INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
AFRICAN COMMISSION ON AGRICULTURAL
STATISTICS
(AFCAS), TWENTIETH SESSION
Food insecurity indicators based on
the 2002/03 HHBS (IAF) – The
experience of Mozambique
Alger December 2007
Presented by: Domingos Diogo
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SUMARY
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• 1. Objectifs
• 2.Why?
• 3. The 2002/03 HHBS
• 4. Preparação dados
• 5. Processamento de dados
• 6. The main resultss
• 8. Main findings
• 9. Recomendations
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1. OBJECTIVES
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
– To present to the AFCAs participants the level,
magnitude
and
characteristics
of
food
insecurity based on statistics in Mozambique;
– To discuss and share the experience on using
data from HHBS for generating food insecurity
indicators and using them for analysis and
policy purposes;
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2. Why?
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• Need of systematized statistical information on food
insecurity.
• Use of HHBSv data in the production of derivates
statistics.
• To enhance the policies formulation process as well the
interventions and actions in the area of food security.
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3. The 2002/03 HHBS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• When?: July 2002 to June 2003, Conducted by INE
• Objective: To estimate the HH expenditures, Income and highlight
the main socio-economic characteristics at national and sub-national
level;
Sample: Stratified in 3 steps and Randomly
o Primary Sampling Units (UPA)
o Enumeration Areas (AE)
o HouseHolds (AF)
•
Size: 8747 AF
Urban Areas: 4020
Rural Areas : 4727
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3. The 2002/03 HHBS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• Questionnaires: 4 questionnaires used in the
HHBS:
2002/03
– 1. Community questionaire (in the rural areas)
– 2. Questionnaire on general characteristics of the HH.
– Questionnaire on expenditures and income (monthly and
annual)
– 4. Questionnaire on diary HH expenses
Operational approach
• Data collection refered 7 days of a week was done on 3 visits.
•
Food Consumsion: 350 diferent types of food detected,
obtained trough purchases, donations, own production or outside HH food consumtion
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4. PREPARAÇÃO DOS DADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• Using 2002/03 HHBS data base and other aditional
information, the folowing files files were criated
- FOOD.SAV : Contained Data on food consumsion
– HH.SAV; HM.SAV : Contained Data on HH Characteristics
– COUNTRY_NCT.SAV
– INDEXES.SAV
– AGE_HEIGHTS.XLS
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5. ABOUT THE DATA
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• Main problems:
• Data on expenditure were used as proxy of consumsion;
• Data on income limited and not very reliable;
• Dificulty to quantify the amount of food consumed away;
• Data collected on the different unities of mesure
• Limited specification of the list of food products.
• The national table of energetic composition of food very
limited and not complete.
Data on food consumsion processed using the FAO Food Security
Statistics Module Software - FSSM
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Some concepts and definitions
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• CRITICAL FOOD POVERTY
• The prevalence of critical food
poverty (pCFP) refers to the
proportion of persons living on less
than the cost of the macro-nutrient
balanced MDER (for MDER see
below and for balanced diet see
above) with food prices from
households in the lowest income
quintile. It can be estimated at
national and sub-national levels.
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Some concepts and definitions
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• DEPTH OF FOOD DEPRIVATION
• It refers to the difference between
the average dietary energy
consumption of an undernourished
population and its average minimum
energy requirement (MDER).
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Some concepts and definitions
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• DIETARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Food consumption expressed in
energy terms. At national level, it
can be calculated from the FBS (see
below); this estimate refers to both
private and public food consumption.
