)
1. 任意地;隨便地;胡亂地
*route
[
]vt. (及物動詞
transitive verb)
1. 按規定路線發送[O][(+through/by way of)]
2. 給...定路線;安排...的程序
Our travel agent routed us through Italy.
我們的旅行社安排我們途經義大利。
*explore
[
]vt. (及物動詞
transitive verb)
1. 探測;探勘;在...探險
They explored this desert region in 1923.
他們於一九二三年在這荒漠地區探險。
2. 探究,探索
The conference explored the possibility of closer trade links.
大會探討了在貿易上進一步加強聯繫的可能性。
*category
[
]n. (名詞
noun)[C]
1. 種類;部屬;類目
The strings are a category of musical instruments.
弦樂器是樂器的一種。
*employ
[
]vt. (及物動詞
transitive verb)
1. 雇用[(+as)][O2]
The mill employs a thousand workers.
這家工廠雇用了一千名工人。
2. 使用,利用
How do you employ your spare time?
你是怎樣利用你的空餘時間的?
3. (常與 oneself 連用或用被動式)使忙於,使從事於[(+in)]
The children were employed in painting.
孩子們忙於畫畫兒。
The children employed themselves in painting.
孩子們忙於畫畫兒。
*neural
[
]a. (形容詞
adjective)
1. 神經的;神經中樞的
*recognize
[
]vt. (及物動詞
transitive verb)
1. 認出,識別;認識[(+as)]
The policeman recognized her as a pickpocket.
警察認出她是個扒手。
*visual
[
]a. (形容詞
1. 視力的;視覺的
adjective)
Near-sightedness is a visual defect.
近視是一個視力缺陷。
2. 看得見的,可被看見的;視覺的
Primary school teachers use a lot of visual aids.
小學教師使用大量的視覺教具。
*defect [
]n. (名詞
noun)
1. 缺點,缺陷,不足之處[C]
Indecision is his chief defect.
優柔寡斷是他的主要缺點。
@Artificial intelligence (AI) is the intelligence of machines and the
branch of computer science which aims to create it. Major AI textbooks
define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents," where an
intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes
actions which maximize its chances of success. John McCarthy, who
coined the term in 1956, defines it as "the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines.
◎Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of
computerized information system that supports business and
organizational decision-making activities. A properly-designed DSS is
an interactive software-based system intended to help decision
makers compile useful information from raw data, documents,
personal knowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve
problems and make decisions.
◎A genetic algorithm (GA) is a search technique used in
computing to find exact or approximate solutions to optimization and
search problems.
◎Case-based reasoning (CBR), broadly construed, is the process of
solving new problems based on the solutions of similar past problems.
artificial intelligence
The branch of computer science concerned with making computers behave
like humans. The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Artificial intelligence includes
․games playing: programming computers to play games such as chess
and checkers
․ expert systems : programming computers to make decisions in real-life
situations (for example, some expert systems help doctors diagnose
diseases based on symptoms)
․natural language : programming computers to understand natural
human languages
․ neural networks : Systems that simulate intelligence by attempting to
reproduce the types of physical connections that occur in animal brains
․ robotics : programming computers to see and hear and react to other
sensory stimuli
Currently, no computers exhibit full artificial intelligence (that is, are able to
simulate human behavior). The greatest advances have occurred in the field
of games playing. The best computer chess programs are now capable of
beating humans. In May, 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue
defeated world chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess match.
In the area of robotics, computers are now widely used in assembly plants,
but they are capable only of very limited tasks. Robots have great difficulty
identifying objects based on appearance or feel, and they still move and
handle objects clumsily.
Natural-language processing offers the greatest potential rewards because
it would allow people to interact with computers without needing any
specialized knowledge. You could simply walk up to a computer and talk to it.
Unfortunately, programming computers to understand natural languages
has proved to be more difficult than originally thought. Some rudimentary
translation systems that translate from one human language to another are
in existence, but they are not nearly as good as human translators. There
are also voice recognition systems that can convert spoken sounds into
written words, but they do not understand what they are writing; they
simply take dictation. Even these systems are quite limited -- you must
speak slowly and distinctly.
In the early 1980s, expert systems were believed to represent the future of
artificial intelligence and of computers in general. To date, however, they
have not lived up to expectations. Many expert systems help human experts
in such fields as medicine and engineering, but they are very expensive to
produce and are helpful only in special situations.
Today, the hottest area of artificial intelligence is neural networks, which are
proving successful in a number of disciplines such as voice recognition and
natural-language processing.
There are several programming languages that are known as AI languages
because they are used almost exclusively for AI applications. The two most
common are LISP and Prolog.
IBM's Watson Computer Jeopardy
Champ - Destroys Humans
Feb. 16 2011
IBM's Watson supercomputer has taken a commanding lead in the Jeopardy
competition. How will humans react to and use this new capability of
supercomputers?
IBM's Watson supercomputer was awesome on Tuesday night, February 15,
2011, in the second round of competition between Watson and the two
all-time Jeopardy champions, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings. The formidable
IBM supercomputer showed absolutely no mercy as it destroyed the two
humans. Watson made the Jeopardy superstars and millionaire money
winners look like they were two guys randomly selected from a McDonald's
hamburger kitchen or Wal-Mart's greeting position.
Watson finished the first game of a two-game match with $35,734 in winnings,
dramatically ahead of runner-up Brad Rutter, who earned $10,400. Ken
Jennings trailed with only $4,800. The third and final Watson episode airs
Wednesday night, that is if Rutter and Jennings have the courage to show up.
It must be rough on the ego to be celebrated as the two top Jeopardy
competitors of all time and then be utterly destroyed by a machine.
Of course, Watson is not just an ordinary computer. IBM has spent many
millions of development dollars and applied the talents of many of the world's
leading computer scientists and information technology specialists to bring
Watson up to a superhuman intelligence level.