Homework: Practice Exam
Grading: Turn in the multiple choice questions to me on a Scan Tron; choose any 4 short
essay to complete, and grade yourselves based on my key (available second week of class).
Each essay question is worth 10 points. Turn your graded essay questions in to me. There
are a few multiple choice questions that go back to the special senses.
Guidelines: All information required can be found in your textbook, Applications Manual
and/or the notes. I will provide an accessory handout for the last essay question. You are
certainly welcome to use outside sources, but are not required to do so. Unless otherwise
stated, you are only required to provide as much detail as I provided in my notes. If I
want you to go beyond that, I will clearly state so. To my new students: For questions
that tap into last quarter, my lecture notes are still on the web, so you can get an idea of
the detail I went into.
You are welcome and encouraged to work in groups, but keep in mind: all written
material must be original. Any papers with duplicate answers (or those in which a few
words have been changed here and there) will be severely penalized. Any papers that
mimic the book or my lecture outlines will be severely penalized. All work must be in your
own words.
Each question has many parts. Be very careful that you answer each part, and don’t forget
anything. You do not necessarily have to answer the question in paragraphs/full
sentences. Some of the questions are best answered with tables or diagrams. Feel free to
use them, just be sure to clearly indicate what’s going on.
Short Essay
1.
a. List 2 hormones that affect the use of energy by cells (glucose &/or fatty acid
use, ATP production, gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycogenesis, lipolysis or
fat storage) For each, state the class it belongs to, where it’s produced, two effects
that it has, and what stimulates its release. Briefly describe one disorder
associated with one of these hormones.
Hormone
Class
Where produced
Two effects
What stimulates
release
Disorder (Name hormone and describe):
b. Now do the same for 2 hormones that affect calcium in blood and/or bone, either
directly or indirectly. Do not describe a disorder for one of these.
Hormone
Class
Where produced
Two effects
What stimulates
release
2. a. Describe one hormone (other than any listed from #1) that is ultimately under
the control of the hypothalamus/adenohypophysis. Name the hormone/factor
from the hypothalamus, the hormone from the adenohypophysis, and the final
hormone and where it comes from (kidney, etc). Describe one effect this final
hormone will have on target cells. How do hormones get from the hypothalamus
to the adenohypophysis?
b. A person with symptoms of hypothyroidism (for example, sluggishness and
intolerance to cold) is found to have abnormally low plasma concentrations of
T4, T3, and TSH. After an injection of TRH the plasma concentrations of all
three hormones increase. Where is the site of the defect leading to the
hypothyroidism?
c. Vera is receiving very large doses of a cortisol-like drug to treat her arthritis.
Theoretically, what should happen to her own production/secretion of cortisol (increase or
decrease)? What hormone should a drug mimick if you wanted to increase Vera’s
production of GCTH?
3. This example has absolutely no basis in reality. If you know how the hormones
can affect their target cells and which use 2nd messengers, you can predict how any
hormone, fake or real, will act. Hormone X is a hormone in the Who species (you
know, the kind that Horton heard and the Grinch wanted to repress). Hormone
X allows the Whos to sing for extended periods of time. It does so by affecting
metabolism in a number of different ways. One of the specific effects Hormone X
has is in muscle cells of the larynx: it stimulates those cells to increase the number
of enzymes involved in ATP production.
a. Let’s say Hormone X is a peptide hormone. Describe how it will affect a
muscle cell of the larynx, starting with its arrival at the target cell and
ending with the production of more active enzyme (be sure to state why
there’s more active enzyme)
b. Now repeat, only this time pretend Hormone X is a steroid hormone.
4. You are an employee for a company who just hired a new manager. On his second day,
he came barging into your office telling you that he’s been going through your records and
watching your performance, and if things don’t shape up dramatically and soon, you’re
outta there. You were completely unaware of any problem and have no idea how to
remedy the situation, so everyday for the next month or so you enter the office of eggshells
wondering if today is the day you will be fired. Oh, and you have no savings or prospects
for jobs and for some reason are ineligible for unemployment compensation. Assuming
that you are a reasonably sensitive person (ie, this actually will affect you),
a. Briefly describe your Autonomic Nervous System response when the boss came
in and barked this information at you. Be sure name the dominating division and
to include 4 specific effects of the dominating division.
b. Describe your endocrine response starting with the first traumatic event and then
the subsequent long-term response (ie, go through the phases of the stress
response). Be sure to name the dominant hormones of each phase, and the effects
each of the hormones will have.
c. Why are the maintenance of blood glucose and the mobilization of lipids the
major themes of the long-term response?
d. Is the long-term endocrine response designed to help you survive this particular
type of crisis? What type/s of crises is it designed to help you survive?
