South Asian ethno-religious
groups and part time
employment pattern in
England and Wales
Manchester 10/09/08
University of Manchester
Reza Afkhami
Abdelouahid Tajar
Outline
•
•
•
•
•
•
Background.
Research questions
Data and method
Explanatory variables
Findings
Concluding remarks
Background
• The nature of employment and
employment status varies considerably
across ethnic minority populations
• Part-time working may imply lower
incomes, poorer working conditions
and barriers to full-time work.
• South Asian double discrimination,
ethnic and religious ? (Lindley, 2002;
Brown, 2000; Weller et al., 2001 )
Characteristics of part time jobs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Number of hours of work
Work schedules
The level of wages
Access to employment benefits
Employment security
Employee voice
Access to training and career progress
Variation/flexibility in the number of
hours or in work schedules
Campbell et al. (2005)
Advantages of the voluntary part
time work
• Combine care work and paid work
• Suitable for people with health
problems/disabilities
• Can undertake alongside education and
training
• Suitable for older people
• Keep some contact with the labour
market
Research questions
• How does religion affiliation explain the
variation in ethnic minority’s part time
employment pattern?
• Is there an extra “ethnic penalty” that
can be explained by religious affiliation
while controlling for other factors?
Data and method
• The 2001 Licensed Individual SAR is safe data that is available
to registered users for analysis outside ONS. It is a 3 per cent
sample and contains 1,843,530 individuals.
• A derived variable constructed out of ethnicity and religion
variables in the 2001 SARs
• Analysis focussed on South Asian and white British ethnic
groups aged 25 to 74 years old.
• Part time working was defined as 30 hours working or less a
week.
• Multiple logistic regression technique was used to test how
likely the different ethno-religious groups were working parttime compared to their White British Christians counter parts
(the largest ethno religious group) in England and Wales.
Derived Ethno-religious variable
White British
White British Christian (WBC)
White British Muslim (WBM)
White British Other religions (WBO)
Indian
Indian Christian (IC)
Indian Hindu (IH)
Indian Muslim (IM)
Indian Other religions (IO)
Other South Asian
Pakistani Other (PO)
Bangladeshi Muslim (BM)
Bangladeshi Other (BO)
Pakistani Muslim (PM)
Other Asian Muslim (OaM)
Other Asian Other religions (OaO)
Controlling variables
• Personal characteristics (UK born, age,
health, gender)
• Households characteristics (childcare,
marital status)
• Human capital (qualification)
Part time by ethno religious groups
Ethno-religious and Full/Part time working in England and
Wales 2001
20.1
26.3
30.6
43.9
23.4
25.2
17.1
29.6
17.5
17.1
26.3
PT
60
69.4
73.7
79.9
BO
OaM
OaO
76.6
PO
20
56.1
74.9
PM
82.5
IH
82.9
82.9
IC
70.4
81.6
73.7
WBM
WBO
73.7
40
FT
WBC
%
80
26.3
100
18.4
120
BM
IO
IM
0
Ethno-religious groups
WBC=White British Christian; WBM=White British Muslim; WBO=White British Other religions IC=Indian
Christian; IH=Indian Hindu; IM=Indian Muslim; IO=Indian Other religions; PM=Pakistani Muslim; PO=Pakistani
Other;
BM=Bangladeshi Muslim; BO=Bangladeshi Other; OaM=Other Asian Muslim; OaO=Other Asian Other
40%
Ethno religious groups
OaO
OaM
BO
64.7
70.2
76.5
86.1
79.7
PO
BM
81.2
72.6
IO
PM
77.8
69.5
IH
IM
65.9
IC
0%
69.3
20%
WBO
3.8
3.2
30.4
27.3
31.8
27.1
3.5
2.8
17.4 6.1
11.92.0
15.3 5.0
16.3 2.5
24.5 2.9
19.8 2.4
3.3
27.5
4.5
37.9
31.7
6.3
80%
63.8
55.8
100%
WBM
WBC
%
Age distributions of ethno religious groups
The age profile of ethno-religious groups
60%
60+ yr
45-59 yr
25-44 yr
0
Ethno-relgious groups
86.0
88.2
OaO
72.5
OaM
BO
90.0
66.7
PO
10.0
11.8
14.0
27.6
33.3
28.9
37.8
27.4
17.4
17.8
100
BM
71.1
62.2
PM
IO
72.6
63.1
80
IM
82.6
IH
97.6
98.2
82.3
40
IC
WBO 2.4
36.9
20
WBM
WBC 1.8
%
Ethno religious and country of birth
