U.S. History Chapter 7
The Road To Revolution
Colonial Society
• Social Class system was based on wealth
and occupation (Europe was based on
birth)
• Highest colonial social class was gentry
• People were capable of moving into a new
social class (social mobility)
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Great Awakening
• By the 1700’s there was a spiritual decline
in the both the new and old world.
– People felt religion had become materialistic
and cold. The Great Awakening helped put
an end to this
• Great Awakening – A series of revivals
that renewed a deeper interest in
Christianity in the colonies.
– The Great Awakening gave the common man
a greater in affairs and helped to equalize
both rich and poor and slave and free.
– It helped to start the colleges of Princeton,
Brown, Dartmouth, and Rutgers.
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The Great Awakening.
• Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield
help lead this Great Awakening.
• Jonathan Edwards was a preacher from
Massachusetts who became influential in
starting the Great Awakening.
• George Whitfield was a preacher from
Great Britain who traveled from New
England to Georgia preaching at revivals.
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The Great Awakening
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Jonathan Edwards
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George Whitfield
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Enlightenment (Age of Reason)
• This was a time period that emphasized
science and reason as the guides to life.
• John Locke introduced his social contract
theory saying if government doesn’t do its
job, the people should change it.
• Benjamin Franklin was a great inventor
during this time period.
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Newspapers, Books, and
Communication
• By the 1730’s, more colonists were literate.
• Many colonists couldn’t afford books, so a
library system was created. Ben Franklin
created the “Library Company of Philadelphia”
• Communication and travel improved also.
– Travel was done on old Native American foot trails.
– Mail was slow and inefficient.
– In 1753, Ben Franklin improved mail carrying.
– This improved communication helped ideas spread.
One of those ideas was revolution.
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Sect. 2 – The French & Indian War
• Throughout the 1700’s, France & Great
Britain were both trying to become the
most powerful country in Europe.
• Several wars were fought over this, and it
trickled into their colonies.
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European Colonies & the Ohio
Valley
• England, France, Spain, & Russia claimed lands
in North America.
–
–
–
–
Russia – along the Pacific Coast (Alaska)
Spain – Florida & the present day Southwestern U.S.
England – 13 colonies
French – Canada along the Atlantic Coast, and the
MS River Valley
• France & England claimed the area known as
the Ohio Valley located west of the Appalachian
Mts. & south of the Great Lakes
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Ohio Valley
• French and English settlers moved to the
area and conflicts erupted.
• Native Americans inhabited the area
• Native Americans had to choose sides
• The Iroquois League supported the British
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Ohio River Valley
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Steps Toward War
• 1753 Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie sent
21 year old George Washington to tell the
French to leave the Ohio Valley b/c they were
trespassing. The French refused to leave
• Washington was ordered to build a fort at the
forks of the Ohio. However, the French already
built a fort here named Fort Duquesne.
Washington attacked it and killed 10 French
soldiers.
– Washington and his men built a fort quickly and
named it Fort Necessity. They were surrounded and
captured by the French, but were later released.
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Governor Robert Dinwiddie
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Fort Necessity
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Fort Necessity
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Washington as a soldier
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• George Washington
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Colonies Try to Unite
• With war approaching, colonial leaders tried to
unite.
• They wanted to unite for defense and fighting
purposes.
• Benjamin Franklin created the Albany Plan. This
plan created a colonial council to handle military
affairs and to raise a colonial army and navy.
• The colonists refused this plan b/c they wanted
each colony to handle their own affairs.
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Fighting The War
• In 1755 2,000 British troops tried to
capture Fort Duquesne under General
Edward Braddock.
– Braddock fought using traditional British
tactics
– On July 9, 1755 he was ambushed at Turtle
Creek and 1,000 of his soldiers were killed.
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General Edward Braddock & his
grave
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War Begins
• The War officially began in 1756
• William Pitt was named Minister of War in
Britain.
– Pitt thought the war would be won in the
Americas and devoted his efforts here.
• The British began winning victories in the
Americas
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• William Pitt
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Roger’s
Rangers
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Canadian Battles
• British Gen. James Wolfe was given the task of
capturing Quebec, capital of New France.
• Quebec has walls surrounding it and it sits atop
high bluffs on the St. Lawrence River
• Wolfe failed a few times, but finally entered the
city
• General Wolfe and the French General
Montcalm fought on the Plains of Abraham.
• The British were victorious, but both generals
were killed.
• This virtually ended French power in Canada.
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General Montcalm / James Wolfe
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Quebec today
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The Battle at the Plains of Abraham
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Treaty of Paris
• The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian
War in 1763
• France had to give the following to Great Britain:
– New France (Canada)
– The Ohio Valley
– And all lands east of the MS River (except for New
Orleans)
• Spain had to give Great Britain Florida
– However, Spain gained all lands west of the MS River
(Louisiana) and New Orleans
• France was left with no holdings in North
America
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Trouble on the Frontier
• Pontiac’s Rebellion caused King George
III to pass the Proclamation of 1763, which
said colonists could not move beyond the
Appalachian Mountains.