Bonus 1 point: Based on the effects of the hormones involved, why do you think
that overeating and a lack of exercise might actually make this stress response
harmful rather than helpful?
5. You’re a reporter at the scene of a disaster. Actually, you’re a really tiny reporter
living inside a biology instructor. The disaster is that one of the instructor’s blood
vessels has just been sliced by a scalpel. You’ve arrived at the scene immediately.
a. List the 3 phases of hemostasis, and state one event which will happen
during EACH phase.
b. How do the first platelets on the scene get stuck/activated?
c. Name one factor released by platelets/endothelial cells that will promote the
clotting process.
d. Outline or diagram the biochemical cascade of events that occurs once
Factor X is activated.
e. Briefly describe one thing that will aid in the clean-up or control of a clot.
6. Tilly, Ermy, Fanny and Si are donating blood. The following shows the results of their
blood tests. Assume that all Rh- people have received Rh+ blood in the past.
a. Complete the chart by filling in each of their blood types:
Anti-A
No reaction
Agglutination
No reaction
Agglutination
Tilly
Ermy
Fanny
Si
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Anti-B
Agglutination
Agglutination
No reaction
Agglutination
Anti-Rh
No reaction
No reaction
Agglutination
Agglutination
Type?
From which group member/s can Si receive blood?
To which group member/s can Si give blood?
From which group member/s can Ermy receive blood?
To which group member/s can Fanny give blood?
Is anyone in this group unable to receive blood from the others (if so,
name/s)?
Multiple Choice ( .93 point each)
Choose the BEST answer for each of the following. Please use a Scan-Tron.
1. Luppe has not been exposed to sunlight for several months. Which of the
following might we expect to find severely depressed levels of in his blood?
a. Ca2+
b. PTH
c. Calcitriol
d. Vitamin K
e. All of the above
2. Theoretically, who would be most likely to need to take both thyroid hormone and
calcitonin as a medication?
a. An adult with Grave’s disease
b. A person with hyperparathyroidism
c. An infant with congenital hypothyroidism (dysfunctional or non-existent
thyroid)
d. An adult with hypothyroidism
e. A child with type I diabetes (dysfunctional pancreas)
3. Which of the following would diffuse across the membrane of its target cell?
a. Tri-iodothyronine
b. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
c. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
d. Epinephrine
e. Oxytocin
4. The most likely target cell of erythropoietin would be _________, and
erythropoietin _______ actually enter the cell to produce its effect.
a. Melanocytes; would
b. Erythrocytes; would not
c. Lymphoid stem cells; would not
d. Folllicle cells; would
e. Myeloid stem cells; would not
5. Which of the following is not a known role of Ca2+in the body?
a. Acts as a second messenger
b. Triggers neurotransmitter release
c. Involved in muscle contraction
d. Acts as a neurotransmitter
e. Neither A nor D are known roles of Ca2+
6. Currently, most of Homer’s body cells are using glucose to make ATP. His
adipose cells are taking in fatty acids and storing them as triglycerides. He probably
had a doughnut ______, and his liver cells are probably _______ glycogen.
a. Recently; synthesizing
b. Many hours ago; breaking down
c. Recently; breaking down
d. Many hours ago; synthesizing
7. Goiter can be the result of the overproduction of unfinished:
a. Thyroxine
b. Reticulocytes
c. Erythrocytes
d. Calcitonin
e. Oxytocin
8. Connie visits her doctor after she stumbles on her stairway and incurs a bone
fracture. Her physician conducts a bone density test and determines that her bones
are very thin for her age. He then takes a blood sample and finds that she has
extremely elevated levels of Ca2+ in her blood. Which structure in her body is he
most likely to suspect a problem with?
a. The thyroid gland
b. The parathyroid glands
c. The kidneys
d. The adenohypophysis
e. No structure, instead he will be interested in her exposure to sun
9. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which means that our cells are not able to
make it, so we must obtain it from dietary proteins. Hypothetically, which of the
following symptoms might you expect if you had a deficiency of tryptophan
(actually, you would show symptoms of general protein deficiency rather than
symptoms specific to tryptophan):
a. Reduced ability to increase heart rate
b.
c.
d.
e.
