Probiotics in fish culture:
immunomodulatory
and ecophysiological responses
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期刊:Fish Physiol Biochem
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DOI 10.1007/s10695-013-9897-0
第八組:
組員:4a1h0013 薛瑋均 4a1h0101 郭筱茹 4a1h0016 黃造培
Abstract
Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable
and promising enterprises for keeping pace with
the surging need for animal protein providing
nutritional and food security to humans,particularly
those residing in regions where livestock is
relatively scarce.
Abstract
Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has
relied on the use of chemical compounds and
antibiotics.
The development of non-antibiotic and
environmentally friendly agents is one of the key
factors for health management in aquaculture.
Introduction
What is Probiotics ?
A bacterial supplement of a single or mixed culture of
selected
non-pathogenic bacterial strains is termed probiotics.
Probiotics as ‘a live microbial feed supplement which
beneficially affects the host animal by improving its
intestinal microbial balance
Currently used in aquaculture
probiotics, its main features
include the following:
1. Increase nutrition and improve feed digestibility
Fish gut produces digestive enzymes with specific
microorganisms can enhance digestion and
absorption of feed may also be of intestinal sources
of vitamins and essential amino acids
Currently used in aquaculture
probiotics, its main features
include the following
2.Irritating or cellular immunity
Some probiotics can stimulate aquatic organisms nonspecific
immunity (nonspecific resistance)
ex:桿菌（Bacillus sp.）可激活草蝦的免疫系統
3.antiviral
Currently the antiviral mechanism of probiotics is not clear,
but many studies have shown that probiotic substances or
extracts produced virus can cause passivation
ex:在鮭魚卵巢分離出的 Pseudomonas sp.、Vibrio sp.、
Aeromonas sp. 及Corynebacterium sp.
Currently used in aquaculture
probiotics, its main features
include the following
4.Improve water quality
As the main features of probiotic bacteria because
bacteria can affect the composition of the class of
microorganisms in water and reduce the number of
pathogens, and can improve water quality. The
principle is the Gram-positive bacteria can be
effectively converted to carbon dioxide organics
Common probiotic
introduction
枯草桿菌(Bacillus subtilis)
Single cell 0.7 ~ 0.8 × 2 ~ 3 m. No capsule, Zhou flagella,
are Gram-positive bacteria. Is a kind of aerobic bacteria.
特性：
1 . Can withstand temperatures of -60 ℃ to +280 ℃
2 . Breed quickly, 4 to 6 hours to 10 times proliferation
3 . Absorbent containing gum, moisture and strong
4 . Organic matter decomposition and strong, able to
break down large molecules into smaller molecules.
Common probiotic
introduction
5 . Metabolites enzymes, organic acids, very rich
6 . Alkali resistance, high gas and low gas has strong
antibacterial antagonism.
7 . Can have the stench of decomposing organic sulfur
compounds, organic nitrogen, can deodorize
Common probiotic
introduction
單一枯草桿菌直接應用在水產養殖上，是無法發揮
幫助水質轉化效果，因為枯草桿菌過於強勢，常
會使水質變清而產生養殖上的困擾。一般枯草桿
菌都和光合菌一起使用。
例如：三合一光合成菌是以光合成菌，枯草芽孢桿
菌和硝化菌為主的菌種，還包含乳酸菌、酵母菌
等。能在短期內降解氨，亞硝酸，硫化氫的功效
非常明顯。
Common probiotic
introduction
功效：
1 .有害細菌具有很強的抑制作用。可防止腸炎、爛
鰓等的疾病
2 .能分解殘留的飼料和魚蝦的糞便。
3 .可提高飼料中的蛋白質、脂肪酸、澱粉等等的活
性，更有利於水產的吸收。
4 .可以促進水產動物免疫器官的生長發育。能激活
T、B淋巴細胞，提高水產動物的免疫球蛋白和
抗體。
Common probiotic
introduction
光合菌(Photosynthetic bacteria)
1 .光合細菌是一種營養豐富、價值高的細菌，菌體
蛋白質含量高，是良好蛋白質來源。粗蛋白含量
達到60.22％，粗脂肪含量8.19％，並含有豐富的
胺基酸、葉酸、維生素B群，尤其是維生素
B12、類胡蘿蔔素和生物素。
2 .光合細菌對各種有機物質、氨、胺、硫化氫等有
極強的利用能力，能分解亞硝酸, 硝酸, 增加水中
溶氧量，有效的降低有毒物質的濃度。
Common probiotic
introduction
4 .光合細菌個體小，營養豐富，可以做為浮游生物
（例如輪蟲、橈足類、豐年蝦等）的餌料。而浮
游生物又是水產生物(如石斑魚苗等)幼體的開口
餌料，因此在食物鏈中有非常好的營養轉移傳遞
作用。
5 .當水中有機碳、氮太多時容易引發不良藻類如渦
鞭毛藻、裸藻等爆發生長，光合菌可以阻斷或延
緩該過程(但光合菌太多相對的也會影響優良藻
類的生長)。光合菌更能減少魚肉的臭土味，而
且增加魚體體色鮮豔程度和減少排泄的臭味。
Nitrifying bacteria growth
environment
1. Temperature ： Nitrifying bacteria suitable temperature of about
20 to 28 degrees c, the optimal growth temperature of about 25
degrees and reproduction c. General nitrifying bacteria at temperatures
below 5 degrees c and above 42 degrees c to stop metabolism
2. Light ： Unlike the nitrifying bacteria and certain proprietary green
photosynthetic bacteria generally have photosynthetic pigments, and
therefore can not take advantage of the sun for photosynthesis in
organic synthesis. Not only can not take advantage of the sun, but?
