08 - Memory
How can you increase your memory?
Class presentation video:
Memory
What topics do you need help with?
What topics do you need help with?
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A. The Ebbinghaus retention curve
B. The spacing effect
C. The serial position effect
D. Memory strategies – e.g. peg-word system
E. I understand
What topics do you need help with?
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A. Chunking
B. Flashbulb memory
C. Retrieval cues
D. Priming
E. I understand
What topics do you need help with?
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A. Proactive interference
B. Retroactive interference
C. Observational learning
D. Source amnesia
E. I understand
You are designing an ad to sell your camera.
Based on the serial position effect, you want to
place the most important items:
A. more at the beginning and end of a list, than
in the middle.
B. More in the middle of a list, than at the
beginning and end.
You are designing an ad to sell your camera.
Based on the serial position effect, you want to
place the most important items:
A. more at the beginning and end of a list,
than in the middle.
B. More in the middle of a list, than at the
beginning and end.
Priming refers to:
A. the sense that one has been in a particular
situation before.
B. better recall for experiences that are
consistent with one’s current mood.
C. attributing a memory to an erroneous source.
D. the activation of associations in memory.
Priming refers to:
A. the sense that one has been in a particular
situation before.
B. better recall for experiences that are
consistent with one’s current mood.
C. attributing a memory to an erroneous source.
D. the activation of associations in memory.
Think of a way to prime people to help
remember your name
• E.g.
• Atkins = I am at my kin’s house
• Bob = Spelled the same both directions
Draw both sides of a penny
Draw both sides of a penny
The reason most North Americans cannot
accurately describe the head of a penny is due
to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
storage decay.
encoding failure.
motivated forgetting.
retrieval failure.
The reason most North Americans cannot
accurately describe the head of a penny is due
to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
storage decay.
encoding failure.
motivated forgetting.
retrieval failure.
After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle
accident, Adam cannot form new memories.
He can, however, remember his life
experiences before the accident. Adam's
memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
repression.
retroactive interference.
encoding failure.
source amnesia.
After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle
accident, Adam cannot form new memories.
He can, however, remember his life
experiences before the accident. Adam's
memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
repression.
retroactive interference.
encoding failure.
source amnesia.
During her evening Spanish language exam,
Janica so easily remembers the French
vocabulary she studied that morning that she
finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary
she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty
best illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the spacing effect.
proactive interference.
retroactive interference.
state-dependent memory.
During her evening Spanish language exam,
Janica so easily remembers the French
vocabulary she studied that morning that she
finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary
she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty
best illustrates:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the spacing effect.
proactive interference.
retroactive interference.
state-dependent memory.
Which of the following would be predicted by
Ebbinghaus’ famous forgetting curve? Several
years after learning the dates of important
historical events for a college class, students:
A. will remember most of the dates, and will remember them for
years to come.
B. will remember most of the dates, and will slowly start to
forget them.
C. will have forgotten most of the dates, but what they do
remember, they will remember for years to come.
D. will have forgotten most of the dates, but during the years to
come, they will again remember what they initially forgot.
Which of the following would be predicted by
Ebbinghaus’ famous forgetting curve? Several
years after learning the dates of important
historical events for a college class, students:
A. will remember most of the dates, and will remember them for
years to come.
B. will remember most of the dates, and will slowly start to
forget them.
C. will have forgotten most of the dates, but what they do
remember, they will remember for years to come.
D. will have forgotten most of the dates, but during the years to
come, they will again remember what they initially forgot.
We have all had the experience of the tip-of-thetongue phenomenon. We are asked to remember
someone’s name. We are certain that we know the
name and feel as if we are just about to remember it,
yet it remains elusive. What type of forgetting might
be at work here?
A.
B.
C.
D.
encoding failure
retroactive interference
retrieval failure
motivated forgetting
We have all had the experience of the tip-of-thetongue phenomenon. We are asked to remember
someone’s name. We are certain that we know the
name and feel as if we are just about to remember it,
yet it remains elusive. What type of forgetting might
be at work here?
A.
B.
C.
D.
encoding failure
retroactive interference
retrieval failure
motivated forgetting
As a child, Theo often looked at a picture album that
included photos of a family reunion. Although Theo
had not attended the reunion because he had been ill,
he remembers being there. Theo’s mistake best
illustrates the “sin” of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
suggestibility.
persistence.
misattribution.
transience.
As a child, Theo often looked at a picture album that
included photos of a family reunion. Although Theo
had not attended the reunion because he had been ill,
he remembers being there. Theo’s mistake best
illustrates the “sin” of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
suggestibility.
persistence.
misattribution.
transience.
Remember as many of these words as you can.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon, 2009
Here is the complete list. Count how many you
got correct.
Rye
Bagel
Biscuit
Bun
Tortilla
Sandwich
Loaf
Hoagie
Pita
Muffin
Matzo
Jam
White
Grain
Pumpernickel
Toast
Wonder
Yeast
Butter
Slice
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon, 2009
Write down as many words as you can.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon, 2009
Circle which of these words are on your list.
Sub
Wheat
Jelly
Bread
Roll
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon, 2009
Here are some words that were NOT on the
original list. Count how many of these you had
on your list.
Sub
Wheat
Jelly
Bread
Roll
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon, 2009
Of the incorrect items, I had _____ on my list.
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
E. 4-5
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon, 2009
Why did you remember words that
were not on the list?
Discussion Question
• You are reading your textbook and studying for
an upcoming exam in psychology.
• Identify and describe each step in the process
required for remembering information from your
textbook in order to do well on the exam.
• Discuss a strategy for improving memory and
provide an example of how it could help you on
the exam.
Information processing theory
• Encoding – Storage – Retrieval
• Encoding
– Attending (reading) the text
• Moves it into short-term memory
• Storage
– Rehearse or engage the material to get it into
long-term memory (for storage)
• E.g. SQ3R method
– Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review
• Retrieval – Answering an exam
Strategies for memory processing
• Developing examples
• Relate it to your own life
• Associate the concept with current
information
• Mental visualization
– Create images of the information
• Mnemonics
• Chunking – Grouping lists into themes
Strategies for memory processing
• Organization
– Outline
– Mind map diagrams
• Cues related to a concept
– Sounds like
– Looks like
– Similar to