Increased occurance of free radical damage in the brain
Altered sleep cycles
A and B
B and C
10. Which of the following would you NOT expect to occur during the Alarm Phase of
a stress response?
a. More epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted from the adrenal
medullae
b. Cardiac muscle fails because of a lack of K+; organs are digested to provide
amino acids for gluconeogenesis
c. Pupils constrict
d. A and B
e. B and C
11. Which of the following deficiencies would you expect to have the greatest effect on
vision?
a. Vitamin D
b. Ca2+
c. Vitamin A
d. Vitamin K
e. K+
12. Female eggs and male sperm require the help of special “nanny cells” to develop
properly. The production of nanny cells is induced by:
a. Glucocorticoids
b. Epinephrine
c. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
d. Oxytocin
e. More than one of the above
13. How are the retina and the epithalamus related?
a. Both send impulses to the visual cortex along the optic nerve
b. Both contain populations of photoreceptors that are sensitive to light energy
c. The epithalamus communicates with the retina via the mesencephalon to
alter photoreceptors’ sensitivity to light energy at different times of the day
d. The retina communicates with the epithalamus via the hypothalamus to
relay information about day length
e. Serotonin is produced by satellite cells in the retina and sent to the
epithalamus
14. Which sensory system relies on ciliated cells being pushed against a thick
immovable membrane?
a. Olfaction
b. Gustation
c. Vision
d. Equilibrium
e. Hearing
15. Which sensory system uses a one-cell system, in which the sensory neuron that
sends the message to the brain is the same cell that detects the stimulus directly?
a. Olfaction
b. Vision
c. Hearing
d. Equilibrium
e. None of the above
16. Where does the above sensory system send its nerves?
a. Olfactory bulbs
b. Visual cortex
c. Cochlear nuclei
d. Vestibular nuclei
e. Cerebellum
17. Hormones are rid/inactivated by:
a. Enzymes in tissue interstitial fluids
b. Degradation or excretion by liver cells
c. Enzymatic degradation at synaptic clefts
d. A and B
e. A and C
18. Which of the following is NOT a peptide hormone?
a. Insulin
b. Erythropoietin
c. Glucagon
d. Progesterone
e. Calcitonin
19. What is the role of vitamin A in vision?
a. Retinal is a form of vitamin A
b. Opsin is a form of vitamin A
c. Vitamin A is part of an enzyme that drives some of the reactions that occur
in response to light energy
d. The iris is pigmented with carotenoids
e. None of the above
20. Which of the following does NOT directly promote the secretion of a hormone
from another gland?
a. Prolactin
b. Leutenizing hormone
c. Thyroid stimulating hormone
d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
e. A and B
21. Evidence of alcohol’s effect on ADH release would logically include:
a. Frequent urination
b. Bloating
c. Dehydration
d. A and B
e. A and C
22. Which of the following does a mature (mammalian) red blood cell lack:
a. Nucleus
b. Glycolytic enzymes
c. Mitochondria
d. A and C
e. B and C
23. Calcitonin is made in the ______ by ______.
a. Kidneys; follicles
b. Islets of Langerhans; beta-cells
c. Thyroid gland; c-cells
d. Kidneys; beta-cells
e. Thyroid gland; follicles
24. Which of the following is secreted FARTHEST (in distance) from the adrenal
cortex?
a. Glucocorticoids
b. Aldosterone
c. AntiDiuretic Hormone
d. Epinephrine
e. Erythropoietin
25. Which of the following is NOT responsible for transferring the energy from sound
waves to mechanoreceptors of the inner ear?