Ethno religious groups and country of birth
60
UK born
non UK born
19.3
13.8
20.1 7.9
20.5 7.7
No qualification
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4/5
45.3
44.0
17.3 9.4 13.1 9.8
9.7 12.5 18.4 12.0
OaM
OaO
26.4
55.1
12.5 11.55.7
17.4 10.2 9.25.1
37.6
38.7
36.6
36.1
32.4
45.3
51.2
32.6
29.5
BO
BM
11.5 12.3 7.7
27.5
PM
24.5
13.2 12.3 6.5
22.1
IO
PO
14.5 15.8 7.4
26.6
15.4 15.3 5.8
18.7 12.4 13.8 5.8
IM
IH
IC 8.7 12.1 20.1 5.5
14.7
20%
WBO
21.2
0%
WBM
40%
Ethno-religious
other qualification
3.4
5.2
3.1
6.2
5.4
3.9
4.2
4.5
4.1
2.4
5.4
7.4
20.9 6.5 21.4 7.9
60%
21.7
80%
21.7
100%
WBC
%
Qualifications distribution
Ethno-religious groups and qualification
Some Summary Results
• Bangladeshi Muslims have the highest
percentage of part time working (44%)
• Indian non-Muslims have the lowest
percentage of part timers among all groups
• Both Bangladeshi and Pakistani Muslims have
higher percentage of young working age
groups
• Only 10% of Bangladeshi Muslims are born in
the UK whereas this is more than 98% for
White British Christian
• High percentages of people with no
qualification are prevalent among
Bangladeshi and Pakistani Muslims
Modelling part-time work
Parameter
White British Muslim
White British Other religion
Indian Christian
Indian Hindu
Indian Muslim
Indian other religion
Pakistani Muslim
Pakistani non-Muslim
Bangladeshi Muslim
Bangladeshi non-Muslim
Other Asian Muslim
Other Asian non Muslim
Age 45-59
Age 60+
Born in the UK
qualifications level2
qualifications level3
qualifications level4
qualifications level5
qualifications level6
Married
Remarried
Seperated
Divorced
widowed
Women
ISCO Technical
ISCO Service and skilled
Elementary occupations
Fairly good
Not good
has dependant child
ROC curve = 0.88
Odds Ratio
[95% Conf.
Interval]
1.14
0.82
1.59
1.01
0.99
1.04
0.51
0.39
0.67
0.45
0.41
0.50
2.18
1.78
2.68
0.40
0.36
0.44
1.65
1.47
1.85
1.14
0.77
1.69
8.00
6.81
9.40
2.42
1.27
4.61
1.45
1.11
1.89
0.62
1.08
5.79
1.01
0.92
0.81
0.72
0.86
0.81
2.44
1.94
1.61
1.32
1.88
20.73
1.84
3.00
5.02
1.11
1.19
2.33
0.52
1.06
5.55
0.96
0.90
0.79
0.70
0.83
0.78
2.37
1.88
1.52
1.28
1.72
20.25
1.79
2.92
4.85
1.08
1.14
2.29
0.73
1.10
6.03
1.06
0.95
0.83
0.75
0.89
0.84
2.50
2.01
1.70
1.37
2.05
21.22
1.90
3.08
5.19
1.13
1.25
2.38
Modelling part-time work (Age)
Parameter
White British Muslim
White British Other religion
Indian Christian
Indian Hindu
Indian Muslim
Indian other religion
Pakistani Muslim
Pakistani non-Muslim
Bangladeshi Muslim
Bangladeshi non-Muslim
Other Asian Muslim
Other Asian non Muslim
Age 45-59
Age 60+
Born in the UK
qualifications level2
qualifications level3
qualifications level4
qualifications level5
qualifications level6
Married
Remarried
Seperated
Divorced
widowed
Women
ISCO Technical
ISCO Service and skilled
Elementary occupations
Fairly good
Not good
has dependant child
Odds Ratio
[95% Conf.
Interval]
1.14
0.82
1.59
1.01
0.99
1.04
0.51
0.39
0.67
0.45
0.41
0.50
2.18
1.78
2.68
0.40
0.36
0.44
1.65
1.47
1.85
1.14
0.77
1.69
8.00
6.81
9.40
2.42
1.27
4.61
1.45
1.11
1.89
0.62
0.52
0.73
1.08
5.79
1.06
5.55
1.10
6.03
1.01
0.92
0.81
0.72
0.86
0.81
2.44
1.94
1.61
1.32
1.88
20.73
1.84
3.00
5.02
1.11
1.19
2.33
0.96
0.90
0.79
0.70
0.83
0.78
2.37
1.88
1.52
1.28
1.72
20.25
1.79
2.92
4.85
1.08
1.14
2.29
1.06
0.95
0.83
0.75
0.89
0.84
2.50
2.01
1.70
1.37
2.05
21.22
1.90
3.08
5.19
1.13
1.25
2.38
Modelling part-time work (Qualification)
Parameter
Odds Ratio
White British Muslim
White British Other religion
Indian Christian
Indian Hindu
Indian Muslim
Indian other religion
Pakistani Muslim
Pakistani non-Muslim
Bangladeshi Muslim
Bangladeshi non-Muslim
Other Asian Muslim
Other Asian non Muslim
Age 45-59
Age 60+
Born in the UK
qualifications
qualifications
qualifications
qualifications
qualifications
level2
level3
level4
level5
level6
Married
Remarried
Seperated
Divorced
widowed
Women
ISCO Technical
ISCO Service and skilled
Elementary occupations
Fairly good
Not good
has dependant child
[95% Conf.