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Some concepts and definitions
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• The
minimum
dietary
energy
requirement (MDER) refers to the
amount
of
energy
considered
adequate to meet the energy needs
for normative minimum acceptable
weight for attained height while
performing light physical activity in
good health.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Some concepts and
definitions
 The Magnitude of food shortage/deficit
depends:
• On the quantity of energy in the comsumed food;
• On the inequalities in the access to food due the
HH income;
• On the Minimum Dietery Energy Requirement
(MDER)
• On the intensity of food Deprivetion
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Results
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
 Statistics on food consumtion and food
insecurity at national, provincial and by
sub-populations groups were produced,
according to:
 Level of Income
 Geografic Location
 HouseHold Size
 Characteristics of the HH Head
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21
27
0
Zambezia
2
31 31 30 30
Cabo Delgado
Nampula
29 27
33
47
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Cidade de Maputo
56
Maputo provincia
26 26
Inhambane
Gaza
Sofala
48
Tete
Manica
Niassa
42
Up to high school
Others
39
Never gone to school
57
Services
Public Services
14 11
33
Agriculture
Industry
9
28
35
60 or more years old
23
15 to 30 years old
31 to 59 years old
37
Female
52
7 or more members
Male
35
5 to 6 members
20
1 to 2 members
3 to 4 members
60
Rural
29
Quintile 5
Urban
40
Quintile 4
80
Quintile 2
Quintile 3
100
Quintile 1
Nationwide
Percent
7. RESULTY
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Proportion of food deprivation in total population
120
97
68
55 55
42
30
7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Deph and Intensity of Hunger in Urban and Rural Area of
Mozambique
2500
2130
Kcal/person/day
1990
2000
1500
1690
1661
1617
1356
1358
1150
1596
1340
1110
1220
1000
500
0
Nationw ide
MDER
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Urban
ADEC food deprived
ADEC of 1st income quintil
Rural
ADEC
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7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
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1690
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1780
1500
1810
1570
1960 18702030
2090
2350
1840
1920 1870 2000 2010 1970
2200
1670
1790
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Maputo provincia
Cidade de Maputo
1780
2030
2160
Tete
Manica
Sofala
Inhambane
Gaza
2000
2130
Niassa
Cabo Delgado
Nampula
Zambezia
1990
2160
Public Services
Never gone to school
Up to high school
Others
2480
31 to 59 years old
60 or more years old
Agriculture
Industry
Services
3500
7 or more members
Male
Female
15 to 30 years old
2500
Rural
1 to 2 members
3 to 4 members
5 to 6 members
1500
Quintile 2
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Urban
Nationwide
Quintile 1
(kcal/person/day)
7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Dietary energy consumption
4000
3490
3000
2540
2190
20002000
1660 1720
1930
1150
1000
500
0
8
6
4
7,5
7
5,3
5
4,6
2,9
7,8
6,3
5,2
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4,9
7,6
6,2
6,7
4,9 4,7
5,4
5,0
5,6 5,4
5,0 4,8
5,6
6,0
4,9
3,6
Nampula
Zambezia
Tete
Manica
Sofala
Inhambane
Gaza
Maputo provincia
Cidade de Maputo
9
3 to 4 members
5 to 6 members
7 or more members
Male
Female
15 to 30 years old
31 to 59 years old
60 or more years old
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Public Services
Never gone to school
Up to high school
Others
Niassa
Cabo Delgado
Nationwide
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Urban
Rural
1 to 2 members
(Mts$/person/day)
7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Monetary value of food consumption
7,7
7,0
7,6
5,6
5,9
4,2
6,6 6,4
6,6
4,8
5,1
3,2
3
2
1
0
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5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
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4,0
2,4
2,5
2,6
3,3
2,8
3,0
3,2
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Cidade de Maputo
2,4
3,5
Inhambane
Gaza
Maputo provincia
3,3
Tete
Manica
Sofala
3,6 3,6
Cabo Delgado
Nampula
Zambezia
2,3 2,2
2,7 2,8 2,6 2,7 2,7
Up to high school
Others
Niassa
3,7
Services
Public Services
Never gone to school
2,4
60 or more years old
Agriculture
Industry
2,6
2,8
3,0
Female
15 to 30 years old
31 to 59 years old
3,0
5 to 6 members
7 or more members
Male
2,4
Rural
1 to 2 members
3 to 4 members
2,6
Quintile 4
Quintile 5
Urban
2,7
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
Quintile 3
Nationwide
(Mts/1000kcals)
7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Dietary energy unit monetary value of food
3,8 3,9
3,1
2,1 2,2
1,6
7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Share of food monetary value to total consumption (%) by Income
decile
100
y = -23,67Ln(x ) + 112,5
Percent
80
60
Decile
40
Log. (Decile)
20
0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Income decile (MTs$/person/day)
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7.4.RESULTADOS
RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Share of Food Dietary Energy Consumption
0,6
0,5
31,7
Share of food dietary energy
