Planning
v.s.
Programming
Programming is the single most important
product of a leisure and recreation
organization休閒遊憩組織最重要的產品,
why？
The opportunity for people to enjoy
leisure is made available through
programming 藉由企劃人們才能有機會享
受休閒 p. 447
Programming must achieve optimal use of
existing resources已存資源的最佳使用 (…)
to meet the goals of the organization and
the needs of people以同時滿足組織和人群
的需求
Leisure programming
Consists of planning, scheduling,
timetabling and implementing action
which uses resources, facilities and staff to
offer a wide range of services and activities.
透過休閒活動去培養個人營造生動活潑的
休閒經驗
A balanced program平衡企畫 would 包含?
Balanced Program Features
Opportunities to：
activities on a structured and informal basis
actively, passively or creatively
as an individual or group
regular core program as well as a variable
program
competition, audience and spectator
special events
Who Does programming?
The commercial sector
Institutional sector
Voluntary sector
The local government sector
Who Does programming?
Balanced programs giving equal
opportunity to all is extremely difficult to
fashion.
“There is nothing more unequal than the
equal treatment of unequals”
What Constitutes a
Program?
Activities:
Amenities:
Services
Staff人員
Money
Program Classification
Why to learn分類 ？
Balance of program types
Function功能
Facilities設施
People人
Outcomes結果
社區遊憩企畫
The total experiences of individuals and
groups resulting from community action in
providing areas, facilities, leadership and
funds,
企劃的成功 ?
Programming Strategies
Community development社區發展:
programs which emanate from the
community itself 
Social planning社會規劃: planned
programs directed professionally by officers
or authorities 
Approach Differences
Important difference？ p. 452
View
Involved tasks
Working groups
Skills
The programs are only successful as long as
the support is available over a sustained
period of time
Which one is used the most by the local
authorities? Why?
Which one is better?
Lessons from past mistakes
Demands and needs not being assessed
Objectives not measurable
Too traditional and static
Lack of variety and novelty
“Take it or leave it” approach
User systems not evaluated
p. 457
Need to balance casual use with club use
and events on policy
Lack of analyzing the benefits and
problems
Client life-flow patterns are broken?
Program patterns are not given due
consideration
Incompatible activities are programmed
together
Insufficient flexibility to adapt to new
demands
Ways of expanding an already busy
program are poorly explored
IT and computer systems used rarely
Programs contain imbalance
Program worth is increasingly judged on
numbers
Risk avoidance leads to a lack-lustre
approach
Facilities are used for single purpose
Not considering outreach possibilities
Program monitoring and systematic
evaluation are rarely carried out
Programming by Objectives
 Interpret policy政策, establish aims and
objectives目標 p. 461
 Assess resources and current and potential
demand
 Set objectives – BBP model
 Plan the program – Program areas主題
and formats參與類型
 Promote, implement and control the
program
 Evaluate the program
 Obtain feedback回饋 and modify the
program appropriately
Elements in creating the
leisure experience
Social environment社會環境
Physical environment實體環境
Natural environment自然環境
Activity Programming
藉由活動將休閒體驗提供給參與者, 利用收
集到的資訊, 配合活動單位的目標來進行設
計
遊憩體驗是一動態過程, 影響因素?
六個活動企劃元素
參與互動者
實質情境
休閒事物
規則
參與者之間的關係
活化活動
設計活動的過程即操控或創造這六個關鍵元
素之一來促進休閒體驗
What do people seek from
leisure?
Benefits sought – an improved condition
or desired change of state
Recreation Experience
Opportunity
From a managerial perspective, the most
important tasks are to understand:
Which psychological outcomes心理結果
are perceived to be most satisfying by
particular types of recreationists who are
engaging in desired activities within
preferred settings
Customers buy expectations or benefits of
benefits - Cosmetics, 珍珠粉
遊憩體驗階段
Anticipation
Travel to
On-site
Travel back
Recollection
Programmers 通常於何時介入?
Benefits-Based
Management
全面管理策略, 公園與遊憩機構行銷管理的
新方法, 讓人們了解公園與遊憩機構對
人們的好處
 Benefits-Based Awareness
 Benefits-Based Programming, BBP
Benefits-Based
Programming
結果導向, 為特定對象創造具體利益, 作為
參與者參加特定活動之成果, 同時也利於取
得社會認同及財務資源
Program Areas
Leisure activities may be classified based on
types of activities活動, amount and kind of
involvement by the customer消費者涉入量
和類型, activity settings活動情境, activity
benefits活動效益, …
Emerging Areas of Program
Importance
Youth Programming – youth at risk, much
time available, fun morality
Family Programming
Program Formats
The configuration or way in which
experiences are sequenced排序 and linked
to one another to increase the likelihood
that customers will achieve desired benefits
企畫者需知可傳遞休閒體驗leisure
experiences的各種結構
The program format 直接與個人休閒體驗
有關  滿意度satisfaction (the pleasure
that one derives from participation in an
organized leisure service program)
選擇 program format時, the manager is 預
先決定部分人的滿意程度 while limiting the
probability that others will occur
Program Matrix
須針對六元素及目標來考量
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