Interval]
1.14
0.82
1.59
1.01
0.99
1.04
0.51
0.39
0.67
0.45
0.41
0.50
2.18
1.78
2.68
0.40
0.36
0.44
1.65
1.47
1.85
1.14
0.77
1.69
8.00
6.81
9.40
2.42
1.27
4.61
1.45
1.11
1.89
0.62
1.08
5.79
1.01
0.52
1.06
5.55
0.96
0.73
1.10
6.03
1.06
0.92
0.81
0.72
0.86
0.81
0.90
0.79
0.70
0.83
0.78
0.95
0.83
0.75
0.89
0.84
2.44
1.94
1.61
1.32
1.88
20.73
1.84
3.00
5.02
1.11
1.19
2.33
2.37
1.88
1.52
1.28
1.72
20.25
1.79
2.92
4.85
1.08
1.14
2.29
2.50
2.01
1.70
1.37
2.05
21.22
1.90
3.08
5.19
1.13
1.25
2.38
Modelling part-time work (Marital Status)
Parameter
White British Muslim
White British Other religion
Indian Christian
Indian Hindu
Indian Muslim
Indian other religion
Pakistani Muslim
Pakistani non-Muslim
Bangladeshi Muslim
Bangladeshi non-Muslim
Other Asian Muslim
Other Asian non Muslim
Odds Ratio
[95% Conf.
Interval]
1.14
0.82
1.59
1.01
0.99
1.04
0.51
0.39
0.67
0.45
0.41
0.50
2.18
1.78
2.68
0.40
0.36
0.44
1.65
1.47
1.85
1.14
0.77
1.69
8.00
6.81
9.40
2.42
1.27
4.61
1.45
1.11
1.89
0.62
1.08
5.79
1.01
0.92
0.81
0.72
0.86
0.81
0.52
1.06
5.55
0.96
0.90
0.79
0.70
0.83
0.78
0.73
1.10
6.03
1.06
0.95
0.83
0.75
0.89
0.84
Married
Remarried
Seperated
Divorced
widowed
2.44
1.94
1.61
1.32
1.88
2.37
1.88
1.52
1.28
1.72
2.50
2.01
1.70
1.37
2.05
Women
ISCO Technical
ISCO Service and skilled
Elementary occupations
Fairly good
Not good
has dependant child
20.73
1.84
3.00
5.02
1.11
1.19
2.33
20.25
1.79
2.92
4.85
1.08
1.14
2.29
21.22
1.90
3.08
5.19
1.13
1.25
2.38
Age 45-59
Age 60+
Born in the UK
qualifications level2
qualifications level3
qualifications level4
qualifications level5
qualifications level6
Odds
ratios
part
time
working of
Odds
ratios
for for
part
time
working
ethno-religious groups
Odds Ratios for Part time working
Odds ratios
95% CI
10
6
4
2
1
Ethno religious groups
OaO
OaM
BO
BM
PO
PM
IO
IM
IH
IC
WBO
WBM
0
WBC
Odds ratios
8
Predicted probability of part time working
Probability (Part time)
0.70
0.60
0.60
Probability
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.31
0.29
0.23
0.16
0.17
0.16
0.10
0.21
0.17
0.09
0.08
IC
IH
0.10
0.07
0.00
WBC WBM WBO
IM
IO
PM
PO
BM
BO
OaM OaO
Ethno-religious groups
Adjusted for age, qualification, marital status, gender, isco, health status and dependent children
Concluding remarks/further
questions
A mixed picture
Concluding remarks/further
questions
• Religion is not important explanatory variable for white group in
being part timer
• Differences in part time working are significant along religion
affiliation for South Asian ethnic minorities
• Age, gender, having qualification and child, job and health
status have all impacts on being part timer
• Born in the UK is not significant.
• Is there a cultural or religious dimension to the ethnic penalty?
• Further studies are needed to shed more light on part time
labour market in Britain
References
•
•
Brown, M. S. 2000 'Religion and Economic Activity in the South Asian
Population', Ethnic and Racial Studies 23(6): 1035-1061.
Campbell I., Chalmers, J. and Charlesworth, S. (2005), The quality of part-time
jobs in Australia: towards an assessment, Centre for Applied Social Research,
RMIT, Melbourne, Australia.
•
Khattab, N, Sirkeci, I, Modood, T, and Johnston, R. (2006) the impact of
residential segregation and thno-religious background on transition from school
to work in Britain: a multilevel model. Leverhulme programme on Migration and
Citizenship. University of Bristol.
•
Lindley, J. (2002), ‘Race or religion? The impact of religion on the employment
and earnings of Britain’s ethnic communities’, Journal of ethnic and migration
studies 28(3): 427-442.
•
L. Simpson, K. Purdam, A. Tajar, E. Fieldhouse, V. Gavalas, M. Tranmer, J.
Pritchard and D. Dorling (2006) Ethnic minority populations and the labour
market: an analysis of the 1991 and 2001 Census. DWP, report no, 333.
•
Weller, P.A., Feldman et al. (2001), Religious Discrimination in England and
Wales, Home Office Research Study 220.