Wittig refuses the distinction between an “abstract” concept and a... reality, arguing the concepts are formed and circulated within the...

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Wittig refuses the distinction between an “abstract” concept and a “material”
reality, arguing the concepts are formed and circulated within the materiality of
language and that that language works in a material way to construct the social
world. On the other hand, these “constructions” are understood as distortions
and reifications to be judged against a prior ontological field of radical unity
and plenitude.
→虛擬的概念需要被付諸實行。在 Wittig 的概念中,藉由語言的概念來實
現”虛擬的概念與現實的事實”,通常是會被扭曲的。而通常,被扭曲的事
實會變成社會現實世界的”事實”(就此篇的以廣告行銷來看,化妝品的
使用到底是因為女性自己還是因為社會觀感或是男性希望下的產品→扭
曲變事實。) abstract vs. material; medium: language, 要把虛擬的概念變成
大家都能普遍接受的事實,其中的媒介:語言,是不可或缺的。此段明確指
出 language works in a material way to construct the social world, 語言的從中
媒介扮演重要角色也間接強調廣告(行銷)的功能。
These constructs are disempowered, however, through locutionary acts that
implicitly seek recourse to the universality of language and the unity of Being.
Wittig argues that “it is quite possible for a work of literature to operate as a
war machine,” even “a perfect war machine.”
→上述所提到的這種結構是無法發揮影響的(因被扭曲了)。可是,如果透
過中間媒介(語言)的使用,就可以找到一致的溝通方式並且讓此 constructs
變成人們都認同的東西。Wittig 認為用語言來做溝通是最適當不過了。這
段話再次強調語言(廣告)的重要。當廣告ㄧ播出,所引起的迴響是看銷售
量便可得知(也間接強調女性經濟的結構透過語言的中間媒介傳遞出信息
→女性經濟本來是 disempowered 也不被重視的,但是透過廣告,強調取得
了 universality of language of the whole world,並且慢慢被視為ㄧ塊可發展
的商機。)
The literary text as war machine is, in each instance, directed against the
hierarchical division of gender, the splitting of universal and particular in the
name of a recovery of a prior and essential unity of those terms. To universalize
the point of view of women is simultaneously to destroy the category of
women and to establish the possibility of a new humanism. Destruction is thus
always restoration –that is, the destruction of a set of categories that introduce
artificial divisions into an otherwise unified ontology.
→藉由文字描述出來的想法,許多觀念都得以具體化並且與虛擬的概念是
不一樣的。透過文字、語言(廣告)的傳達,打破了以往所給予的概念(以往
根本沒有女性經濟的存在,但是隨著時代轉變,兩性平權觀念浮現,文字:
廣告的焦點紛紛著墨在女性經濟上)。而且,更隨著文字、語言(廣告)的
推陳出新,把女性經濟的角度擴大到各個範圍(化妝品、家電、壽險,
等…),都是以女性的角度為出發點。這打破了從以前堅持到現在的女性
為弱勢的觀念,也同時建立了女性經濟才是現在社會的新主流。這是因為
社會、文化背景變遷、新觀念:兩性平等帶入而成的分界,也變成了因應
潮流而成的最新的統一本質(女性經濟的新地位)。
Literary works, however, maintain a privileged access to this primary field of
ontological abundance. The split between form and content corresponds to the
artificial philosophical distinction between abstract, universal thought and
concrete, material reality.
→文字(廣告)其實是最便利的工具來宣傳新想法。就算現在網路發達(還是
有網路電視及網路宣傳),最常接觸的媒介管道還是電視。因為廣告的宣
傳,普羅大眾對於新想法的接收慢慢被植入腦海。重複的不斷播放,事實、
大眾想法、未來趨勢及物質的需要慢慢被建立而成一個連續播映圖,接受
者被訓練為面面俱到來習慣這信息(不管是從前的古老觀念或是現在的女
性經濟,古代透過文字的口耳相傳:現在是透過各媒介:尤其是廣告來加深
印象)。由此段,也可看出文字(廣告)所扮演的關鍵性角色。
Language has a dual possibility: It can be used to assert a true and inclusive
university of persons, or it can institute a hierarchy in which only some persons
are eligible to speak and others, by virtue of their exclusion from the universal
point of view, cannot “speak” without simultaneously deauthorizing that
speech.
→語言(廣告)有兩種功能:第一,可以用來建立大家對事情看法的一致性、
並且歸納出統一的詮釋;第二,在相同的話題上,語言可以用來促進同是
群體內的溝通,並且對這現象(女性經濟)做發聲的動作(廣告呈現)。廣告
的呈現,是其來有自的體現。因為嗅到商業利益(對女性經濟可以帶來利
益有相同的看法),因此藉由廣告的呈現來取得女性對女性經濟的共鳴(看
法的一致性),進而讓女性們受到吸引而行動。
Clearly, this way of thinking about gendered exchanges of desire admits of
much greater complexity, for the play of masculine and feminine, as well as the
inversion of ground to figure can constitute a highly complex and structured
production of desire.