consumption from purchased to total
food consumption (%)
Share of food dietary energy
consumption from own production to
total food consumption (%)
Share of food dietary energy
consumption from eaten away from
home to total food consumption (%)
67,3
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Share of food dietary energy
consumption from other sources to
total food consumption (%)
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7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Share of dietary energy from own production to total food consumption
75,0 73,3
73,3
67,3
64,8 65,3
78,7
60,6
68,8
68,4
67,1
66,0
58,6
62,4
84,3
82,3
76,3 76,5
72,3
70,8
70,9
66,7
65,6
61,3 59,5
51,9
38,3
32,7 32,8
32,9
26,4
20
10
0
11,5
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Sofala
Inhambane
Zambezia
Tete
Manica
Cabo Delgado
Nampula
Others
Niassa
Never gone to school
Up to high school
Services
Public Services
60 or more years old
Agriculture
Industry
15 to 30 years old
31 to 59 years old
Male
Female
5 to 6 members
7 or more members
1 to 2 members
3 to 4 members
Quintile 5
Urban
Rural
Quintile 3
Quintile 4
Quintile 1
Quintile 2
Nationwide
0,4
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Cidade de Maputo
70
60
50
40
30
86,6
82,7
Gaza
Maputo provincia
Percent
100
90
80
7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Share of total calories of nutrients in total calories
80
70
Percent
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Proteins
WHO/FAO (minimum)
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Fats
IAF 2002/03
Carbohydrates
WHO/FAO (maximum)
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7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Share of each group of food in total energy consumption (%)
OILS AND FATS (animal f at s)
0
0
0
OILS AND FATS (veget able oils)
MILK AND CHEESE
0
MISCELLANEOUS AND PREPARED FOOD
NON ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
2
2
FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS
0
EGGS
2
1
MEAT
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES
0
0
SPICES
STIMULANTS
FRUITS AND PRODUCTS
2
6
VEGETABLES AND PRODUCTS
12
OIL CROPS
0
TREE NUTS
PULSES
5
2
SUGARS AND SYRUPS AND PRODUCTS
17
ROOTS AND TUBERS AND PRODUCTS
49
CEREALS AND PRODUCTS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
%
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7. RESULTADOS
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
5. Main Findings
• Food Deprivation: 29% of the Total of Population
– In the Urban Areas: 52%
– In the Rural Areas: 23%
• Critical food Deprivation: 8%
• MDER: 1617 kcal/person/day
– In the Urban Áreas : 1661 kcal/person/day
– In the Rural Areas: 1596 kcal/Person/day
• ADEC: 1900 kcal/Person /dia
• DEUV: 2,7 Mts/1000 Kcal
• Intensity of food Deprivition: 261 kcal/person/day
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Conclusions:
• - 1.Total expenditures were used as
proxy of income as no reliable data
for this variable were available.
• 2. As the objective of the survey
was for different purposes the data
for food consumption were not
reliable and very limited, leading to
use the purchasing information as
proxy of the consumption which
could affect overall results.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Conclusions:
• 3Weakness on the food quantities
reported, particularly those from own
production, were found to be out of range
which probably referred to production
instead of consumption.
• 4In spite of having a detailed and
very precise list of food items, the IAF
2002/03 contains a few broad groups of
food items for which it was difficult to
find corresponding nutrient values, since
Mozambique does not possesses the
composition for all food items.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Recommendations:
• National Institute of Statistics should continue
articulate and coordinate with others
organisations involved in food security and
agricultural data collection and key users of
food security statistics, in all steps of survey
implementation.
• The country should complete and update the
food composition table as well the height and
weight table for population above five years.
• More reliable estimates could be obtained with
the review of the IAF questionnaires as to
collect the household food outlay in terms of
food stocks (from own consumption and
purchases) food consumption and expenditure
and food given away.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Recommendations:
• The African countries should
develop agricultural and food
security statistic based on the
national surveys in other to better
monitor the MDG and FAO in
partnership with other agencies
should continue to support the
countries in this excise.
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Conclusion
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
• Further analysis on food supply and
food requirement/consumption at
national and sub-national level can
highlight the deficit/surplus and
policy interventions in order to
improve food security status and
living conditions of people in the
country.
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INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA
Muito Obrigado!
Thank You!
Merci!
Asante Sana!
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