Chief
Pontiac
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1763 Pontiac and troops
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Battle of Bushy Run
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• Children
kidnapped by
Indians were
adopted into the
tribe, when and if
they were
returned the
scenes the
children were
often confused
as to who they
belonged to
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Money Problems
• British Parliament wanted the colonies to
pay for the war, Colonists thought the
British should.
• British Prime Minister George Greenville
passed laws to make colonies pay for the
war
– Sugar Act & Quartering Act
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British
Prime
Minister
George
Greenville
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Stamp Act
• Passed in 1765
• Taxed daily things like newspapers,
documents, playing cards, etc.
• Colonists opposed this b/c they were
being taxed by a Parliament that they did
not elect.
– Colonists called this “taxation without
representation”
• Sons of Liberty emerged & protested this
act.
• Colonies boycotted British goods.
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Stamp Act
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Samuel Adams
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Stamp Act Congress
• October 1765, colonial delegates sent a
petition King George III denouncing the
Stamp Act.
• In March 1766 Parliament repealed the
Stamp Act, but passed the Declaratory Act
which stated that Parliament had the right
to rule and tax the colonies.
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Political Cartoon of the Repeal of the Stamp Act
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Townshend Acts
• Townshend Acts were passed in 1767 by
Parliament
• Placed import taxes on paint, lead, glass, paper,
and tea coming into America.
• Colonists boycotted the goods. The Sons of
Liberty enforced the boycott.
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Charles
Townshend
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Various protests:
•Patrick Henry’s
speech
•Sons and
Daughters of
Liberty
•Benjamin
Franklin’s visit to
Parliament
•Boston
Massacre
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Boston Massacre
• March 5, 1770 a group of dockworkers
were harassing a British soldier. Things
escalated.
• Shots were fired and 5 people were killed
• Samuel Adams called this the Boston
Massacre.
• To improve relations, Prime Minister North
repealed the Townshend Acts in 1770,
except for the Tea Tax.
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• Paul
Revere’s
engraving
of the
Boston
Massacre
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Boston Massacre
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• Tombstone of
those killed at the
Boston Massacre
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Tea Act & The Boston Tea Party
• 1773 Tea Act was passed giving the British East
India Tea Company a monopoly on selling tea to
the colonies. The company used its own ships
and sellers.
• This made colonists mad, b/c American jobs
were lost.
• In 1773, members of the Sons of Liberty dressed
as Mohawk Indians and boarded a ship in
Boston Harbor with East India Company tea
aboard. They dumped the tea into the harbor.
• This became known as the Boston Tea Party
and it enraged Parliament
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The Boston Tea Party
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The Boston Tea Party
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Coercive Acts
• Great Britain wanted to punish
Massachusetts for the Tea Party
• Parliament passed a series of unfair laws
called the Coercive Acts in 1774 to do this.
• Coercive Acts were called the Intolerable
Acts in the colonies.
• These made the colonists want to fight.
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Tar & Feathering of John Malcolm, a Boston Tax
Collector
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First Continental Congress
• September 1774, 56 colonial delegates
met in Philadelphia at the First Continental
Congress
• The Congress approved a plan to arm and
train a militia.
• They banned all trade with Great Britain.
• They wrote to King George III and asked
him to make peace.
• Agreed to meet again in May 1775.
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Carpenter’s Hall - 1st Continental Congress
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Colonists Take Arms
• In 1774 & 1775 more British troops were sent to
Boston, and American militiamen, known as
minutemen, were constantly training.
• Tensions grew.
• In Spring 1775 American spies learned of a
planned attack by British Gen. Thomas Gage on
Concord (near Boston).
• Night of April 18, 1775, Dr. Joseph Warren sat
inside Boston’s North Church bell tower. Flashed
a light once if British approached by land and
twice if they approached by sea.
• He signaled William Dawes and Paul Revere, who
rushed to Concord warning that the Redcoats
were coming.
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Gen. Thomas
Gage
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• Boston's Old North
Church
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Dr. Joseph
Warren
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Paul
Revere
• Paul Revere
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Paul
Revere
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Lexington & Concord
• 700 British troops marched toward Concord
• Met by 70 minutemen at Lexington (small town
along the way) just before dawn on April 19, 1775.
• No one knows who fired the first shot, but 8
colonists were killed and 10 wounded. 1 British
soldier was wounded
• British continued marching to Concord.
• All minutemen in the area were called to arms.
• They fired on the British from the cover of trees and
walls.
• British were forced into a wild retreat back to Boston
• British casualties were three times that of the
Americans
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The Battle of Lexington
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Minuteman Statue,
Battle Green Square,
Lexington, Mass.
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The words of Captain Parker,
Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
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British retreat from Concord
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Concord Bridge
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Second Continental Congress
• Met in May 1775
• Named George Washington to build a
Continental Army.
• They tried to avoid war.
• Sent Olive Branch Petition to King George
III begging him for peace.
– He refused.
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Second Continental Congress
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King George
III
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