a. Auditory ossicles
b. Tympanic membrane
c. Perilymph
d. Maculae
e. More than one of the above
26. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is secreted by:
a. Testes
b. Ovaries
c. Adenohypophysis
d. Neurohypophysis
e. Hypothalamus
27. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a chemical secreted by intact endothelial cells into the
plasma/interstitium in response to vessel damage. It affects nearby platelets to limit
coagulation and neighboring smooth muscle to encourage vasodilation. Little, if
any, released PGI2 affects cells in distant areas. PGI2 is mostly likely a/n:
a. Biogenic amine
b. Eicosanoid
c. Sterol
d. Peptide
e. Carbohydrate
28. The secretion of which of the following would be affected by exposure to sunlight:
a. Calcitriol
b. Triiodothryronine
c. Melatonin
d. Aldosterone
e. More than one of the above
29. The role of fibrin in blood clotting is:
a. Activates factor X
b. Forms a mesh around injured area
c. Digests the clot
d. Induces vascular spasms
e. Activates thrombin
30. Which of the following is NOT a function of erythrocytes related to their shape?
a. High surface area: volume
b. Allows single file stacking through capillaries
c. Allows flexing and bending through really tiny capillaries
d. Allows RBC to squeeze through spaces in capillaries to leave the blood and
enter tissues
31. Jim has blood type A+. He receives blood from Mary. There is no reaction, and
he accepts the blood without a problem. Mary must have blood type:
a. A+
b. Bc. ABd. Any of the above are possible
e. Not enough information; not all possible types have been presented.
32. Blood pressure can be affected by many factors including overall body blood vessel
constriction, heart rate, red blood cell count, Na+ retention and water retention at
the kidneys. Which of the following would be unlikely to affect blood pressure at
all?
a. Aldosterone
b. Atrial natriuretic peptide
c. Erythropoietin
d. Epinephrine
e. None of the above
33. Cutting the axons of neurons from the paraventricular nuclei traveling through the
infundibulum would affect blood levels of:
a. TSH
b. Prolactin
c. Corticosteroids
d. Oxytocin
e. FSH
34. Which of the following deficiencies would most likely be the result of chronically
high levels of aldosterone?
a. Glucose
b. Na+
c. K+
d. Ca2+
e. Protein
35. Which of the following is NOT a second messenger?
a. cAMP
b. Ca2+
c. Protein kinase A
d. B and C
e. None of the above (all are second messengers in different systems)
36. Which of the following would bind a receptor on the cell membrane rather than
enter the cell to have its effect?
a. Calcitriol
b. Glucagon
c. Triiodothyronine
d. Aldosterone
e. Testosterone
37. Which of the following is NOT produced by the gonads (ovaries or testes)?
a. Estrogen
b. Testosterone
c. Progesterone
d. Prolactin
e. More than one of the above
38. Which of the following is NOT a derivative of tyrosine?
a. Epinephrine
b. Norepinephrine
c. Dopamine
d. Melatonin
e. Triiodothyronine
39. When is retinal found in a trans (straight) conformation?
a. In the absence of light energy
b. When excited by a photon
c. When excited by sound waves
d. When you hold your head still
e. When you are trying to focus on an object which is far away
40. Otoliths are part of ______ and are involved in producing the sense of _______.
a. Rhodopsin; vision
b. Limbic system; smell
c. Cristae; equilibrium
d. Maculae; equilibrium
e. Organ of Corti; hearing
41. Most plasma proteins are made in the:
a. Red marrow
b. Liver
c. Kidneys
d. Thymus
e. Pancreas
42. Lowell is blood type O-. He receives blood from Joan. There is no reaction, and
he accepts the blood without a problem. Joan must be blood type:
a. AB+
b. Oc. Ad. Any of the above are possible
e. Not enough information; not all possible types have been presented.
43. The component of hemoglobin that actually binds O2 temporarily is:
a. The beta chains
b. The alpha chains
c. Fe
d. Heme
44. The stem cell that gives rise to all erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes is:
a. Megakaryocyte
b. Myeloid stem cell
c. Lymphoid stem cell
d. Hemocytoblast
e. Proerythroblast
45. Neutrophils are most closely related to:
a. Erythrocytes
b. Lymphocytes
c. Basophils
d. Platelets
e. Macrophages
46. Jaundice is a condition in which there is an excess of a yellowish pigment in the
blood. Where does that pigment originate?