→對於性別的不同看法及因為文化背景轉換而變的性別認知,就針對慾望
的需求來講是一種非常複雜的過程。就單純的男性主義的慾望來,不外乎
就是對權力的掌握、對性的需求與渴望;但是,相反的,對於敏感的女性
主義來說,長久被壓迫的精神狀態及不容於社會的觀念態度,導致現在社
會傾向於女性主義的興起都抱著兢兢業業的態度。對於語言文字(廣告)的
拿捏以及能引起共鳴(女性主義的商機)的訴求都是一種複雜且不同於以
往(男性主義)的慾望需求結構。因此,要如何去照顧到女性主義特有的慾
望,是文字工作者(廣告商)該去集思廣益及設法創造出一套新觀念來謀
合。
In such a breakdown of bodily coherence, the category of sex could no longer
operate descriptively in any given cultural domain. If the category of “sex” is
established through repeated acts, then conversely, the social action of bodies
within the cultural field can withdraw the very power of reality that they
themselves invested in the category.
→隨著 Wittig 的解釋說 sex 是個虛構的東西,sex 這個會隨著社會文化背景
及男性所希望而變的觀念已經漸漸失去在文化支配範圍裡的主導權(因兩
性觀念能見度提高,慢慢接受男女是無差異的。在文化無法再主導的前提
下,女性經濟慢慢浮現。)以文化無法主導的前提下,(repeated acts 解釋成
廣告的播送,或是同樣的概念以不同的手法呈現—同是呈現女性經濟),
社會大眾不斷接受女性經濟的概念,then the power of masculine will lose
importance and the focus will turn to feminine.
A language of compulsory meanings produces this representation of nature to
further the political strategy of sexual domination and to rationalize the
institution of compulsory heterosexuality.
→語言存在的最大功能,就是能完整的呈現及透露完整的概念。語言(廣告)
的使用,能更促進及加深大家對趨勢的了解(女性經濟),並藉著廣告的播
放及以不同的手法來敘述同樣的概念(都是以女性經濟為出發點的廣告)
來合理化並且讓所有的資訊接受者對同樣的概念產生共鳴、進而形成社會
中一股默認的趨勢。
For Wittig, the political challenge is to seize language as the means of
representation and production, to treat it as an instrument that invariably
constructs the field of bodies and that ought to be used to deconstruct and
reconstruct bodies outside the oppressive categories of sex.
→語言(文字或廣告)是每天要接觸的東西,也因為每天接觸、它的功能是
潛移默化。語言(文字或廣告)可以呈現事情的概念,而在呈現的同時,也
可以因為所帶來的概念產生一些新觀念的流行。語言(文字或廣告)所代表
的是一項觀念的形成然後被口耳相傳。就女性經濟來說,語言(文字或廣告)
的功能更是不可或缺的。因為社會大眾可以藉由廣告來漸漸熟悉並接受女
性經濟的新概念(其背後所代表意涵: 語言加速了女性經濟被接受的程度
並且也重塑了一個新概念: 逃脫文化背景及男性希望下的 oppressor 的女性
該有的形象。)
But note that Wittig’s narrative strategy is not to identify the feminine through
a strategy of differentiation or exclusion from the masculine. Such a strategy
consolidates hierarchy and binarisms through a trasnvaluation of values by
which women now represent the domain of positive value. In contrast to a
strategy that consolidates women’s identify through an exclusionary process of
differentiation, Wittig offers a strategy of reappropriation and subversive
redeployment of precisely those “values” that originally appeared to belong to
the masculine domain.
→女性對於自我認同的過程跟觀念,Witting 認為是有迷思的。Wittig 認為
從男性的觀點來尋求女性自我的認同,是有階級性(因受之前男尊女卑的觀
念太深),並且有二擇一(非強即弱)的概念。Wittig 提出,應該由女性的觀
點去尋求自我的認同。是把衡量的標準(values)重新配置並且擺脫男性觀點
加諸在女性身上的那些千古不變的理所當然。如果以此篇的研究重點來
說,現今的廣告主角是擺在女性身上(reappropriation and subversive
redeployment of precisely those “values”:重新以女性的觀點出發,並且自己
給自己認同的 values)。從女性的觀點去看容易引起共鳴的議題(小孩撫
養、家人照顧、為自己),都是以女性的觀點去設計廣告來引起感同身受
的效果。男性只是配角。目前的廣告走向是符合 Wittig 的觀念:針對女性
自我認同(尤其是女性越來越獨當一面、受重視的經濟能力)的概念來發展
的。
Wittig’s text not only deconstructs sex and offers a way to disintegrate the false
unity designated by sex, but enacts as well a kind of diffuse corporeal agency
generated from a number of different centers of power. Indeed, the source of
personal and political agency comes not from within the individual, but in and
through the complex cultural exchanges among bodies in which identity itself
is ever-shifting, indeed, where identity itself is constructed, disintegrated, and
recirculated only within the context of a dynamic field of cultural relations.
→文化背景的影響下,男性與女性的認同及地位是混淆不清的、更甚是女
性深受其害。經過複雜的文化及時代演變,對於性別的認同及地位分別也
連帶的不同(從以前的男性為尊到現在女性慢慢成為時代要角)。文化的影
響改變有重塑大家對性別的認識。也因為文化的動態轉變,性別對其認同
的角色與價值是不斷變更著。而其中促成文化轉變的利器:語言(文化或廣
告),是扮演重要角色的(語言的潛移默化、接受者的被動吸收、時代趨勢
的主觀呈現)。因為文化的轉變(語言的使用),性別對其自我的認同與價
值不斷翻新;語言使用者(廣告商)要如何去打破窠臼及抓準趨勢、呈現時
代走向(deconstruct/reconstruct the structure of gender identification)也是重要
的一環。
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