Afraid of sunlight
3. Substrate ： Nitrifying bacteria much needed sediment, but the
difference is that it's not intended for food, but sediment can provide
attachment, shelter and access to a source of ammonia and nutrient
sources they need. Not for breeding, and can not benefit ammonia
source and a nutrient source for many of nitrifying bacteria is not
found before the end of the appropriate quality.
Nitrifying bacteria growth
environment
4. Water ： Since the characteristics of sessile nitrifying bacteria
living resources must rely on water transport oxygen, ammonia and
nutrients, such as it needs.
5. DO ： Oxygen is an essential element of life nitrifying bacteria.
Advice is not less than 2ppm.
6. Ph value ： Generally, most prefer nitrifying bacteria grow in
weakly alkaline in the ring, the ph value of about 7.5 to 8.2. ph value
will affect the growth and reproduction of nitrifying bacteria. Nitrite
bacteria ph range of 7.0 to 8.0, the optimal average of 7.8. Nitric
bacteria from about 6.5 to 8.5.
Nitrification system to
establish instances
Day 1~7
Buy two or three more resistant to raising fish, feed a small amount
of feed. Next day to start measuring the concentration of
ammonia. Concentrations will continue to rise for several days
Day 7~14
About a week or so, because the nitrifying bacteria grow into,
began to enter the medium term. Concentration of ammonia will
quickly subside. During this period, if the fish in poor condition,
a small amount of water changes to dilute the tank of water.
Relative, nitrite concentration started to climb a week later, and
ammonia test synchronization, start testing nitrite. amount once
every two days, nitrite will reach the peak and then decline
slowly
Nitrification system to
establish instances
Day 17
Began in the later stages. Another one week, when nitrite and
ammonia concentrations are reduced to zero, nitrate
concentrations began to increase this time, congratulations
greatly. Systems created. Additional fish do not rush. First
change a small amount of water. then wait two days plus
fish. than once and do not add too much. otherwise add too
much at once, the system will collapse. efforts made ​three
weeks ago on the East into water.
Nitrifying bacteria growing
1. Slow period ： When new to nitrifying bacteria living
substances, growth lines to adapt to the new environment without
increasing the number of periods of nitrifying bacteria. The length of
this period, depending on the extent of the impact the new
environment of nitrifying bacteria may be.
2. Logarithmic growth phase ： After the bacteria adapt to
the new environment, rapid oxidation of ammonia or nitrite to obtain a
fixed period of inorganic carbon energy, thus accelerating the reaction
of organic synthesis, the number of surge is the logarithmic growth
phase, the growth of the cover into the case-based progression
increases. At this stage, the reproductive rate of up to the maximum.
Nitrifying bacteria growing
3. Decreasing Growing ： When ammonia or nitrite
concentration gradually reduced to a point where the
nitrifying bacteria, the remaining resources will limit the
growth rate of growth of nitrifying bacteria, so increasing
the number of nitrifying bacteria, it becomes very slow
period.
4. Resting ：Nitrifying bacteria grow in the environment is
limited impact factor (such as insufficient source of ammonia)
has reached saturation, where growth rate is equal to the death
rate has been the number of nitrifying bacteria to reach a stable
state. Due to the relatively short resting, so it was omitted to
distinguish this period.
Nitrifying bacteria growing
5. The breath of ：Also
known as endogenous
period. Ammonia or nitrite in
the system have been
exhausted, the nitrifying
bacteria was "hungry" state,
only to continue the use of in
vivo metabolism of nutrients,
the death rate is greatly
increased, greatly reducing
the number of periods.
硝化系統簡易圖
Conclusion
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Characteristics of probiotics in aquaculture
applications include: improved nutrition and
increased feed digestibility, stimulate or enhance
cellular immunity, thus competing with pathogenic
bacteria exclusion, improve water quality and
resistance to viruses and other probiotics, but now
most of its mechanism of action is still is not clear,
so the selection of probiotics, it is necessary to
determine the host harmless.
Thank you