a. Erythrocytes
b. Leukocytes
c. Kidneys
d. Retina
e. Melanocytes
47. Sickle-cell anemia is caused by:
a. A genetic defect
b. An iron deficiency
c. A folate deficiency
d. A B12 deficiency
e. More than one of the above
48. Cholecalciferol:
a. Is produced by the thyroid gland
b. Enters the blood from the skin
c. Increases dietary absorption of Ca2+
d. Stimulates osteoblasts
e. Is produced by the adrenal cortex
49. Cells of the Islets of Langerhans would be stimulated by:
a. Blood Ca2+ levels
b. Blood glucose levels
c. Erythropoietin
d. Thyroid stimulating hormone
e. More than one of the above
50. Plasmin is a protein that will ______ and is indirectly activated by ______.
a. Form a mesh around the damaged area of a vessel; Factor X
b. Enhance platelet aggregation; platelet factor
c. Digest fibrin; thrombin
d. A and B
e. None of the above
51. Which of the following do NOT occur during the erythroblast/normoblast stages of
erythropoiesis:
a. Organelles are ejected
b. Nucleus is ejected
c. Fe is collected
d. Hb is synthesized
e. Immature RBC is released to the blood
52. The WBC that promotes dilation of vessels and prevents clots from spreading is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Neutrophil
Natural killer cell
Macrophage
Erythrocyte
Basophil
53. Platelets are cell fragments pinched off from:
a. Neutrophils
b. Lymphoid stem cells
c. Megakaryocytes
d. Myeloid stem cells
e. Hemocytoblasts
54. What will happen to Fe when an erythrocyte is phagocytosed?
a. It will be bound by transferrin
b. It will travel to the red marrow
c. It will travel to the liver
d. All of the above
e. None of the above; it will be excreted in bile
55. The structure in the eye that changes shape to focus an image is the _______.
Under low light conditions, the photoreceptors that are most likely to respond to
the incoming light energy are ______.
a. Cornea; rods
b. Lens; rods
c. Sclera; cones
d. Lens; cones
e. Cornea; cones
56. B-cells, T-cells and Natural Killer cells come from:
a. Myeloid stem cell line
b. Lymphoid stem cell line
c. Megakaryocytes
d. Basophils
e. Proerythroblasts
57. Which of the following would be most likely to attack a large pathogen like a
worm?
a. Neutrophils
b. Eosinophils
c. Basophils
d. Platelets
e. Erythrocytes
58. Simon is sent to an endocrinonologist after seeing his doctor for diuresis (increased
urination). The endocrinologist is concerned that Simon is not producing enough
of a certain hormone, and wants to take a look at the organ that produces the
hormone. Of the following, where is the endocrinologist most likely to look?
a. Simon’s heart
b. Simon’s small intestine
c. Simon’s adenohypophysis
d. Simon’s neurohypophysis
e. Simon’s adrenal medullae
59. Cilia of hair cells in the cochlea will be bent by movement of ________.
a. Endolymph
b. Perilymph
c. Aqueous humor
d. Plasma
e. Mucous
60. Neurotransmitter release at synapses, gap junctions and the release of paracrine
factors into the interstitium are all ways that cells can
a. Communicate locally
b. Send messages to cells in distant parts of the body
c. Affect the activity of other cells
d. A and C
e. All of the above
61. Thyroid hormone is one of the major hormones important for proper growth in
children. As you know, thyroid hormone generally increases metabolic activity in
the cells is affects (makes them more active and more likely to divide). Based on
this information alone, which of the following is theoretically LEAST likely to have
many receptors for T3/T4?
a. Fibroblasts
b. Osteoblasts
c. Muscle cells (all types)
d. Osteoclasts
e. Keratinocytes
62. Which of the following events would I be most likely to observe in red marrow?
a. Lipogenesis (making triglycerides)
b. Erythropoiesis
c. Excretion of biliruben through bile
d. Ventricular repolarization
e. Gluconeogenesis
63. How many O2 can one hemoglobin carry?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
e. 5
64. Which of the following causes hepatocytes (liver cells) to ultimately increase blood
glucose levels; and does so by entering the hepatocyte via passive diffusion and
binding receptors within the cell?
a. Epinephrine
b. Glucagon
c. Insulin
d. Cortisol
e. More than one of the above
65. Which of the following is true of neutrophils but NOT erythrocytes
a. Deliver O2 to tissues
b. Can squeeze between spaces in capillaries to enter tissues
c. Derived from Myeloid stem cells
d. Derived from Lymphoid stem cells
e. Lack a nucleus